BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) males with insulin resistance [age = 40.1 +/- 2.2 years, body weight = 96.3 +/- 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 263 +/- 25 mg/dl, VO(2)max = 37 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance) = 3.05 +/- 0.40]. Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and three exercise trials at 40% (40%T), 60% (60%T), and 70% (70%T) of their VO(2)max. The order of trials was randomized and there were 1-2 weeks wash-out period between the trials. All subjects had a fat-meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, subjects jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity 12 h prior to a fat-meal ingestion. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve for over an 8 h-period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC score in 40%T was 30% lower (P = 0.003), 60%T was 31% lower (P = 0.02), and 70%T was 39% lower (P = 0.02) than Ctr. There were no significant differences in the TG AUC scores among the exercise trials (P > 0.05). The insulin concentrations in both 60 and 70%T were lower than Ctr (P < 0.01) which did not differ from 40%T. HOMA-IR in both 60%T (P = 0.041) and 70%T (P = 0.002) were lower than Ctr, but not different from 40%T (HOMA-IR: Ctr = 3.05 +/- 0.40, 40%T = 2.67 +/- 0.35, 60%T = 2.49 +/- 0.31, 70%T = 2.21 +/- 0.27). The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at low to moderate intensity may be sufficient to attenuate PPL and increase insulin sensitivity, whereas higher intensity exercise may be needed to normalize blood glucose.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了运动对代谢综合征患者餐后血脂（PPL）和胰岛素抵抗的影响。受试者为10名高甘油三酸酯血症（HTG）男性，胰岛素抵抗[年龄= 40.1 /-2.2岁，体重= 96.3 /-3.3 kg，空腹甘油三酸酯（TG）= 263 /-25 mg / dl，VO（2）max = 37 -/-1.1 ml / kg / min，并且稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR，胰岛素抵抗指数）= 3.05-0.40]。每个受试者进行了一项对照试验（Ctr，无运动），并进行了三项运动试验，试验的最大VO（2）最大为40％（40％T），60％（60％T）和70％（70％T）。试验顺序是随机的，两次试验之间有1-2周的清除期。所有受试者在每次试验中均吃一顿胖饭。在运动试验中，受试者在摄入脂肪餐之前12小时以指定的强度在跑步机上慢跑1小时。在0小时（饭前），饭后2、4、6和8小时采集血样。餐后8 h（TG AUC），血浆TG，TG浓度曲线下的面积得分和HOMA-IR进行了分析。与Ctr相比，在40％T中的TG AUC得分降低了30％（P = 0.003），在60％T中降低了31％（P = 0.02），在70％T中降低了39％（P = 0.02）。在运动试验之间，TG AUC评分无显着差异（P> 0.05）。 60％和70％T中的胰岛素浓度均低于Ctr（P <0.01），与40％T无差异。 60％T（P = 0.041）和70％T（P = 0.002）的HOMA-IR均低于Ctr，但与40％T相同（HOMA-IR：Ctr = 3.05 /-0.40，40％T = 2.67 /-0.35，60％T = 2.49 /-0.31，70％T = 2.21 /-0.27）。结果表明，对于缺乏运动能力的代谢综合征患者，低强度至中等强度的运动可能足以减弱PPL和增加胰岛素敏感性，而可能需要更高强度的运动才能使血糖正常化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The infection rate after primary hip arthroplasty lies at 1-2%. In the past few years, a two-stage protocol with the implantation of an antibiotic-loaded spacer has become a popular procedure in the treatment of infected hip joint arthroplasties. In this review, we pay special attention to the elution characteristics of the spacers, their mechanical stability and the clinical response. We conclude that hip spacers are an effective method in the treatment of hip joint infections, with success rates of over 90%.

背景与目标： ：原发性髋关节置换术后的感染率为1-2％。在过去的几年中，采用两阶段方案植入载有抗生素的间隔物已成为治疗感染性髋关节置换术的流行方法。在这篇综述中，我们特别注意间隔物的洗脱特性，它们的机械稳定性和临床反应。我们得出的结论是，间隔垫片是一种治疗髋关节感染的有效方法，成功率超过90％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Japanese people in both Japan and in Hawaii have a lower incidence of hip fractures than white people in Hawaii or on the mainland of the United States. Hip fractures usually occur after a fall, and differing incidence rates of falls might contribute to the observed differences in hip fracture rates. To investigate this possibility we undertook a prospective study of falls among elderly Japanese men and women living in Hawaii using intensive surveillance methods similar to those used in studies of predominantly white populations. For our Japanese participants, the incidence rates of total falls were 139 per 1000 person years for men and 276 per 1000 person years for women. Age adjusted rate ratios of falls for predominantly white populations compared with our Japanese participants ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 for women and from 2.6 to 4.7 for men. The risk of injuries when they did fall, however, was not lower for our Japanese participants than reported for white participants. For our Japanese population, past falls, female gender, and daytime hours were associated with an increased incidence of falls.

