BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the level of student drop-out from UK dental schools and to establish if drop-out is increasing, remaining steady or decreasing.

DESIGN:Retrospective analysis of data from the University Statistical Record.

SETTING:UK dental schools 1989-1994.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The data covered all dental students entering and leaving dental schools during the relevant time period.

RESULTS:The drop-out rate from UK dental schools between 1989 and 1994 ranged from 8.4% to 16.8% and is equivalent to the output of two to three medium-sized dental schools. Drop-out rate was higher in the three most recent years studied (1992-1994; 14.8%) than in the three earliest years studied (1989-1991; 10.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:Student drop-out is a significant and increasing problem for UK dental schools. Unless controlled, it will result in fewer dentists qualifying in the UK and exacerbate shortages in qualified dentists that may occur in future years.

背景与目标： 目标 : 确定英国牙科学校学生辍学的水平，并确定辍学是增加，保持稳定还是减少。
设计 : 大学统计记录数据的回顾性分析。
设置 : 英国牙科学校1989-1994。
主题和方法 : 数据涵盖了相关时间段内进入和离开牙科学校的所有牙科学生。
结果 : 英国牙科学校1989年和1994的辍学率从8.4% 到16.8% 不等，相当于两到三所中等牙科学校的产量。最近三年 (1992-1994; 14.8%) 的辍学率高于最早三年 (1989-1991; 10.6%)。
结论 : 对于英国牙科学校来说，学生辍学是一个重大且日益严重的问题。除非受到控制，否则将导致英国的牙医资格减少，并加剧未来几年可能出现的合格牙医短缺。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The recognition of professional qualifications in all European Union (EU) member states for nurses is covered by both sectoral and general systems directives, yet in reality, few nurses take up their rights as European citizens to live and work in another EU country. One of the main reasons for this is a lack of linguistic skills. This article argues that the nursing profession should be taking a more active role in enabling nurses to move freely around Europe by encouraging language acquisition. It is argued that there are political, social, economic, professional and individual reasons why this should be so. The author gives a brief account of a pilot project which is currently under way to help improve (albeit in a small way) this situation. The project, which has been granted financial support of 100,000 ECU from the European Commission's new training programme, Leonardo da Vinci, will create a multimedia language pack in four languages aimed specifically at nurses.

背景与目标： 部门和一般系统指令涵盖了所有欧盟 (EU) 成员国对护士的专业资格的认可，但实际上，很少有护士作为欧洲公民在另一个欧盟国家生活和工作的权利。造成这种情况的主要原因之一是缺乏语言技能。本文认为，护理专业应通过鼓励语言习得，在使护士能够在欧洲自由流动方面发挥更加积极的作用。有人认为，有政治，社会，经济，专业和个人原因应如此。作者简要介绍了一个试点项目，该项目目前正在进行中，以帮助改善这种情况 (尽管很小)。该项目已获得欧盟委员会新培训计划莱昂纳多·达·芬奇100,000 ECU的财政支持，该项目将创建一个针对护士的四种语言的多媒体语言包。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:Nurses are crucial members of the team caring for the acutely injured trauma patient. Until recently, nurses and physicians gained an understanding of leadership and supportive roles separately. With the advent of a multidisciplinary team approach to trauma care, formal team training and simulation has transpired. METHODS:Since 2007, our Level I trauma system has integrated TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies & Tools to Enhance Performance & Patient Safety; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD) into our clinical care, joint training of nurses and physicians, using simulations with participation of all health care providers. With the increased expectations of a well-orchestrated team and larger number of emergency nurses, our program created the Trauma Nurse Academy. This academy provides a core of experienced nurses with an advanced level of training while decreasing the variability of personnel in the trauma bay. Components of the academy include multidisciplinary didactic education, the Essentials of TeamSTEPPS, and interactive trauma bay learning, to include both equipment and drug use. Once completed, academy graduates participate in the orientation and training of General Surgery and Emergency Medicine residents' trauma bay experience and injury prevention activities. RESULTS:Internal and published data have demonstrated growing evidence linking trauma teamwork training to knowledge and self-confidence in clinical judgment to team performance, patient outcomes, and quality of care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Although trauma resuscitations are stressful, high risk, dynamic, and a prime environment for error, new methods of teamwork training and collaboration among trauma team members have become essential.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This cross-sectional study surveyed a random sample of 129 nurse educators teaching in 61 U.S. schools of nursing. After the educators indicated their desire to participate, the survey instrument was e-mailed to them for completion; a 37.6% response rate was obtained. Demographically, the typical respondent was a healthy, 52-year-old, Caucasian female with a PhD in nursing. Outcomes reflected that respondents' mean anticipated age of retirement was 64.4; however, the optimal age of retirement desired by respondents was younger (62.4). The most influential factor affecting the timing of retirement was financial status. Workplace issues, personal and family health, and attitudes about retirement were other factors that affected participants' retirement decisions. The study findings indicate that nurse educators, as a group, do not plan to work beyond age 65.

