BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neuronal death associated with cerebral ischemia and hypoglycemia is related to increased release of excitatory amino acids (EAA) and energy failure. The intrahippocampal administration of the glycolysis inhibitor, iodoacetate (IOA), induces the accumulation of EAA and neuronal death. We have investigated by microdialysis the role of exocytosis, glutamate transporters and volume-sensitive organic anion channel (VSOAC) on IOA-induced EAA release. Results show that the early component of EAA release is inhibited by riluzole, a voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker, and by the VSOAC blocker, tamoxifen, while the early and late components are blocked by the glutamate transport inhibitors, L-trans-pyrrolidine 2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC) and DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA); and by the VSOAC blocker 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DNDS). Riluzole, DL-TBOA and tamoxifen did not prevent IOA-induced neuronal death, while PDC and DNDS did. The VSOAC blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropyl-amino) benzoic acid (NPPB) and phloretin had no effect either on EAA efflux or neuronal damage. Results suggest that acute inhibition of glycolytic metabolism promotes the accumulation of EAA by exocytosis, impairment or reverse action of glutamate transporters and activation of a DNDS-sensitive mechanism. The latest is substantially involved in the triggering of neuronal death. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show protection of neuronal death by DNDS in an in vivo model of neuronal damage, associated with deficient energy metabolism and EAA release, two conditions involved in some pathological states such as ischemia and hypoglycemia.

背景与目标： : 与脑缺血和低血糖相关的神经元死亡与兴奋性氨基酸 (EAA) 释放增加和能量衰竭有关。海马内给予糖酵解抑制剂碘乙酸 (IOA) 会诱导EAA的积累和神经元死亡。我们通过微透析研究了胞吐作用，谷氨酸转运蛋白和体积敏感的有机阴离子通道 (VSOAC) 对IOA诱导的EAA释放的作用。结果表明，电压依赖性钠通道阻滞剂利鲁唑和VSOAC阻滞剂他莫昔芬抑制了EAA释放的早期成分，而谷氨酸转运抑制剂L-反式吡咯烷2，4-二羧酸 (PDC) 和DL-苏-β-苄氧基天冬氨酸 (DL-TBOA); 并通过VSOAC阻滞剂4,4 '-dinitrostilbene-2，2'-二磺酸 (DNDS)。利鲁唑，DL-TBOA和他莫昔芬不能预防IOA诱导的神经元死亡，而PDC和DNDS可以预防。VSOAC阻滞剂5-硝基-2-(3-苯基丙基-氨基) 苯甲酸 (NPPB) 和根皮素对EAA流出或神经元损伤均无影响。结果表明，糖酵解代谢的急性抑制通过胞吐作用，谷氨酸转运蛋白的受损或逆转作用以及DNDS敏感机制的激活来促进EAA的积累。最新的主要涉及神经元死亡的触发。据我们所知，这是第一项在神经元损伤的体内模型中显示DNDS保护神经元死亡的研究，该模型与能量代谢不足和EAA释放有关，这两种情况涉及某些病理状态，例如缺血和低血糖。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sixty-one strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and 47 strains of nontuberculous mycobacteria were analyzed for fatty acids and enzyme profiles. Cellular fatty acids were extracted from bacteria, methylated and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography operated either manually (Perkin-Elmer) or by the automatic Microbial Identification System. The major cellular fatty acids in all mycobacterial species were C161. Tuberculostearic acid was found in all species with the exception of Mycobacterium gordonae. The fatty acids with a carbon-length longer than 20 could be detected only by conventional gas chromatography. Strains of M.

tuberculosis had a high ratio of C260. For determination of branched-chain fatty acids, the MIS provided more definitive results. The data indicated that the fatty acid profiles could provide rapid species identification. The results of the enzyme profile analysis using API-ZYM strips showed 39 different patterns from 59 strains of M. tuberculosis, and 41 different patterns from 46 nontuberculous mycobacteria strains, suggesting that enzyme profiles can also be used for strain characterization within the same species.