背景与目标： ：在日本和夏威夷，日本人的髋部骨折发生率比夏威夷或美国大陆的白人低。髋部骨折通常在跌倒后发生，跌倒的发生率不同可能会导致观察到的髋部骨折发生率的差异。为了调查这种可能性，我们进行了一项前瞻性研究，研究了居住在夏威夷的日本老年男性和女性跌倒的情况，采用了与主要针对白人人口的研究相似的强化监视方法。对于我们的日本参与者，男性总跌倒发生率是每千人年139例，女性每千人年276例。与日本人相比，以白人为主的年龄调整后的跌倒比率，女性为1.8到2.3，男性为2​​.6到4.7。但是，对于日本参与者来说，跌倒时受伤的风险并不比白人参与者低。对于我们的日本人口来说，以往的跌倒，女性性别和白天营业时间与跌倒发生率增加相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The vitamin B12 status of 20 subjects who were on home parenteral nutrition after surgical or functional small bowel resection and were given 1000 micrograms cyanocobalamin every 3 mo was studied by comparing their plasma vitamin B12, homocysteine (HS), and methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations. The plasma vitamin B12 concentration (median 145 pmol/L, 95% confidence interval: 123-217) was subnormal in four cases and borderline in four others. In the "4low B12" group, the concentrations of the markers of vitamin B12 deficiency were in the normal range; HS 10.7 mumol/L (8.0-12.3); and MMA, 0.15 mumol/L (0.09-0.19). References values were HS, 10.0 mumol/L (9.4-12.6); and MMA, 0.16 mumol/L (0.10-0.19). Thus, there were no metabolic signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in these subjects on parenteral nutrition, despite the fact that their plasma vitamin B12 levels were low. Analysis of individual data showed that the four patients with low circulating B12 had markers of intracellular vitamin B12 deficiency in the normal range.

背景与目标： ：通过比较血浆中维生素B12，高半胱氨酸（HS）和甲基丙二酸（MMA）的研究，研究了20名接受手术或功能性小肠切除术后家庭肠胃外营养并每3个月接受1000微克氰钴胺的受试者的维生素B12状况浓度。血浆维生素B12浓度（中位数145 pmol / L，95％置信区间：123-217）在4例中低于正常，在其他4例中处于临界水平。在“ 4low B12”组中，维生素B12缺乏症标志物的浓度在正常范围内。 HS 10.7摩尔/升（8.0-12.3）;和MMA，0.15摩尔/升（0.09-0.19）。参考值为HS，10.0 mumol / L（9.4-12.6）；和MMA，0.16摩尔/升（0.10-0.19）。因此，尽管血浆维生素B12水平较低，但这些受试者在肠外营养方面没有维生素B12缺乏症的代谢迹象。对个人数据的分析表明，四名低循环B12患者的细胞内维生素B12缺乏症标志物在正常范围内。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The health issues of young adulthood have received relatively little attention compared with those of adolescence, although the critical issues in young adulthood parallel those of adolescence. Young adults often fare worse than adolescents on health indicators, with many measures of negative outcomes--including rates of injury, homicide, and substance use--peaking during the young adult years. The contextual factors shaping health status and access to care in young adulthood differ significantly from the context of adolescence. This article synthesizes national data to present a health profile of young adults, reviewing social indicators that describe the context of young adulthood and presenting measures of health status. We examine mortality, morbidity, risky behaviors, and health care access and utilization, identifying the most significant gender and racial/ethnic disparities. The article also identifies limitations of existing data and offers suggestions for future research and health monitoring in this area. We conclude with a discussion of current efforts to address the health and well-being of young adults and argue for creating a national health agenda for young adults that includes research, programs and policies to address health issues during this period of the lifespan.