背景与目标： : 这项横断面研究对美国61所护理学校的129名护士教育者进行了随机抽样调查。在教育者表示希望参与之后，将调查工具通过电子邮件发送给他们以完成; 获得了37.6% 的回复率。在人口统计学上，典型的受访者是一名健康的52岁白人女性，拥有护理博士学位。结果反映出受访者的平均预期退休年龄为64.4; 然而，受访者期望的最佳退休年龄较年轻 (62.4)。影响退休时间的最有影响力的因素是财务状况。工作场所问题，个人和家庭健康以及对退休的态度是影响参与者退休决定的其他因素。研究结果表明，作为一个整体，护士教育者不打算在65岁以上工作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper examines factors that have lead to increasing internationalisation in nursing workforce and nursing education and contends that education and support for nurse managers and nurse academics is required in order to better prepare them for the challenges they will face. There are many benefits to be gained from internationalisation of nursing, the most significant being greater cross-cultural understanding and improved practices in workplaces across countries. However, the way in which nursing and nurses contribute to the international agenda is crucial to maintaining standards of education and nursing care in Australia and in countries with whom Australians collaborate. Internationalisation poses numerous challenges that need to be carefully thought through. This paper seeks to unravel and scrutinize some of the issues central to internationalisation in nursing, particularly in the Australian context.