背景与目标： 分析了61株结核分枝杆菌复合物和47株非结核分枝杆菌的脂肪酸和酶谱。从细菌中提取细胞脂肪酸，甲基化，并通过手动 (Perkin-Elmer) 或自动微生物识别系统操作的气相色谱法进行分析。所有分枝杆菌物种中的主要细胞脂肪酸为c161。除gordonae分枝杆菌外，所有物种中均发现了结核硬脂酸。碳长度大于20的脂肪酸只能通过常规气相色谱法检测。结核分枝杆菌菌株的c260比例很高。对于支链脂肪酸的测定，MIS提供了更明确的结果。数据表明，脂肪酸谱可以提供快速的物种鉴定。使用API-ZYM条带进行的酶谱分析结果显示，来自59株结核分枝杆菌的39种不同模式，以及来自46株非结核分枝杆菌的41种不同模式，这表明酶谱也可用于同一物种内的菌株表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of this study was to evaluate the cleaning ability of three acid irrigating solutions after hand and rotary instrumentation. Eighty human teeth were randomly divided in eight groups. Four groups were prepared with hand instrumentation and other four with ProTaper. The irrigating solutions were 15% citric acid plus 2.5% NaOCl; 15% EDTA plus 2.5% NaOCl; 5% orthophosphoric acid plus 2.5% NaOCl; and 2.5% NaOCl alone as control. Canal walls were observed with scanning electron microscopy, and photomicrographs were taken in apical, middle, and coronal thirds. A scoring system for debris and smear layer was used. Acid solutions with 2.5% NaOCl were effective in the elimination of smear layer or debris, and no significant differences were showed in smear layer removal between techniques. However, 2.5% NaOCl did not remove smear layer or debris, and no significant differences in debris were observed between manual and rotary techniques.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是评估手动和旋转仪器后三种酸灌溉溶液的清洁能力。将80颗人类牙齿随机分为八组。用手动仪器准备了四组，用ProTaper准备了另外四组。灌溉溶液是15% 柠檬酸加2.5% NaOCl; 15% EDTA加2.5% NaOCl; 5% 正磷酸加2.5% NaOCl; 和单独2.5% NaOCl作为对照。用扫描电子显微镜观察管壁，并在根尖，中部和冠状三分之二处拍摄显微照片。使用了碎片和涂抹层的评分系统。具有2.5% NaOCl的酸溶液可有效消除涂片层或碎屑，并且在技术之间的涂片层去除方面没有显示出显着差异。然而，2.5% NaOCl没有去除涂抹层或碎片，并且在手动和旋转技术之间没有观察到碎片的显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pseudomonas putida U does not degrade D-glucose through the glycolytic pathway but requires (i) its oxidation to D-gluconic acid by a peripherally located constitutive glucose dehydrogenase (insensitive to osmotic shock), (ii) accumulation of D-gluconic acid in the extracellular medium, and (iii) the induction of a specific energy-dependent transport system responsible for the uptake of D-gluconic acid. This uptake system showed maximal rates of transport at 30 degrees C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Under these conditions the K(m) calculated for D-gluconic acid was 6.7 microM. Furthermore, a different transport system, specific for the uptake of glucose, was also identified. It is active and shows maximal uptake rates at 35 degrees C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, with a K(m) value of 8.3 microM.