背景与目标： ：与青春期相比，青年期的健康问题受到的关注相对较少，尽管青年期的关键问题与青春期的问题平行。在健康指标上，年轻人通常比青少年情况更糟，在年轻人成年时期，有很多负面结果的衡量指标，包括伤害率，杀人率和药物使用率。决定健康状况和成年后获得医疗服务的情境因素与青春期有很大不同。本文综合了国家数据，以介绍年轻人的健康状况，回顾了描述年轻人成年背景的社会指标，并提出了健康状况的衡量指标。我们检查了死亡率，发病率，危险行为以及医疗保健的获取和利用，确定了最重要的性别和种族/族裔差异。本文还指出了现有数据的局限性，并为该领域的未来研究和健康监测提供了建议。最后，我们讨论了当前为解决年轻人的健康和福祉所做的努力，并争辩了制定一项针对年轻人的国家健康议程，其中包括研究，计划和政策，以解决这一生命周期内的健康问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The yeast S. cerevisiae is a central model organism in eukaryotic cell studies and a major component in many food and biotechnological industrial processes. However, the wide knowledge regarding genetics and molecular biology of S. cerevisiae is based on an extremely narrow range of strains. Studies of natural populations of S. cerevisiae, not associated with human activities or industrial fermentation environments, are very few. We isolated a panel of S. cerevisiae strains from a natural microsite, "Evolution Canyon" at Mount Carmel, Israel, and studied their genomic biodiversity. Analysis of 19 microsatellite loci revealed high allelic diversity and variation in ploidy level across the panel, from diploids to tetraploids, confirmed by flow cytometry. No significant differences were found in the level of microsatellite variation between strains derived from the major localities or microniches, whereas strains of different ploidy showed low similarity in allele content. Maximum genetic diversity was observed among diploids and minimum among triploids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal, rather than sexual, structure of the triploid and tetraploid subpopulations. Viability tests in tetrad analysis also suggest that clonal reproduction may predominate in the polyploid subpopulations.

背景与目标： ：酿酒酵母是真核细胞研究中的中心模型生物，在许多食品和生物技术工业过程中都是主要成分。但是，关于酿酒酵母的遗传学和分子生物学的广泛知识是基于非常狭窄的菌株。与人类活动或工业发酵环境无关的酿酒酵母自然种群研究很少。我们从以色列卡梅尔山的天然微型站点“进化峡谷”中分离出一组酿酒酵母菌株，并研究了它们的基因组生物多样性。对19个微卫星基因座的分析显示，从二倍体到四倍体，整个等位基因组中的高等位基因多样性和倍性水平存在差异，这已通过流式细胞仪进行了确认。在来自主要地区或微生态位的菌株之间，微卫星变异水平没有发现显着差异，而具有不同倍性的菌株在等位基因含量上的相似性很低。在二倍体中观察到最大的遗传多样性，在三倍体中观察到最小的遗传多样性。系统发育分析显示三倍体和四倍体亚群的克隆结构，而不是有性结构。四元分析中的生存力测试还表明，在多倍体亚群中克隆繁殖可能占主导地位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In almost all countries, the critical point for defining the nutritional status of a population is represented by the poor source of representative data of the whole population or of the main subgroups of the population. Also, in Italy, the sources of data on the nutritional status of biochemically evaluated macro- and micronutrients are scant in relation to specific groups of the population, mainly children and the elderly. In this short review, only the nutritional status for vitamins is considered. The existing limited data, however, indicate that clinical signs of severe deficiency are not observed in Italy and the incidence of vitamin malnutrition is moderate. This is probably due to the large availability and variety of food and to Italian eating habits which reflect the typical Mediterranean dietrich, for example, in cereals, fresh fruit and vegetables, and olive oil. However, there are particular conditions, linked to lifestyle, in which the risk of a mild or moderate vitamin malnutrition increases. These include a monotonous diet, drug interactions, smoking habits and alcohol consumption.

