In bilaterian animals the 3' ends of microRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently modified by tailing and trimming. These modifications affect miRNA-mediated gene regulation by modulating miRNA stability. Here, we analyzed data from three nonbilaterian animals: two cnidarians (Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata) and one poriferan (Amphimedon queenslandica). Our analysis revealed that nonbilaterian miRNAs frequently undergo modifications like the bilaterian counterparts: the majority are expressed as different length isoforms and frequent modifications of the 3' end by mono U or mono A tailing are observed. Moreover, as the factors regulating miRNA modifications are largely uncharacterized in nonbilaterian animal phyla, in present study, we investigated the evolution of 3' terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases) that are known to involved in miRNA 3' nontemplated modifications in Bilateria. Phylogenetic analysis on TUTases showed that TUTase1 and TUTase6 are a result of duplication in bilaterians and that TUTase7 and TUTase4 are the result of a vertebrate-specific duplication. We also find an unexpected number of Drosophila-specific gene duplications and domain losses in most of the investigated gene families. Overall, our findings shed new light on the evolutionary history of TUTases in Metazoa, as they reveal that this core set of enzymes already existed in the last common ancestor of all animals and was probably involved in modifying small RNAs in a similar fashion to its present activity in bilaterians.

译文

在双边动物中,microrna (mirna) 的3' 末端经常通过拖尾和修剪来修饰。这些修饰通过调节miRNA稳定性来影响miRNA介导的基因调控。在这里,我们分析了来自三种非双侧动物的数据: 两种刺胞动物 (Nematostella vectensis和Hydra magnipapillata) 和一种poriferan (昆斯兰的两栖动物)。我们的分析表明,非双边mirna经常像双边对应物一样进行修饰: 大多数表示为不同长度的同工型,并且观察到mono U或mono A拖尾对3' 末端的频繁修饰。此外,由于调节miRNA修饰的因素在非双边动物门中基本上没有特征,因此在本研究中,我们研究了3' 末端尿苷基转移酶 (tutase) 的进化,该酶已知参与了双边中miRNA 3' 非模板修饰。对tutase的系统发育分析表明,TUTase1和TUTase6是双边复制的结果,而TUTase7和TUTase4是脊椎动物特定复制的结果。我们还发现,在大多数研究的基因家族中,果蝇特异性基因重复和结构域丢失的数量出乎意料。总的来说,我们的发现为后生动物中tutaase的进化史提供了新的线索,因为它们揭示了这组核心酶已经存在于所有动物的最后一个共同祖先中,并且可能以与其类似的方式参与了小rna的修饰。在双边主义者中目前的活动。

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