背景与目标： 恶臭假单胞菌U不会通过糖酵解途径降解D-葡萄糖，但需要 (i) 通过位于外周的组成型葡萄糖脱氢酶将其氧化为D-葡萄糖酸 (对渗透休克不敏感)，(ii) D-葡萄糖酸在细胞外培养基中的积累，(iii) 诱导负责吸收D-葡萄糖酸的特定能量依赖性转运系统。该吸收系统在50 mM磷酸钾缓冲液 (pH 7.0) 中显示了在30 ℃ 下的最大转运速率。在这些条件下，计算的D-葡萄糖酸的K(m) 为6.7微米。此外，还确定了特定于葡萄糖摄取的不同转运系统。它具有活性，并在50 mM磷酸钾缓冲液 (pH 6.0) 中的35摄氏度下显示出最大的吸收速率，K(m) 值为8.3微米。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recently, 65-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65) antibodies (GADA) have been introduced as autoimmune markers in blood to confirm the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study, to evaluate two new assays that use 125I-labeled GAD 65, we assayed samples from 100 children with recent onset of diabetes and 100 control children, the results were compared with those of a [35S]GADA assay and with results for islet cell antibodies (ICA), the conventional autoimmune marker. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed one of the new assays (from RSR) to be more sensitive (P = 0.01) than the comparison ([35S]GADA) assay, whereas the second new assay (from Elias) was less sensitive (P < 0.001). The GADA frequency at 97.5% specificity was greatest in the comparison assay63 of 100 vs 41 of 100 (P < 0.01) and 53 of 100 (P = 0.16) in the RSR and Elias assays, respectively. Almost all GADA-positive patients had ICA, but one-third of the ICA-positive patients was GADA-negative. Accordingly, adding GADA analysis results to ICA testing increased the frequency of detection of autoimmune markers only slightly (from 81% to 85%). In conclusion, at 97.5% specificity the [35S]GADA assay seemed to be more efficient than the 125I assays, although the difference was significant only for the Elias 125I assay. Antigen-specific antibodies other than GADA may explain the difference in GADA and ICA frequencies.

背景与目标： 最近，已将65 kDa谷氨酸脱羧酶 (GAD 65) 抗体 (GADA) 作为血液中的自身免疫标记物引入，以确认胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (IDDM) 的诊断。在这项研究中，为了评估使用125i标记的GAD 65的两种新检测方法，我们分析了100名近期糖尿病发作儿童和100对照儿童的样本，将结果与 [35S]GADA分析的结果进行了比较，并与胰岛细胞抗体 (ICA) 的结果进行了比较，传统的自身免疫标记。受试者工作特征 (ROC) 曲线分析显示，新的检测方法之一 (来自RSR) 比比较 ([35S]GADA) 检测方法更敏感 (P = 0.01)，而第二个新的分析 (来自Elias) 敏感性较低 (P <0.001)。在RSR和Elias分析中，100的63与100的41 (P < 0.01) 和100的53 (P = 0.16) 的比较分析中，GADA频率在97.5% 特异性最高。分别。几乎所有GADA阳性患者都有ICA，但3分之1 ICA阳性患者为GADA阴性。因此，将GADA分析结果添加到ICA测试中仅略微增加了自身免疫标志物的检测频率 (从81% 到85%)。总之，在97.5% 特异性下，[35S]GADA分析似乎比125I分析更有效，尽管差异仅在Elias 125I分析中是显着的。除GADA以外的抗原特异性抗体可以解释GADA和ICA频率的差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to investigate the mode of interaction between the N-quarternized cytosine base and the aromatic amino acid, the crystal structure of the 3-methyl-cytidine-5'-monophosphate:tryptamine complex was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The complex crystals were stabilized by extensive hydrogen bond formations in which eight independent water molecules per complex pair participated. A prominent stacking interaction, characterized by a parallel alignment of both rings with a separation distance of ca. 3.4 A, was observed between the cytosine base and the indole ring. Combining the present results with X-ray crystallographic data on the adenine--and guanine--aromatic amino acid interactions, we summarize the structural characteristics observed in the stacking interaction of the N-quarternized nucleic acid base with the aromatic amino acid and discuss their biological implications, especially in connection with the significance of N-protonation of nucleic acid base for selective recognition by protein.

