BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite numerous legal interventions, minors continue to purchase and consume alcohol. Prior research had suggested that the decision to request identification to prove legal age was susceptible to various judgement and decision heuristics. This research examined whether the physical attractiveness of the potential consumer and the presence or absence of others were significant predictors of alcohol accessibility. Bartenders (n = 130) rated a target individual who was either high or low in attractiveness. Results indicated that attractiveness was a significant predictor of "proofing likelihood". High levels of attractiveness were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of being asked to provide proof of legal age for the purchase of alcohol. Individuals presented alone were seen as significantly older than when grouped with others. Implications of these findings for the restriction of alcohol availability among minors are considered.

背景与目标： 尽管采取了许多法律干预措施，未成年人仍继续购买和消费酒精。先前的研究表明，要求证明身份以证明合法年龄的决定容易受到各种判断和决定启发法的影响。这项研究检查了潜在消费者的身体吸引力以及是否存在其他人是否是酒精可及性的重要预测指标。调酒师（n = 130）对吸引力高或低的目标个人进行了评分。结果表明，吸引力是“打样可能性”的重要预测指标。高水平的吸引力与被要求提供购买酒精饮料的法定年龄证据的可能性降低有关。单独出现的个体被认为比与他人分组时显着年龄大。考虑了这些发现对限制未成年人饮酒的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Health services and population health innovations advance when knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) occurs among researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and consumers using high-quality evidence. However, few KTE models have been evaluated in practice. Communities of practice (CoP) - voluntary, self-organizing, and focused groups of individuals and organizations - may provide one option. This paper outlines an approach to lay the foundation for a CoP within the area of Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI). The objectives of the study were to provide a data-driven foundation to inform decisions about organizing a CoP within the geographically diverse, multi-disciplinary WATI group using evaluation and social network methodologies. METHODS:A single-group design was employed using a survey of expectations, knowledge, and interpersonal WATI-related relationships administered prior to a meeting of the WATI group followed by a 3-week post-meeting Web survey to assess short-term impact on learning and networking outcomes. RESULTS:Twenty-three of 27 WATI attendees (85%) from diverse disciplinary and practice backgrounds completed the baseline survey, with 21 (91%) of those participants completing the three-week follow-up. Participants had modest expectations of the meeting at baseline. A social network map produced from the data illustrated a centralized, yet sparse network comprising of interdisciplinary teams with little trans-sectoral collaboration. Three-week follow-up survey results showed that participants had made new network connections and had actively engaged in KTE activities with WATI members outside their original network. CONCLUSION:Data illustrating both the shape and size of the WATI network as well as member's interests and commitment to KTE, when shared and used to frame action steps, can positively influence the motivation to collaborate and create communities of practice. Guiding KTE planning through blending data and theory can create more informed transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration environments.

背景与目标： 背景：当研究人员，从业人员，政策制定者和消费者之间使用高质量的证据进行知识转移和交换（KTE）时，卫生服务和人口卫生创新就会发展。但是，实践中很少评估KTE模型。实践社区（CoP）-自愿的，自组织的和有针对性的个人和组织团体-可以提供一种选择。本文概述了一种为网络辅助烟草干预（WATI）领域的CoP奠定基础的方法。这项研究的目的是提供一个数据驱动的基础，以使用评估和社交网络方法为在地理上多样化，多学科的WATI小组内组织CoP的决策提供依据。
方法：采用单组设计，方法是在WATI组会议之前进行的对期望，知识和人际WATI相关关系的调查，然后进行为期3周的会议后Web调查，以评估对WATI的短期影响。学习和社交成果。
结果：来自不同学科和实践背景的27名WATI参与者中有23名（85％）完成了基线调查，其中21名（91％）的参与者完成了为期三周的随访。与会者对基线会议的期望不高。根据数据生成的社交网络图说明了一个集中但稀疏的网络，该网络由跨学科协作很少的跨学科团队组成。为期三周的跟踪调查结果表明，参与者建立了新的网络连接，并与原始网络之外的WATI成员积极地开展了KTE活动。
结论：通过数据说明WATI网络的形状和规模，以及会员的利益和对KTE的承诺，在共享并用于制定行动步骤时，这些数据可以对合作和创建实践社区的动机产生积极影响。通过融合数据和理论来指导KTE计划可以创建更明智的跨学科和跨部门协作环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.

