Bullying among children is ubiquitous and associated with pervasive mental health problems. However, little is known about the biological pathways that change after exposure to bullying. Epigenome-wide changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood were studied from pre- to post measurement of bullying exposure, in a longitudinal study of the population-based Generation R Study and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (combined n = 1,352). Linear mixed-model results were meta-analysed to estimate how DNA methylation changed as a function of exposure to bullying. Sensitivity analyses including co-occurring child characteristics and risks were performed, as well as a Gene Ontology analysis. A candidate follow-up was employed for CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) sites annotated to 5-HTT and NR3C1. One site, cg17312179, showed small changes in DNA methylation associated to bullying exposure (b = -2.67e-03, SE = 4.97e-04, p = 7.17e-08). This site is annotated to RAB14, an oncogene related to Golgi apparatus functioning, and its methylation levels decreased for exposed but increased for non-exposed. This result was consistent across sensitivity analyses. Enriched Gene Ontology pathways for differentially methylated sites included cardiac function and neurodevelopmental processes. Top CpG sites tended to have overall low levels of DNA methylation, decreasing in exposed, increasing in non-exposed individuals. There were no gene-wide corrected findings for 5-HTT and NR3C1. This is the first study to identify changes in DNA methylation associated with bullying exposure at the epigenome-wide significance level. Consistent with other population-based studies, we do not find evidence for strong associations between bullying exposure and DNA methylation.

译文

儿童欺凌无处不在,并与普遍存在的精神卫生问题相关。然而,人们对暴露于欺凌之后发生变化的生物途径知之甚少。在基于人群的R世代研究和父母和儿童的Avon纵向研究的纵向研究中,从欺凌暴露的测量前后研究了外周血中DNA甲基化的表观基因组范围变化 (合并n = 1,352)。对线性混合模型结果进行了荟萃分析,以估计DNA甲基化如何随暴露于欺凌行为而变化。进行了敏感性分析,包括共同发生的儿童特征和风险,以及基因本体论分析。对5-HTT和NR3C1注释的CpG (胞嘧啶-磷酸-鸟嘌呤) 位点进行了候选随访。一个位点cg17312179显示出与欺凌暴露相关的DNA甲基化的微小变化 (b = -2.67e-03,SE = 4.97e-04,p = 7.17e-08)。该位点与RAB14注释,RAB14是一种与高尔基体功能有关的癌基因,其甲基化水平在暴露时降低,而在未暴露时升高。该结果在敏感性分析中是一致的。差异甲基化位点的丰富基因本体论途径包括心脏功能和神经发育过程。顶级CpG位点的DNA甲基化水平总体较低,暴露时降低,未暴露个体中增加。5-HTT和NR3C1没有全基因校正的发现。这是第一项在表观基因组范围的显着性水平上确定与欺凌暴露相关的DNA甲基化变化的研究。与其他基于人群的研究一致,我们没有发现欺凌暴露与DNA甲基化之间强烈关联的证据。

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