背景与目标： : 为了研究N-四分之一化胞嘧啶碱与芳香族氨基酸之间的相互作用模式，通过x射线衍射分析了3-甲基胞苷-5 '-单磷酸: 色胺复合物的晶体结构。复杂的晶体通过广泛的氢键形成而稳定，其中每个复杂对有八个独立的水分子参与其中。在胞嘧啶碱和吲哚环之间观察到显著的堆叠相互作用，其特征是两个环平行排列，分离距离约3.4 A。结合目前的结果与腺嘌呤-和鸟嘌呤-芳香族氨基酸相互作用的x射线晶体学数据，我们总结了在N-四分之一化核酸碱基与芳香族氨基酸的堆叠相互作用中观察到的结构特征，并讨论了它们的生物学意义，特别是与核酸碱基的N-质子化对蛋白质选择性识别的意义有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reported here is the synthesis and biological evaluation of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) targeted fourth generation poliamidoamine dendrimer (G(4)-PAMAM) loaded with sorafenib. The ASGP-R targeted dendrimer was obtained by conjugation of Lactobionic acid (La) to the G(4)-PAMAM dendrimer, followed by acetylation (Ac) of the free amino groups in order to reduce the non-specific interactions with the cell membrane. Moreover, by additionally grafting fluorescein (FITC), it was easy to characterize the internalization pathway and the intracellular fate of the targeted dendrimer Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC. In vitro experiments performed on HepG-2 and HLE cell lines, allowed to study the ability of the dendrimers to affect the cell vitality. Confocal microscopy and cytofluorimetric analysis confirmed higher binding and uptake ability of the Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC dendrimer in well differentiated and ASGP-R expressing human liver cancer cell line HepG-2 compared non-expressing HLE cells. Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC dendrimer loaded with sorafenib was stable and showed sustained sorafenib release. As evidenced by the cytotoxicity studies, sorafenib included in the dendrimer maintained its effectiveness, and was able to produce a longer lasting effect over the time compared to molar equivalent doses of free sorafenib. This new targeted dendrimer appears to be a suitable carrier for the delivery of sorafenib to liver cancer cells expressing ASGP-R.

背景与目标： : 此处报道的是载有索拉非尼的靶向第四代丙酰胺胺树状分子 (G(4)-PAMAM) 的去唾液酸糖蛋白受体 (asgp-r) 的合成和生物学评估。通过将乳糖酸 (La) 与G(4)-PAMAM树状大分子偶联，然后对游离氨基进行乙酰化 (Ac) 以减少非特异性相互作用，从而获得asgp-r靶向的树状大分子细胞膜。此外，通过另外接枝荧光素 (FITC)，很容易表征目标树状分子Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC的内化途径和细胞内命运。在HepG-2和HLE细胞系上进行的体外实验允许研究树状大分子影响细胞活力的能力。共聚焦显微镜和细胞荧光分析证实，与未表达的HLE细胞相比，Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC树状聚合物在分化良好且表达asgp-r的人肝癌细胞系HepG-2更高的结合和摄取能力。载有索拉非尼的Ac-La-G(4)-PAMAM-FITC树枝状大分子稳定，并显示出持续的索拉非尼释放。正如细胞毒性研究所证明的那样，与摩尔当量剂量的游离索拉非尼相比，包含在树枝状聚合物中的索拉非尼保持了其有效性，并且能够在一段时间内产生更长的持久效果。这种新的靶向树枝状聚合物似乎是将索拉非尼递送到表达asgp-r的肝癌细胞的合适载体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of ascorbic acid on iron retention from a diet with predicted low iron bioavailability (containing minimal meat and ascorbic acid) was investigated in iron-depleted premenopausal women. Eleven women were depleted of storage iron (indicated by serum ferritin) through a combination of diet (5.0 mg Fe/2000 kcal for 67-88 d) and phlebotomy. They then consumed a diet containing 13.7 mg Fe/2000 kcal, supplemented with placebo or ascorbic acid three times daily (1500 mg total) with meals for 5.5 wk. Ascorbic acid improved apparent iron absorption (balance method) [38 +/- 2% (means +/- SEM) vs 27 +/- 2%]. Ascorbic acid also improved hemoglobin, erythrocyte protoporphyrins, and serum iron but not hematocrit, serum ferritin, iron-binding capacity, or transferrin saturation. In iron-depleted women consuming a diet with predicted poor iron availability, ascorbic acid supplementation enhanced body iron retention for 5.5 wk.

