BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coordination is a vital component in healthcare provision and teamwork. Relational coordination (RC) represents a type of informal coordination reinforced by communication and supportive relationships. It is an important concept in the study of interprofessional team performance and is associated with improved patient care outcomes. However, little is known about the specific relational characteristics that contribute to higher levels of RC. This study examined the association between social capital (resources embedded within relationships) and RC in outpatient clinics. RC was hypothesized to be predicted by social capital. In addition, social capital was hypothesized to be predicted by team tenure, and RC was hypothesized to be predicted by formal coordination mechanisms. A cross-sectional design was used to survey a random sample of 342 physicians and nurses from outpatient clinics. Study variables were measured using previously validated instruments with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Structural equation modeling was used for hypothesis testing. Final analysis revealed a good fit of data to the hypothesized model (comparative fit index = 0.966; standardized root mean square residual = 0.0316). Results suggested that social capital predicted both factors of RC (b = 0.70 and 0.81, p < 0.001) and team tenure predicted social capital (b = 0.13, p < 0.05). Also, the association between team tenure and RC (b = 0.09, p < 0.05) was found to be partially mediated by social capital. Findings of this study suggest that characteristics within relational ties are predictive of informal coordination. The strength and pattern of these associations provide a better understanding in how relationships may facilitate interprofessional teamwork.

背景与目标： ：协调是提供医疗保健和团队合作的重要组成部分。关系协调（RC）代表一种非正式的协调，通过沟通和支持性关系得到加强。这是研究跨专业团队绩效的重要概念，并且与改善的患者护理结果相关。但是，对于导致较高RC的特定关系特性知之甚少。这项研究检查了门诊诊所社会资本（关系中嵌入的资源）与RC之间的关联。假设RC是由社会资本预测的。另外，假设社会资本是由团队任期预测的，而RC是假设是由正式协调机制预测的。使用横断面设计对来自门诊诊所的342名医生和护士进行随机抽样调查。研究变量是使用先前验证过的，具有可接受水平的信度和效度进行测量的。结构方程模型用于假设检验。最终分析显示，数据与假设的模型拟合良好（比较拟合指数= 0.966；标准均方根残差= 0.0316）。结果表明，社会资本既可以预测RC的因素（b = 0.70和0.81，p <0.001），也可以预测球队任期对社会资本的预测（b = 0.13，p <0.05）。此外，还发现团队任期与RC之间的关联（b = 0.09，p <0.05）部分地由社会资本介导。这项研究的结果表明，在关系中的特征预示着非正式的协调。这些协会的实力和模式可以更好地理解人际关系如何促进专业间的团队合作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The study sought to quantify coordination of epilepsy care, over time, between neurologists and other health care providers using social network analysis (SNA). METHODS:The Veterans Health Administration (VA) instituted an Epilepsy Center of Excellence (ECOE) model in 2008 to enhance care coordination between neurologists and other health care providers. Provider networks in the 16 VA ECOE facilities (hub sites) were compared to a subset of 33 VA facilities formally affiliated (consortium sites) and 14 unaffiliated VA facilities. The number of connections between neurologists and each provider (node degree) was measured by shared epilepsy patients and tallied to generate estimates at the facility level separately within and across facilities. Mixed models were used to compare change of facility-level node degree over time across the three facility types, adjusted for number of providers per facility. RESULTS:Over the time period 2000-2013, epilepsy care coordination both within and across facilities significantly increased. These increases were seen in all three types of facilities namely hub, consortium, and unaffiliated site, relatively equally. The increase in connectivity was more dramatic with providers across facilities compared to providers within the same facilities. CONCLUSION:Establishment of the ECOE hub and spoke model contributed to an increase in epilepsy care coordination both within and across facilities from 2000 to 2013, but there was substantial variation across different facilities. SNA is a tool that may help measure coordination of specialty care.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究试图通过社交网络分析（SNA）量化神经科医师与其他医疗保健提供者之间随着时间的推移癫痫治疗的协调性。
方法：退伍军人卫生管理局（VA）在2008年建立了癫痫病卓越中心（ECOE）模型，以加强神经科医生与其他卫生保健提供者之间的护理协调。将16个VA ECOE设施（集线器站点）中的提供商网络与33个正式关联的VA设施（财团站点）和14个未关联的VA设施的子集进行了比较。由共享的癫痫患者测量神经科医师与每个提供者之间的联系数（节点度），并计算以在设施级别内部和设施之间分别在设施级别生成估计值。混合模型用于比较三种设施类型上设施级别节点度随时间的变化，并针对每个设施的提供者数量进行了调整。
结果：在2000年至2013年期间，设施内和设施间的癫痫护理协调性显着提高。这些增加在三种类型的设施中都可以看到，即枢纽，财团和非附属场所，相对均等。与同一设施内的提供商相比，跨设施的提供商的连接性增长更为显着。
结论：从2000年到2013年，建立ECOE枢纽和轮辐模型有助于增加设施内和设施之间的癫痫护理协调，但不同设施之间存在很大差异。 SNA是一种工具，可以帮助评估专科护理的协调性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) may limit progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but poses a thrombosis risk. To test targeted candidate gene variation for association with subclinical CVD defined by carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and coronary artery calcification (CAC), 610 women participating in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS), a clinical trial of MHT to prevent progression of CVD, were genotyped for 13,229 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 764 genes from anticoagulant, procoagulant, fibrinolytic, or innate immunity pathways. According to linear regression, proportion of European ancestry correlated negatively, but age at enrollment and pulse pressure correlated positively with CIMT. Adjusting for these variables, two SNPs, one on chromosome 2 for MAP4K4 gene (rs2236935, β = 0.037, P value = 2.36 × 10(-06)) and one on chromosome 5 for IL5 gene (rs739318, β = 0.051, P value = 5.02 × 10(-05)), associated positively with CIMT; two SNPs on chromosome 17 for CCL5 (rs4796119, β = -0.043, P value = 3.59 × 10(-05); rs2291299, β = -0.032, P value = 5.59 × 10(-05)) correlated negatively with CIMT; only rs2236935 remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. Using logistic regression, when we adjusted for waist circumference, two SNPs (rs11465886, IRAK2, chromosome 3, OR = 3.91, P value = 1.10 × 10(-04); and rs17751769, SERPINA1, chromosome 14, OR = 1.96, P value = 2.42 × 10(-04)) associated positively with a CAC score of >0 Agatston unit; one SNP (rs630014, ABO, OR = 0.51, P value = 2.51 × 10(-04)) associated negatively; none remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. Whether these SNPs associate with CIMT and CAC in women randomized to MHT remains to be determined.