背景与目标： : 本文研究了导致护理人员和护理教育国际化程度提高的因素，并认为需要对护士经理和护士学者进行教育和支持，以便更好地为他们应对挑战做好准备。护理国际化有很多好处，最重要的是加强跨文化理解和改善各国工作场所的做法。但是，护理和护士为国际议程做出贡献的方式对于维持澳大利亚以及与澳大利亚人合作的国家的教育和护理标准至关重要。国际化带来了许多挑战，需要仔细思考。本文旨在阐明和审查护理国际化的一些核心问题，尤其是在澳大利亚背景下。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Nurse educators need an enhanced understanding of factors contributing to nursing student success to decrease attrition and increase retention. Improved understanding of factors related to successful nurse preparation could improve educational processes and facilitate student success, thereby addressing the worldwide nursing shortage as well as increasing the competence and expertise of new graduates. Student-faculty trust and related characteristics have been identified as factors associated with student success (Applebaum, 1995). Research investigating trust in communications and education has been conducted with students in other disciplines but not with nursing students. This research investigated the complex relationships between students' trust in faculty, the students' mood states, and students' educational performance and outcomes. METHOD:The study utilized a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. Student volunteers were recruited from a baccalaureate nursing education program located in the southwest United States. Participants completed three instruments: the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS). The resulting scores were compared and contrasted along with selected demographic variables. RESULTS:The study identified a significant relationship between total mood disturbance and interpersonal trust. The trends in the POMS subscales of Anger and Confusion are of particular interest, as the two factors strongly influenced shifts in Total Mood Disturbance. As students progressed through the nursing program, experiences of Anger and Confusion increased with each progressive semester and were accompanied by corresponding decreases in trust. CONCLUSIONS:The results complement established findings relating mood and cognitive function. Alterations in the student's level of trust potentially could share relationships with cognition and critical thinking, although perhaps not in a direct and linear fashion.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Since 1985, nurse-run asthma clinics have been developing and are now widespread in the United Kingdom, having been greatly stimulated by the New Contract for General Practice (1990). To date, there have been few definitive studies evaluating such clinics. This study, in two adjacent general practices in semi-rural Somerset, evaluates the effect of nurse-run clinics on patients' symptoms, pulmonary function, and healthcare utilisation over a four-month period. Methods:One hundred and twenty-nine subjects, aged 2-79 years, were recruited from the two practices over a one-year period (1991-1992). All patients identified in either practice who had used preventive therapy in the preceding 12 months were eligible and were included if they had a positive exercise or reversibility (20%) test and had not previously received formal asthma education. A pre- and post-experimental study design was used. Subjects' symptoms, pulmonary function, and health care in the preceding eight weeks were assessed at intake and at 16 weeks; the nurse education being delivered at intake, one and four weeks. Results:Both mean number of days off work/school and mean number of nights on which waking occurred fell (p < 0.001). Peak expiratory flow rates and forced expiratory volumes improved during the study period (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). Use of antibiotics, oral steroids, and rescue bronchodilator use all improved significantly (p < 0.001). Physician attendances were also reduced. Conclusions:A nurse-run asthma clinic in general practice is an effective way to improve symptoms, pulmonary function, and health care utilisation for asthmatic patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Evidence suggests that behavioral, social, and environmental factors may modify the effects of life stress on health and performance of new nurses as they transition to hospitals. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to describe the methods of a project designed to investigate the role of social, behavioral, and environmental factors in modifying the adverse effects of stress on new nurses and to discuss demographic, health, and life stress characteristics of the cohort at baseline. METHODS:A prospective cohort design was used to conduct a comprehensive assessment of health endpoints, life stress, behaviors, personal traits, social factors, indicators of engagement and performance, and environmental exposures in nursing students. Adjusted odds ratios and analyses of covariance were used to examine associations between these factors at baseline. RESULTS:Health indicators in the cohort were comparable or better than in the broader United States population, and lifetime stress exposure was lower than among students from other majors. Exposure to more lifetime stressors was associated with greater risk for various health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Conversely, better social, environmental, behavioral, and personal profiles were associated with protective effects for the same health conditions. DISCUSSION:These data comprehensively summarize the lives of predominately Hispanic nursing students and highlight risk and resilience factors associated with their health and well-being. The findings are timely, as the nursing field diversifies in preparation to care for a diverse and aging population. Comprehensively assessing stress-health relationships among student nurses ought to inform the policies, practices, and curricula of nursing schools to better prepare nurses to thrive in the often-strenuous healthcare environment.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide, including China. After a hospital stay, transitional care could help to ensure improved patient care and outcomes, and reduce Medicare costs. Nevertheless, the results of the existing transitional care are not always satisfactory and our knowledge of how to perform effective transitional care for patients with coronary artery disease is limited in mainland China. OBJECTIVES:To examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led transitional care program on clinical outcomes, health-related knowledge, and physical and mental health status among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. METHODS:The Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model were employed in planning and implementing this nurse-led transitional care program. The sample was comprised of 199 Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. The experimental group (n=100) received nurse-led transitional care intervention in addition to routine care. The nurse-led transitional care intervention included a structured assessment and health education, followed by 7 months of individual teaching and coaching (home visits, telephone follow-up and group activity). The control group (n=99) received a comparable length routine care and follow-up contacts. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and completion of the interventions using the perceived knowledge scale for coronary heart disease, the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey and clinical measures (blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, body mass index). Data were collected between March and October 2014. RESULTS:Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significant better clinical outcomes (systolic blood pressure, t=5.762, P=0.000; diastolic blood pressure, t=4.250, P=0.000; fasting blood glucose, t=2.249, P=0.027; total cholesterol, t=4.362, P=0.000; triglyceride, t=3.147, P=0.002; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, t=2.399, P=0.018; and body mass index, t=3.166, P=0.002), higher knowledge scores for coronary artery disease (total knowledge score, t=-7.099, P=0.000), better physical health status (t=-2.503, P=0.014) and mental health status (t=-2.950, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence for the value of a nurse-led transitional care program using both the Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model as its theoretical framework. The structured interventions in this nurse-led transitional care program facilitate the use of this program in other settings.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To explore patient satisfaction, intention to adhere to nurse practitioner (NP) plan of care, and the impact of managed care on NPs' patients in multiple settings, the final phase of a three-part study of NPs and managed care. DATA SOURCES:Postvisit questionnaires and narrative comments about patient satisfaction with NP communication, overall satisfaction with visit, recall of plan of care, intention to adhere to NP's recommendations, and impact of managed care on ease of obtaining healthcare resources. CONCLUSIONS:Patients were very satisfied with NP communication and with their healthcare visit. They mostly intended to adhere to the NP-recommended plan of care but less so to recommended lifestyle changes. Patients trusted their NPs, valued their expertise, were confident in the NPs' care, and believed that the NPs considered their best interests. They appreciated that the NPs took time to listen to their concerns and helped them to obtain healthcare resources. Most patients were not greatly impacted by managed care and obtained needed healthcare resources with little difficulty. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Although the first two phases of this study found that many NPs had strong negative attitudes toward managed care, these attitudes were not conveyed toward patients in this sample. NPs, however, will continue to face new challenges as third-party payers attempt to reduce healthcare costs, further testing NP adaptability and resourcefulness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While the nephrology nursing shortage persists despite the continued growth of the population of individuals with Stage 5 chronic kidney disease, there is a paucity of empirical data regarding nephrology nurses' perceptions of their work environments. Moreover, there are no studies that have examined the relationship of work environment attributes to patient and nurse outcomes in dialysis settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between staff nurses' perceptions of dialysis work environments, nurses' intentions to leave their current jobs, nurse turnover, patient satisfaction, and patient hospitalization rates. A descriptive, correlational design was used. Nurse level and facility level data were obtained. The sample for nurse-level data consisted of 199 registered nurses in staff nurse roles in 56 dialysis facilities of a national dialysis company. The sample for facility-level analysis consisted of 46 dialysis facilities, and nurse-level data were aggregated for facility-level analysis. The Practice Environment Scale-Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) was used to measure nurses' perceptions of the dialysis work environment. Nurses' intention to leave their jobs and facility-level turnover rates were the nurse outcomes examined in this study. Facility-level patient satisfaction and hospitalization rates were the patient outcomes examined. Correlation coefficients were computed to measure the relationships between study variables, and independent t-tests were performed to examine subgroup differences in work environment perceptions. Overall, nurses rated the work environment somewhat favorably. Nurses who expressed intention to leave their jobs rated the work environment more negatively compared to nurses who intended to stay. Significant correlations were found between nurses' perceptions of the dialysis work environment, nurses' intention to leave their jobs, nurse turnover rates, and patient hospitalizations. Study findings suggest that nurses' perceptions of the dialysis work environment are important for nurse and patient outcomes in dialysis settings. Further research is needed to explore the predictive ability of the work environment for nurse and patient outcomes in hemodialysis units.