背景与目标： : 在铁缺乏的绝经前妇女中，研究了抗坏血酸对铁生物利用度较低 (含有最少的肉和抗坏血酸) 饮食中铁保留的影响。通过饮食 (5.0 mg Fe/2000 kcal，治疗67-88 d) 和放血术，11名妇女耗尽了储存铁 (由血清铁蛋白指示)。然后，他们食用含有13.7 mg Fe/2000 kcal的饮食，补充有安慰剂或抗坏血酸，每天三次 (总共1500 mg)，并进餐5.5周。抗坏血酸改善了铁的表观吸收 (平衡法) [38 +/- 2% (平均值 +/- SEM) 对27 +/- 2%]。抗坏血酸还可以改善血红蛋白，红细胞原卟啉和血清铁，但不能改善血细胞比容，血清铁蛋白，铁结合能力或转铁蛋白饱和度。在消耗铁的女性中，饮食中预计铁利用率较差，抗坏血酸补充剂可提高5.5周的体内铁保留率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of fillers for nonsurgical rhinoplasty has advanced in both materials and methods, and continues to gain popularity in North America. This technique is most often used for secondary revisions, although reports of fillers used in primary rhinoplasty in selected patients have been recently described. The present report details the use of a hyaluronic acid dermal filler in a young Middle Eastern man for a post-traumatic crooked nose deformity. Primary correction of the patient's right-sided nasal bone deviation using hyaluronic acid as a soft tissue filler was achieved with excellent results and patient satisfaction. The current use of fillers in nasal contouring is reviewed.

背景与目标： : 在非手术鼻整形术中使用填充物在材料和方法上都取得了进步，并在北美继续受到欢迎。尽管最近已经描述了在选定患者的初次鼻整形术中使用填充物的报道，但该技术最常用于二次修订。本报告详细介绍了一名中东年轻人在创伤后弯曲鼻子畸形中使用透明质酸皮肤填充剂的情况。使用透明质酸作为软组织填充剂对患者的右侧鼻骨偏斜进行了初步矫正，效果极佳，患者满意。回顾了填充剂在鼻腔轮廓中的当前使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Microbial oil is one important bio-product for its important function in energy, chemical, and food industry. Finding suitable substrates is one key issue for its industrial application. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates can be utilized by oleaginous microorganisms with two different bio-pathways ("de novo" lipid fermentation and "ex novo" lipid fermentation). To date, most of the research on lipid fermentation has focused mainly on only one fermentation pathway and little work was carried out on both "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation simultaneously; thus, the advantages of both lipid fermentation cannot be fulfilled comprehensively. RESULTS:In this study, corncob acid hydrolysate with soybean oil was used as a mix-medium for combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation by oleaginous yeast Trichosporon dermatis. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates (sugars and soybean oil) in the medium can be utilized simultaneously and efficiently by T. dermatis. Different fermentation modes were compared and the batch mode was the most suitable for the combined fermentation. The influence of soybean oil concentration, inoculum size, and initial pH on the lipid fermentation was evaluated and 20 g/L soybean oil, 5% inoculum size, and initial pH 6.0 were suitable for this bioprocess. By this technology, the lipid composition of extracellular hydrophobic substrate (soybean oil) can be modified. Although adding emulsifier showed little beneficial effect on lipid production, it can modify the intracellular lipid composition of T. dermatis. CONCLUSIONS:The present study proves the potential and possibility of combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation. This technology can use hydrophilic and hydrophobic sustainable bio-resources to generate lipid feedstock for the production of biodiesel or other lipid-based chemical compounds and to treat some special wastes such as oil-containing wastewater.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The main objective of this work is to provide an update on synthetic nucleic acid analogues and nanoassemblies as tools in gene therapy. In particular, the synthesis and properties of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs), which have high potential in research and as therapeutics, are described in detail. The exploration of POCs has already led to fruitful results in the treatment of neurological diseases, lung disorders, cancer, leukemia, viral, and bacterial infections. However, delivery and in vivo stability are the major barriers to the clinical application of POCs and other analogues that still have to be overcome. This review summarizes recent achievements in the delivery and in vivo administration of synthetic nucleic acid analogues, focusing on POCs, and compares their efficiency.