背景与目标： ：介绍了11例因握紧拳头插入而导致直肠和乙状结肠损伤的患者。六名患者直肠黏膜撕裂持续发作，四名患者有直肠乙状结肠穿孔需要剖腹手术。一名患者出现严重的括约肌撕裂伤，导致肛门完全失禁。讨论了这些条件的管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：这项调查研究探讨了特定地区的感知自我能力，感知社会支持，性别和青少年吸毒之间的关系。
方法：对140名上中学的男性和131名女性青少年进行问卷调查，以评估他们对能力，社会支持和药物使用的自我感觉。在预测变量和物质使用度量之间进行了相关。分层多元回归还用于确定特定物质的预测中性别，感知能力和感知社会支持之间的潜在相互作用。
结果：较高的认知能力与较少使用毒品有关。在男孩中，老师和较低程度的父母给予更多支持的感觉与减少毒品的使用有关，特别是在那些学力不强的人中。在女孩中，除了同学的支持外，社会支持与毒品的使用无关，后者与吸烟和大麻的使用有关。然而，在学力低下的女孩中，同龄人更多的支持始终与更多的吸毒相关。
结论：鉴于本研究对青少年药物滥用的预防和早期干预具有潜在的相关性，本研究中确定的早期药物使用危险因素中的性别差异值得进一步调查。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efforts to reduce the indirect land use change (ILUC) -related carbon emissions caused by biofuels has led to inclusion of an ILUC factor as a part of the carbon intensity of biofuels in a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. While previous research has provided varying estimates of this ILUC factor, there has been no research examining the economic effects and additional carbon savings from including this factor in implementing a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Here we show that inclusion of an ILUC factor in a national Low Carbon Fuel Standard led to additional abatement of cumulative emissions over 2007-2027 by 1.3 to 2.6% (0.6-1.1 billion mega-grams carbon-dioxide-equivalent (Mg CO2e-1) compared to those without an ILUC factor, depending on the ILUC factors utilized. The welfare cost to the US of this additional abatement ranged from $61 to $187 Mg CO2e-1 and was substantially greater than the social cost of carbon of $50 Mg CO2e-1.

背景与目标： ：为减少与生物燃料引起的间接土地利用变化（ILUC）相关的碳排放而进行的努力已导致将ILUC因子作为低碳燃料标准中生物燃料碳强度的一部分。尽管先前的研究提供了有关该ILUC因子的各种估计，但是还没有研究检查将这种因子包括在实施低碳燃料标准中会带来的经济影响和额外的碳节省。在这里，我们表明，将ILUC因子纳入国家低碳燃料标准可导致2007-2027年累积排放量进一步减少1.3％至2.6％（0.6-11亿毫克二氧化碳当量（Mg CO2e-1 ）与没有ILUC因子的人相比，具体取决于所使用的ILUC因子。美国这一额外减排的福利成本从61美元至187美元Mg CO2e-1不等，大大高于50美元Mg CO2e-的碳社会成本。 1。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：多项研究表明，认知疗法是治疗社交焦虑症（SAD）的有效方法。但是，尚不清楚哪种复杂的干预措施与治疗过程中的焦虑减轻有关。这项研究的目的是研究被称为“自我关注和安全行为实验”的干预措施对治疗效果的影响。
方法：本研究是一项随机对照试验的一部分，该试验包括16疗程的SAD个体认知疗法（CT）或人际疗法（IPT）。尤为重要的是，同时进行了时间序列分析，以调查32名SAD患者的自我关注和安全行为实验对随​​后的社交焦虑（干预后1、2、3和4周）的影响，谁正在接受认知治疗。
结果：研究结果显示，在接下来的一个月的治疗中，进行了自我关注和安全行为的自我集中试验后，社交焦虑明显降低。
结论：本研究的结果证实了当前的SAD认知理论，并证明了针对自我关注和安全行为的干预在SAD认知治疗中的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标： 目的：肥胖症的患病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势，并具有很高的健康风险。社会经济地位低下（SES）的人会发现不利的心理因素，健康的自我评价较低以及与健康相关的行为较差。因此，我们研究的目的是调查在社会自我状态，生活质量和健康相关行为方面，正常体重与肥胖者之间社会经济地位高低的关系是否存在差异。
方法：根据2006/07年奥地利健康访问调查（ATHIS）的数据，精确地对8015名受试者进行了分层分析，并根据年龄对这些结果进行了调整。
结果：结果表明，SES较低的男女与SES较高的男女在自我感知的健康，生活质量，体育活动强度，饮酒和饮食行为方面存在显着差异（男性：p < 0.001；女性：p <0.001）。男性的身体质量指数（BMI）与SES之间存在显着的相互作用，涉及身体（p <0.05）和心理健康（p <0.01）领域的生活质量，女性在自我感觉健康方面（p <0.01） ），身体健康（p <0.01）和环境（p <0.05）以及身体活动（p <0.01）等领域的生活质量。
结论：SES对与健康相关的变量具有强烈的负面影响，尤其是在肥胖受试者中，因此，初级保健环境中的风险评估应包括社会经济因素。此外，需要持续不断的强有力的公共卫生计划，绝对优先考虑低SES的肥胖受试者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite its centrality to social stress theory, research on the social patterning of stress exposure and coping resources has been sparse and existing research shows conflicting results. We interviewed 396 gay, lesbian and bisexual, and 128 heterosexual people in New York City to examine variability in exposure to stress related to sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. Multiple linear regressions showed clear support for the social stress hypothesis with regard to race/ethnic minority status, somewhat mixed support with regard to sexual orientation, and no support with regard to gender. We discuss this lack of parsimony in social stress explanations for health disparities.