背景与目标： : 尽管患有5期慢性肾脏病的人群持续增长，但肾脏病护理短缺仍然存在，但有关肾脏病护士对其工作环境的看法的经验数据很少。此外，没有研究检查透析环境中工作环境属性与患者和护士结果之间的关系。这项研究的目的是研究护士对透析工作环境的看法，护士离职的意图，护士更替，患者满意度和患者住院率之间的关系。采用描述性、相关设计。获得护士级别和设施级别数据。护士级数据的样本由一家国家透析公司的56个透析设施中的199名担任护士角色的注册护士组成。用于设施级别分析的样本由46个透析设施组成，并汇总了护士级别的数据以进行设施级别分析。实践环境量表-护理工作指数 (pes-nwi) 用于衡量护士对透析工作环境的看法。护士离职的意图和机构级别的更替率是本研究中检查的护士结果。设施级别的患者满意度和住院率是检查的患者结局。计算相关系数以衡量研究变量之间的关系，并进行独立的t检验以检查工作环境感知的亚组差异。总体而言，护士对工作环境的评价有些不错。与打算留下的护士相比，表示打算离职的护士对工作环境的评价更为负面。在护士对透析工作环境的看法，护士离职的意愿，护士更替率和患者住院之间发现了显着的相关性。研究结果表明，护士对透析工作环境的看法对于透析环境中的护士和患者结果很重要。需要进一步的研究来探索血液透析单元中工作环境对护士和患者结果的预测能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This discussion paper seeks to explore an approach that metal health nurses can adopt that ensures the patient is at the centre of training and professional development opportunities. Although nurse training and education is shaped by practice and theory, the lived experiences of the patients as an educational resource often become lost in the milieu of 'doing' nursing. We argue that in addition to theoretical knowledge and practice knowledge, there is the need to harness the equally important patient experience knowledge. Drawing upon Ptolemaic concepts, this paper explores the potential tensions for mental health nurses resulting from the imbalance in power when engaging in therapeutic relationships with patients. It is argued that in order for mental health nurses to become more effective, they need to learn how to relinquish some of their power, even where this gives rise to uncomfortable tensions for the nurse. Such tensions result from the centrality afforded to theoretical knowledge and ritualized practice that underpins nursing and the difficulties this may cause for many nurses in accepting the value of patient experience as a primary source of knowledge. The difficulties of adopting this approach point to a need for mental health nurses and nurse educationalists to take a more reflexive approach to their patient encounters and within their encounters with each other.