背景与目标： : 这项工作的主要目的是提供有关合成核酸类似物和纳米组件作为基因治疗工具的更新。特别地，详细描述了肽-寡核苷酸缀合物 (poc) 的合成和性质，它们在研究中具有很高的潜力并作为治疗剂。POCs的探索已经在治疗神经系统疾病，肺部疾病，癌症，白血病，病毒和细菌感染方面取得了丰硕的成果。然而，递送和体内稳定性是POCs和其他类似物临床应用的主要障碍，仍需克服。这篇综述总结了合成核酸类似物的递送和体内给药方面的最新成就，重点是poc，并比较了它们的效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A continuous acid-catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment process and system to produce cellulosic ethanol was developed at the pilot-scale. The effects of the following parameters on the pretreatment efficiency of rice straw feedstocks were investigated: the acid concentration, the reaction temperature, the residence time, the feedstock size, the explosion pressure and the screw speed. The optimal presteaming horizontal reactor conditions for the pretreatment process are as follows: 1.7 rpm and 100-110 °C with an acid concentration of 1.3% (w/w). An acid-catalyzed steam explosion is then performed in the vertical reactor at 185 °C for 2 min. Approximately 73% of the total saccharification yield was obtained after the rice straw was pretreated under optimal conditions and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis at a combined severity factor of 0.4-0.7. Moreover, good long-term stability and durability of the pretreatment system under continuous operation was observed.

背景与目标： : 在中试规模上开发了一种连续酸催化蒸汽爆炸预处理工艺和系统来生产纤维素乙醇。研究了以下参数对稻草原料预处理效率的影响: 酸浓度，反应温度，停留时间，原料尺寸，爆炸压力和螺杆速度。预处理过程的最佳预蒸水平反应器条件如下: 1.7 rpm和100-110 °C，酸浓度为1.3% (w/w)。然后在垂直反应器中在185 °C下进行酸催化的蒸汽爆炸2分钟。在最佳条件下预处理稻草并随后以0.4-0.7的综合严重度因子进行酶水解后，获得了约73% 的总糖化产率。此外，观察到预处理系统在连续运行下良好的长期稳定性和耐久性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), triterpenoid compounds that are isolated from many edible and medicinal plants, on cariogenic microorganisms and biofilms. METHODS:A microtitre plate dilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of UA and OA against two Actinomyces spp. and four Streptococcus spp. The antibacterial activity of UA and OA was assessed by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS:UA and OA displayed differential antibacterial activities against the six tested bacteria, with UA showing greater antibacterial activity than OA. Furthermore, the two drugs had greater antibacterial activity against Actinomyces spp. than Streptococcus spp. UA and OA at 1/4 MIC can reduce bacterial biofilm formation, whereas higher UA concentrations displayed antibacterial activity against Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans in mature biofilms. For instance, 2.0 mg ml(-1) UA was sufficient to kill an A. viscosus biofilm. CONCLUSIONS:UA and OA inhibit the growth of cariogenic microorganisms, which suggests that UA and OA have considerable potential as antibacterial agents for dental caries prevention.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, an elevation in skin cholesterol level has been implicated in skin inflammation. Given the potential therapeutic effects of soy on low grade inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized that a CHOL diet could promote an inflammatory response in skin and that soy milk (SM) or fermented soy milk (F.SM) could prevent this cholesterol-induced skin inflammation. To test this hypothesis, freeze-dried SM or F.SM was provided as a protein replacement for 20% of the casein in the diets of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The animals were divided into the following groups: (1) control group (CTRL), AIN76A diet without cholesterol, (2) high cholesterol (CHOL) group, AIN76A with 1% (w/w) cholesterol, (3) SM group, CHOL diet with freeze-dried SM, and (4) F.SM group, CHOL diet with F.SM. In the CHOL group, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-1β, IL-1α, iNOS, and COX-2, were elevated. In comparison, the SM and F.SM groups displayed the lowered expression of IL-1β, COX-2, F4/80, and Cd68, an increase of a n-3/n-6 ratio, and a reduction in the estimated desaturase activities of delta 5 desaturase (D5D) and steaoryl CoA desaturase (SCD-1). In particular, F.SM significantly increased the proportion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in skin fatty acid (FA) composition compared with the CHOL group. Here we present evidence that SM or F.SM could alleviate the inflammatory response in the skin that is triggered by excess dietary cholesterol by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This response could be partly associated with a decreased in macrophages in skin and/or by modulation of the skin's FA composition.