背景与目标： ：尽管它在社会压力理论中处于中心地位，但对压力暴露和应对资源的社会模式的研究却很少，现有研究显示出相互矛盾的结果。我们采访了纽约市396名男同性恋，女同性恋和双性恋者以及128位异性恋者，以研究他们暴露于与性取向，性别和种族/民族有关的压力中的变异性。多元线性回归显示出对种族/族裔少数群体地位的社会压力假说的明确支持，对性取向的支持有些混杂，而对性别的支持则没有。我们在针对健康差异的社会压力解释中讨论了缺乏简约性的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to identify clinical and social predictors of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) in workers' compensation claimants with low back pain. METHODS:Archival and interview data were analyzed for 1372 Missouri claimants who were, on average, nearly 42 months postinjury. RESULTS:Two hundred sixty-five (19.3%) claimants were receiving SSDI (8.0%) or had applied for SSDI (11.3%). Logistic regression indicated that black race, older age, herniated disc diagnosis, surgery, and longer time since injury were associated with increased odds of SSDI. Higher preinjury wage, more education, and higher satisfaction with medical treatment and/or treatment by employer were associated with decreased odds of SSDI. CONCLUSIONS:Application for SSDI among claimants with occupational low back pain is associated with social factors like race, satisfaction, and socioeconomics as well as clinical factors like diagnosis and surgery.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是确定在腰背痛的工伤索赔人中申请社会保障残疾保险的临床和社会预测指标。
方法：分析了密苏里州1372名索赔人的档案和访谈数据，他们平均受伤后将近42个月。
结果：265名（19.3％）索赔人正在接受SSDI（8.0％）或已申请SSDI（11.3％）。 Logistic回归表明，黑人种族，年龄较大，椎间盘突出症，手术以及自受伤以来的较长时间与SSDI几率增加相关。更高的伤害前工资，更多的教育以及对医疗和/或雇主待遇的更高满意度与降低SSDI的几率相关。
结论：在职业性下腰痛的索赔人中申请SSDI与种族，满意度和社会经济学等社会因素以及诊断和手术等临床因素有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective cohort study of Finnish public sector employees, the authors examined the association between workplace social capital and depression. Data were obtained from 33,577 employees, who had no recent history of antidepressant treatment and who reported no history of physician-diagnosed depression at baseline in 2000-2002. Their risk of depression was measured with two indicators: recorded purchases of antidepressants until December 31, 2005, and self-reports of new-onset depression diagnosed by a physician in the follow-up survey in 2004-2005. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether self-reported and aggregate-level workplace social capital predicted indicators of depression at follow-up. The odds for antidepressant treatment and physician-diagnosed depression were 20-50% higher for employees with low self-reported social capital than for those reporting high social capital. These associations were not accounted for by sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic position, place of work, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index. The association between social capital and self-reported depression attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for baseline psychological distress (a proxy for undiagnosed mental health problems). Aggregate-level social capital was not associated with subsequent depression.