背景与目标： : 本讨论文件旨在探索金属保健护士可以采用的方法，以确保患者处于培训和专业发展机会的中心。尽管护士的培训和教育是由实践和理论决定的，但作为教育资源的患者的生活经验常常在 “做” 护理的环境中丢失。我们认为，除了理论知识和实践知识外，还需要利用同样重要的患者经验知识。本文借鉴托勒密的概念，探讨了与患者进行治疗关系时权力不平衡所导致的精神卫生护士的潜在紧张关系。有人认为，为了使精神卫生护士变得更有效，他们需要学习如何放弃一些权力，即使这会给护士带来不舒服的紧张情绪。这种紧张关系是由理论知识和仪式化实践所提供的核心作用所造成的，这些理论知识和仪式化实践是护理的基础，以及这可能给许多护士在接受患者经验作为主要知识来源的价值方面带来的困难。采用这种方法的困难表明，精神卫生护士和护士教育家需要对患者的遭遇以及彼此的遭遇采取更具反身性的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Psychosocial interventions (PSI) offer a range of problem-centred activities designed to improve the health and quality of life of clients and their carers. The paper reports the findings of a study on the roles and perspectives of mental health nurse practitioners towards clients with enduring mental illness and their carers following completion of PSI training. Focus groups interviews were conducted with PSI mental health nurse practitioners (n = 8) and data were analysed for thematic content. The results of the study indicated that PSI practitioners developed positive attitudes towards their client following PSI training and this attitudinal change enabled clients to develop more confidence and autonomy in managing the symptoms of their illness in a more empowered way. Focus group participants observed reduced levels of anxiety among clients and their carers. This was attributed to the 'sense of hope' within the caring milieu which was established as a result of collaborative working with the client and family. The findings suggest that there is a need for further exploration of the PSI practitioner role with a particular focus on the centrality of positive attitudes on the development of the therapeutic milieu for clients with severe and enduring mental ill health.