背景与目标： 在几乎所有国家中，定义人口营养状况的关键点是整个人口或人口主要子群体的代表性数据来源贫乏。同样，在意大利，与生化评估的大量和微量营养素的营养状况有关的数据来源与特定人群（主要是儿童和老年人）相关的很少。在这篇简短的评论中，仅考虑了维生素的营养状况。然而，现有的有限数据表明，在意大利未观察到严重缺乏的临床迹象，维生素营养不良的发生率中等。这可能是由于食物的可获得性和种类繁多以及意大利人的饮食习惯，这些饮食习惯反映了典型的地中海饮食，例如谷物，新鲜水果和蔬菜以及橄榄油中的饮食。但是，在与生活方式相关的某些特殊条件下，轻度或中度维生素营养不良的风险会增加。这些包括单调饮食，药物相互作用，吸烟习惯和饮酒。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the ability of systolic and diastolic carotid artery longitudinal wall motion (CALM) to delineate expected differences in arterial health in individuals representing a range of both age and health status. We recruited 161 younger healthy adults (aged 24 ± 5 y), 51 older healthy adults (aged 70 ± 5 y) and 14 adults with coronary artery disease (aged 67 ± 8 y) for resting assessment of CALM and arterial stiffness. All CALM parameters were reduced in the old healthy adults and adults with coronary artery disease compared with the young healthy adults (p < 0.01), with diastolic velocity and maximum diastolic acceleration being further reduced in the adults with coronary artery disease than in the older healthy adults (p < 0.01). Diastolic CALM parameters were more strongly related to age (β range: -0.46 to -0.53) than systolic CALM parameters (β range: -0.24 to -0.44). In contrast to previous examinations of a variety of CALM parameters, diastolic CALM may provide superior promise in terms of characterizing arterial wall properties, with additional sensitivity to cardiovascular disease status.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了代表年龄和健康状况范围的个体的收缩和舒张颈动脉纵向壁运动（CALM）描绘动脉健康预期差异的能力。我们招募了161名较年轻的健康成年人（24岁±5岁），51名较健康的成年人（70±5岁）和14名患有冠状动脉疾病的成年人（67±8岁）进行了CALM和动脉僵硬度的静息评估。与年轻健康成年人相比，老年健康成年人和患有冠状动脉疾病的成年人的所有CALM参数均降低（p <0.01），与老年健康成年人相比，冠状动脉疾病的成年人的舒张速度和最大舒张加速进一步降低成人（p <0.01）。舒张期CALM参数与年龄（β范围：-0.46至-0.53）的相关性比收缩期CALM参数（β范围：-0.24至-0.44）更密切。与以前对各种CALM参数的检查相比，舒张期CALM在表征动脉壁特性方面可能具有更好的前景，并且对心血管疾病的状态更加敏感。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The TIM (T cell/transmembrane, immunoglobulin and mucin) proteins are crucial regulators of Th1/Th2 immune responses and have been implicated in several diseases including HIV-1/AIDS. The TIM1 exon 4 that codes for mucin domain is highly diverse, with sequence variants associated with varying phenotypes. In this study, TIM1 exon 4 was sequenced among 227 HIV-1 seroprevalent and 288 healthy non infected individuals from North Indian population and haplotypes established. A novel but rare haplotype D1(∗) was identified among the healthy and differed from D1 by a synonymous substitution G>T at Thr208Thr. The TIM1 haplotype diversity showed no association with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. The seroprevalent individuals carrying D3A had relatively higher median CD4+T cell counts (368/μl) than those without (313/μl; p=0.02). A comparison of CD4+T counts between D3-A individuals on ART or ART naïve did not show any significant difference plausibly due to confounding nature of ART and other factors.

背景与目标： TIM（T细胞/跨膜，免疫球蛋白和粘蛋白）蛋白是Th1 / Th2免疫反应的关键调节剂，并与包括HIV-1 / AIDS在内的多种疾病有关。编码粘蛋白结构域的TIM1外显子4高度多样化，具有与不同表型相关的序列变体。在这项研究中，TIM1外显子4在来自北印度人口的227个HIV-1血清流行和288个健康的未感染个体中进行了测序，并建立了单倍型。在健康人群中鉴定出一种新颖但罕见的单倍型D1（∗），与D1的区别在于在Thr208Thr处的同义替代G> T。 TIM1单倍型多样性表明与HIV-1感染的易感性无关。携带D3A的血清流行个体的CD4 T细胞计数中位数相对较高（不含313 /μl； p = 0.02）。由于ART和其他因素的混杂，D3-A个体或未接受过ART的D3-A个体之间CD4 T计数的比较似乎没有显示任何显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of ascorbic acid on iron retention from a diet with predicted low iron bioavailability (containing minimal meat and ascorbic acid) was investigated in iron-depleted premenopausal women. Eleven women were depleted of storage iron (indicated by serum ferritin) through a combination of diet (5.0 mg Fe/2000 kcal for 67-88 d) and phlebotomy. They then consumed a diet containing 13.7 mg Fe/2000 kcal, supplemented with placebo or ascorbic acid three times daily (1500 mg total) with meals for 5.5 wk. Ascorbic acid improved apparent iron absorption (balance method) [38 +/- 2% (means +/- SEM) vs 27 +/- 2%]. Ascorbic acid also improved hemoglobin, erythrocyte protoporphyrins, and serum iron but not hematocrit, serum ferritin, iron-binding capacity, or transferrin saturation. In iron-depleted women consuming a diet with predicted poor iron availability, ascorbic acid supplementation enhanced body iron retention for 5.5 wk.