背景与目标： ：在对芬兰公共部门雇员的前瞻性队列研究中，作者研究了工作场所社会资本与抑郁症之间的联系。数据来自33577名员工，这些员工近期没有抗抑郁治疗史，并且在2000-2002年基线时没有医生诊断为抑郁症的历史。他们的抑郁风险有两个指标：2005年12月31日之前购买的抗抑郁药的购买记录，以及医生在2004-2005年的随访调查中诊断出的新发抑郁症的自我报告。使用多级逻辑回归分析来探讨自我报告和总体水平的工作场所社会资本是否在随访中预测了抑郁症的指标。自我报告的社会资本低的员工，其抗抑郁治疗和经医生诊断为抑郁的几率比那些报告高社会资本的员工高20-50％。这些关联没有按性别，年龄，婚姻状况，社会经济地位，工作地点，吸烟，饮酒，体育活动和体重指数来说明。社会资本与自我报告的抑郁症之间的联系有所减弱，但在进一步调整基线心理困扰（代表未确诊的精神健康问题）之后，这种联系仍然很显着。总的社会资本与随后的抑郁症无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To examine the longitudinal association between decline in physical function and risk of elder abuse. DESIGN:Prospective population-based study. SETTING:Geographically defined community in Chicago. PARTICIPANTS:One hundred forty-three Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) participants who had elder abuse reported to a social services agency from 1993 to 2010 were identified. PARTICIPANTS:The primary independent variable was objectively assessed physical function using decline in physical performance testing (tandem stand, measured walk, and chair stand). Secondary independent variables were assessed using decline in self-reported Katz, Nagi, and Rosow-Breslau scale scores. Dependent variables were reported and confirmed elder abuse and specific subtypes of elder abuse (physical, psychological, caregiver neglect, and financial exploitation). Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between decline in physical function measures and risk of elder abuse. RESULTS:After adjusting for potential confounders, decline in physical performance testing (odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.19), Katz impairment (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.15-1.45), Nagi impairment (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.13-1.49), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.15-1.74) was associated with greater risk for elder abuse. The lowest tertile of physical performance testing (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.39-17.46) and the highest tertiles of Katz impairment (OR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.18-7.31), Nagi impairment (2.37, 95% CI = 1.08-5.23), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.39-5.84) were associated with greater risk of elder abuse. CONCLUSION:Decline in objectively assessed physical function and self-reported physical function are associated with greater risk for elder abuse.

背景与目标： 目的：研究身体机能下降与老年人虐待风险之间的纵向联系。
设计：基于人群的前瞻性研究。
地点：芝加哥的地理社区。
参与者：确定了1993年至2010年向社会服务机构报告患有老年人虐待的143个芝加哥健康与衰老项目（CHAP）参与者。
参与者：主要的独立变量是通过使用体能测试（串联站立，测量的步行和椅子站立）下降来客观评估身体机能的。使用自我报告的Katz，Nagi和Rosow-Breslau量表评分的下降来评估次要自变量。报告了因变量，并确认了虐待老年人和虐待老年人的特定亚型（身体，心理，照顾者的忽视和经济剥削）。使用逻辑回归模型评估身体机能指标下降与虐待老人风险之间的关联。
结果：在调整了潜在的混杂因素之后，物理性能测试下降（优势比（OR）= 1.13,95％置信区间（CI）= 1.06-1.19），Katz损伤（OR = 1.29,95％CI = 1.15-1.45） ，Nagi障碍（OR = 1.30，95％CI = 1.13-1.49）和Rosow Breslau障碍（OR = 1.42，95％CI = 1.15-1.74）与老年人虐待的风险更高相关。物理性能测试的最低三分位数（OR = 4.92，95％CI = 1.39-17.46）和Katz损伤的最高三分位数（OR = 3.99，95％CI = 2.18-7.31），Nagi损伤（2.37，95％CI = 1.08-5.23）和Rosow Breslau损伤（OR = 2.85，95％CI = 1.39-5.84）与虐待老人的风险更大相关。
结论：客观评估的身体机能和自我报告的身体机能下降与老年人虐待的风险增加有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elucidating the molecular and neural basis of complex social behaviors such as communal living, division of labor and warfare requires model organisms that exhibit these multi-faceted behavioral phenotypes. Social insects, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites, are attractive models to address this problem, with rich ecological and ethological foundations. However, their atypical systems of reproduction have hindered application of classical genetic approaches. In this review, we discuss how recent advances in social insect genomics, transcriptomics, and functional manipulations have enhanced our ability to observe and perturb gene expression, physiology and behavior in these species. Such developments begin to provide an integrated view of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of complex social behavior.