背景与目标： : 社会心理干预 (PSI) 提供了一系列以问题为中心的活动，旨在改善客户及其护理人员的健康和生活质量。本文报告了一项关于精神卫生护士从业人员在完成PSI培训后对患有持久精神疾病的客户及其护理人员的作用和观点的研究结果。对PSI精神卫生护士从业人员 (n = 8) 进行了焦点小组访谈，并分析了主题内容的数据。研究结果表明，PSI从业人员在PSI培训后对客户产生了积极的态度，这种态度的变化使客户能够以更有能力的方式在管理疾病症状方面建立更多的信心和自主权。焦点小组参与者观察到客户及其护理人员的焦虑水平降低。这归因于与客户和家人合作建立的关怀环境中的 “希望感”。研究结果表明，有必要进一步探索PSI从业者的角色，特别关注积极态度对患有严重和持久精神疾病的患者的治疗环境发展的中心作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Nurse education has undergone considerable changes creating new opportunities and challenges for nurse teachers. Limited comparative research of the working lives of nurse teachers has been reported, thus similarities and differences that may exist are unidentified. AIM:This paper reports a study of the working lives of nurse teachers in mainland China and the United Kingdom. DESIGN:A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS:Census sample of nurse teachers working in four nursing schools in mainland China (n=3) and the United Kingdom (n=1). The overall response rate was 56.8% (China=61, 61.0%, UK=60, 53.1%). METHODS:Completion of questionnaire specifically developed for the study but comprising six validated tools to collecting data on: job satisfaction, sense of coherence, role conflict and role ambiguity, work empowerment and professional identification. Data on self-reported roles and personal details were also collected. Data were collected between September 2008 and January 2009. RESULTS:Both samples were satisfied with their jobs overall but reported low levels of satisfaction with promotion. Chinese nurse teachers working full-time reported the lowest level for sense of coherence and professional identification. Nurse teachers working full-time in the United Kingdom reported the highest role conflict score. Sense of coherence and work empowerment were significantly and positively correlated to job satisfaction. Role conflict and role ambiguity were negatively correlated (but not always significantly) to job satisfaction and its facets. For respondents in mainland China, professional identification was significantly and positively correlated with overall job satisfaction and its facets. CONCLUSIONS:Strategies to improve job satisfaction with promotion opportunities for both samples are indicated. Respondents working full-time in both mainland China and the United Kingdom experienced greater challenges at work than their part-time colleagues.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nurse practitioner (NP) employment in specialty practice areas, such as subspecialty ambulatory practices and inpatient units is growing substantially. The Consensus Model provides guidelines to help states aligning NP education and certification with specialty practice area. Despite expansion of the Consensus Model, significant misalignment exists between specialty NPs' education, certification, and practice location. Therefore, further implementation of the Consensus Model across states could have significant impact on health systems and NPs working in specialty settings. More than 10 years after its introduction, it is time to evaluate the policy and practice implications of the Consensus Model. Important next steps include examination of the impact of the Consensus Model and how to help health systems with alignment when and if the Model is more widely implemented.

背景与目标： : 专业执业领域 (如亚专业门诊执业和住院单位) 的护士执业人数正在大幅增长。共识模型提供了指导方针，以帮助各州使NP教育和认证与专业实践领域保持一致。尽管扩大了共识模型，但专业np的教育，认证和执业地点之间仍存在明显的错位。因此，在各州之间进一步实施共识模型可能会对在专业环境中工作的卫生系统和NPs产生重大影响。在引入共识模型十多年后，是时候评估共识模型的政策和实践含义了。重要的后续步骤包括检查共识模型的影响，以及如何在何时以及是否更广泛地实施该模型时帮助卫生系统保持一致。