背景与目标： ：在缺铁的绝经前妇女中研究了抗坏血酸对铁的生物滞留量具有预期低铁含量（含少量肉和抗坏血酸）的饮食中铁保留的影响。通过饮食（5.0 mg Fe / 2000 kcal，67-88 d）和静脉放血相结合，耗尽了11名妇女的铁储备（以血清铁蛋白表示）。然后，他们进食了含有13.7 mg Fe / 2000 kcal的饮食，每天补充3次（共1500 mg）安慰剂或抗坏血酸，并进餐5.5周。抗坏血酸提高了表观铁的吸收（平衡法）[38 /-2％（平均值/-SEM）对27 /-2％]。抗坏血酸还可以改善血红蛋白，红血球原卟啉和血清铁，但不能改善血细胞比容，血清铁蛋白，铁结合能力或转铁蛋白饱和度。在饮食中铁含量低的女性中，铁的可利用性预计较差，补充抗坏血酸可增加体内铁保持5.5周的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.

背景与目标： ：在安慰剂对照的34名健康，血压正常（血压低于135/85 mm Hg的年轻人）（平均年龄27 /-3岁）中，研究了咖啡因和运动对血压（BP）调节的可能联合作用，双盲交叉设计。服用安慰剂或咖啡因（3.3 mg / kg）后，每位受试者间隔1小时进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天的心率，血压，心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示，咖啡因可增加收缩压和舒张压以及周围血管阻力（每个P值均小于0.001）和降低心率（P值均小于0.01），但并未改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动量下，咖啡因的血压和血管阻力作用仍然存在，从而导致血压增加，而咖啡因的负变时效作用消失了。在最大程度的运动中，更多的受试者（咖啡因为15，安慰剂为7，p小于0.02）的收缩压大于或等于230 mm Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100 mm Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在各天之间无显着差异，但在最大运动量时，肾上腺素较高，而在咖啡因日后和整个最大运动量中，皮质醇增加。数据表明，咖啡因在次最大运动量时会增加BP，并且可能对某些个体在最大运动量时导致过度的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而非心输出量增加所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.

背景与目标： ：正在改变居住地的青少年，以及他们的社会和经济状况，可能会经历生活方式的改变，这些改变会影响身体组成的结果，例如营养不良，超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年（n = 1613）的居住流动性与体重指数（BMI）之间的关系，并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位（SES）。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25％，在男性中为8％。在女性中，对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人，其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性（β= 0.42，SE = 0.13），而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值，这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Residents of socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are more likely to walk for transport than their counterparts in advantaged neighbourhoods; however, the reasons for higher rates of transport walking in poorer neighbourhoods remain unclear. We investigated this issue using data from the HABITAT study of physical activity among 11,037 mid-aged residents of 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Using a five-step mediation analysis and multilevel regression, we found that higher levels of walking for transport in disadvantaged neighbourhoods was associated with living in a built environment more conducive to walking (i.e. greater street connectivity and land use mix) and residents of these neighbourhoods having more limited access to a motor vehicle. The health benefits that accrue to residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods as a result of their higher levels of walking for transport might help offset the negative effects of less healthy behaviours (e.g. smoking, poor diet), thus serving to contain or reduce neighbourhood inequalities in chronic disease.

背景与目标： ：与处于有利地位的社区的居民相比，处于社会经济劣势的社区的居民更有可能步行运输；但是，在较贫困的社区中提高交通运输速度的原因仍不清楚。我们使用了HABITAT对澳大利亚布里斯班200个社区的11,037名中年居民进行的体育活动研究的数据，对这一问题进行了调查。通过五步中介分析和多级回归，我们发现弱势社区中较高水平的步行交通与居住在更有利于步行的建筑环境中（即更大的街道连通性和土地使用结构）以及这些社区的居民有关对汽车的访问受到更多限制。较高的步行运输水平为弱势社区居民带来的健康益处可能有助于抵消不良健康行为（例如吸烟，饮食不良）的负面影响，从而遏制或减少慢性病中的社区不平等现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.

背景与目标： 肥胖，糖尿病，高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究，白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配型信息调节2同源物1（SIRT1）来逆转这些危险因素，但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机，安慰剂对照，双盲和平行组设计中，将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查，包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性（高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹）。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗；脂质的氧化速率；异位或内脏脂肪含量；或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同，并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。