背景与目标： ：阐明复杂的社会行为（如公共生活，劳动分工和战争）的分子和神经基础，需要表现出这些多方面行为表型的模型生物。社会昆虫，如蚂蚁，蜜蜂，黄蜂和白蚁，是解决这一问题的诱人模型，具有丰富的生态和伦理学基础。但是，它们的非典型生殖系统阻碍了经典遗传方法的应用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了社交昆虫基因组学，转录组学和功能操纵的最新进展如何增强了我们观察和干扰这些物种中基因表达，生理和行为的能力。这样的发展开始提供对复杂社会行为的分子和细胞基础的综合看法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the internal consistency and structural/construct validity of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) for community-dwelling subjects in Japan. A cross-sectional study that included 929 participants was conducted. Structural/construct validity was assessed on confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability was good for the overall LSAS scale (α = 0.97) and for its original four factors (α = 0.92-0.89). The original four-factor model fit the observed data relatively better than alternative models. These findings indicate that the LSAS is a valid and reliable measure of anxiety symptoms for this community-dwelling population in Japan.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了日本利勃维茨社交焦虑量表（LSAS）的内部一致性和结构/构造效度。进行了包括929名参与者的横断面研究。结构/结构有效性通过验证性因素分析进行​​评估。内部一致性可靠性对于LSAS总体规模（α= 0.97）及其原始四个因素（α= 0.92-0.89）都很好。原始的四因子模型相对于替代模型更好地拟合了观测数据。这些发现表明，LSAS对于日本这个居住在社区的人群来说是一种有效且可靠的焦虑症状量度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study demonstrates a conceptual linkage between exchange theory and psychoanalytic theory of depression. The effects of diminished resources and the dynamic relationships between depression, quality of the marital relationship, and social participation were investigated with a sample of 229 community residing, married older people (Duke Longitudinal Study) using a combined structural and measurement model with linear structural relations (LISREL) analysis. Findings are that some resources have direct effects on depression, marital quality, and social participation. However, it is through the pathway of depressive moods that ill health, retirement, and stress have their negative effects on the marital relationship. Depressive moods do affect social participation, but psychosomatic symptoms of depression do not affect the amount of social participation nor the marital relationship. Recognizing depressive moods as intervening variables is important because older people tend to deny feeling depressed. Without a conceptual linkage of exchange and depression theories, this pathway would not have been identified.

背景与目标： ：这项研究证明了交换理论与抑郁心理分析理论之间的概念联系。利用线性结构关系的组合结构和测量模型，对229个居住在社区的已婚老年人进行了调查，调查了资源减少以及抑郁，婚姻关系质量和社会参与之间的动态关系的影响（杜克纵向研究） （LISREL）分析。研究发现，某些资源对抑郁症，婚姻质量和社会参与有直接影响。但是，不良的健康，退休和压力是通过情绪低落的途径对婚姻关系造成的负面影响。抑郁情绪确实会影响社会参与，但是抑郁的心身症状并不影响社会参与的数量或婚姻关系。将抑郁情绪识别为干预变量很重要，因为老年人倾向于否认感到沮丧。没有交换理论和抑郁理论的概念联系，就不会确定这种途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the relationship of social support from partners and others to the adequacy of prenatal care and to the prenatal health behaviors of low-income women. DESIGN:Descriptive, correlational study using self-reports and medical record review. SETTING:Data were collected in five metropolitan prenatal clinics serving low-income women. PARTICIPANTS:Ethnically diverse, primarily single, low-income pregnant women (N = 101) between 28 and 40 weeks of pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Subjects completed the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, the Prenatal Health Questionnaire, and the Demographic/Pregnancy Questionnaire. RESULTS:Social support provided by the partner correlated positively with adequacy of prenatal care, whereas social support from others (excluding partner relationships) correlated positively with prenatal health behaviors. Professionals such as health care providers and counselors were not considered sources of social support by women. CONCLUSIONS:Nurses who work with low-income pregnant women in a variety of settings should assist partners in recognizing their potential positive contributions, teach women to communicate their expectations to their partners, acknowledge the importance of other family members as providers of social support, and when needed, refer women to programs that increase available social support.

背景与目标： 目的：确定伴侣和其他人的社会支持与产前保健充分性以及低收入妇女的产前健康行为之间的关系。
设计：使用自我报告和病历审查进行描述性，相关性研究。
地点：数据是在为低收入妇女服务的五个大都会产前诊所中收集的。
参与者：怀孕28到40周之间的种族多样化，主要是单身，低收入孕妇（N = 101）。
主要观察指标：受试者完成了《诺贝克社会支持问卷》，《产前健康问卷》和《人口/怀孕问卷》。
结果：伴侣提供的社会支持与产前保健的充分性呈正相关，而其他人（不包括伴侣的关系）的社会支持与产前健康的行为呈正相关。妇女不认为卫生保健提供者和咨询师等专业人员是社会支持的来源。
结论：在各种情况下与低收入孕妇一起工作的护士应帮助伴侣认识其潜在的积极贡献，教导妇女将其期望传达给伴侣，承认其他家庭成员作为社会支持提供者的重要性，以及必要时，请妇女参加增加可用社会支持的计划。