背景与目标： : 最近，皮肤胆固醇水平的升高与皮肤炎症有关。鉴于大豆对低度炎症性疾病的潜在治疗作用，我们假设CHOL饮食可以促进皮肤的炎症反应，并且豆浆 (SM) 或发酵豆浆 (F.SM) 可以预防这种胆固醇引起的皮肤炎症。为了检验这一假设，提供了冻干SM或F.SM作为蛋白质替代物，用于在Sprague-Dawley (SD) 大鼠的饮食中20% 酪蛋白。将动物分为以下组 :( 1) 对照组 (CTRL)，AIN76A饮食无胆固醇，(2) 高胆固醇 (CHOL) 组，AIN76A 1% (w/w) 胆固醇，(3) SM组，CHOL饮食加冻干SM，和 (4) F.SM组，CHOL饮食与F.SM。在CHOL组中，促炎基因 (包括IL-1β，IL-1α，iNOS和COX-2) 的表达水平升高。相比之下，SM和F.SM组显示出IL-1β，COX-2，F4/80和Cd68的表达降低，n-3/n-6比增加以及delta 5的估计去饱和酶活性降低。去饱和酶 (D5D) 和steaoryl CoA去饱和酶 (SCD-1)。特别是，与CHOL组相比，F.SM显着增加了皮肤脂肪酸 (FA) 组成中二高-γ-亚麻酸 (DGLA) 的比例。在这里，我们提供了证据，表明SM或F。SM可以通过减少促炎基因的表达来减轻由过量饮食胆固醇引发的皮肤炎症反应。这种反应可能部分与皮肤中巨噬细胞的减少和/或通过调节皮肤的FA组成有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During the past 25 years a significant amount of research has been conducted to determine amino acid requirements in humans. This is primarily due to advancements in the application of stable isotopes to examine amino acid requirements. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has emerged as a robust and minimally invasive technique to identify requirements. The IAAO method is based on the concept that when one indispensable dietary amino acid (IDAA) is deficient for protein synthesis, then the excess of all other IDAA, including the indicator amino acid, will be oxidized. With increasing intakes of the limiting amino acid, IAAO will decrease, reflecting increasing incorporation into protein. Once the requirement for the limiting amino acid is met there will be no further change in the indicator oxidation. The IAAO method has been systematically applied to determine most IDAA requirements in adults. The estimates are comparable to the values obtained using the more elaborate 24h-indicator amino acid oxidation and balance (24h-IAAO/IAAB) model. Due to its non-invasive nature the IAAO method has also been used to determine requirements for amino acids in neonates, children and in disease. The IAAO model has recently been applied to determine total protein requirements in humans. The IAAO method is rapid, reliable and has been used to determine amino acid requirements in different species, across the life cycle and in disease. The recent application of IAAO to determine protein requirements in humans is novel and has significant implications for dietary protein intake recommendations globally.

背景与目标： : 在过去的25年中，已经进行了大量研究以确定人类的氨基酸需求。这主要是由于稳定同位素在检查氨基酸需求方面的进步。指示剂氨基酸氧化 (IAAO) 方法已成为识别需求的一种强大且微创的技术。IAAO方法基于以下概念: 当一种必不可少的膳食氨基酸 (IDAA) 缺乏蛋白质合成时，所有其他IDAA (包括指示剂氨基酸) 的过量将被氧化。随着限制性氨基酸摄入量的增加，IAAO将减少，反映出蛋白质中的掺入增加。一旦满足限制氨基酸的要求，指示剂氧化就不会有进一步的变化。IAAO方法已被系统地应用于确定成年人的大多数IDAA要求。估计值与使用更详细的24h指示剂氨基酸氧化和平衡 (24h-IAAO/IAAB) 模型获得的值相当。由于其非侵入性的性质，IAAO方法也已用于确定新生儿，儿童和疾病中对氨基酸的需求。IAAO模型最近已用于确定人类的总蛋白质需求。IAAO方法快速，可靠，已用于确定不同物种，整个生命周期和疾病中的氨基酸需求。IAAO最近用于确定人类蛋白质需求的应用是新颖的，并且对全球饮食中蛋白质摄入建议具有重大意义。