背景与目标： ：更年期激素治疗（MHT）可能会限制心血管疾病（CVD）的进展，但会带来血栓形成的风险。为了测试与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（CIMT）和冠状动脉钙化（CAC）定义的亚临床CVD相关的靶向候选基因变异，610名妇女参加了Kronos早期雌激素预防研究（KEEPS），这是一项MHT的临床试验为了预防CVD的进展，对来自抗凝，促凝，纤溶或先天免疫途径的764个基因中的13,229个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）进行了基因分型。根据线性回归，欧洲血统的比例呈负相关，而入学年龄和脉压与CIMT呈正相关。调整这些变量后，有两个SNP，一个在MAP4K4基因的2号染色体上（rs2236935，β= 0.037，P值= 2.36×10（-06）），一个在5号染色体上的IL5基因（rs739318，β= 0.051，P值） = 5.02×10（-05）），与CIMT正相关； CCL5在17号染色​​体上的两个SNP（rs4796119，β= -0.043，P值= 3.59×10（-05）; rs2291299，β= -0.032，P值= 5.59×10（-05））与CIMT呈负相关;更正了多个测试之后，只有rs2236935仍然很重要。使用Logistic回归，当我们调整腰围时，两个SNP（rs11465886，IRAK2、3号染色体，OR = 3.91，P值= 1.10×10（-04）;以及rs17751769，SERPINA1、14号染色体，OR = 1.96，P值= 2.42×10（-04））与CAC得分> 0 Agatston单位正相关;一个负相关的SNP（rs630014，ABO，OR = 0.51，P值= 2.51×10（-04））;校正多次测试后，没有一个保持显着水平。这些SNP是否与CIMT和CAC相关联，随机分为MHT患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite numerous legal interventions, minors continue to purchase and consume alcohol. Prior research had suggested that the decision to request identification to prove legal age was susceptible to various judgement and decision heuristics. This research examined whether the physical attractiveness of the potential consumer and the presence or absence of others were significant predictors of alcohol accessibility. Bartenders (n = 130) rated a target individual who was either high or low in attractiveness. Results indicated that attractiveness was a significant predictor of "proofing likelihood". High levels of attractiveness were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of being asked to provide proof of legal age for the purchase of alcohol. Individuals presented alone were seen as significantly older than when grouped with others. Implications of these findings for the restriction of alcohol availability among minors are considered.

背景与目标： 尽管采取了许多法律干预措施，未成年人仍继续购买和消费酒精。先前的研究表明，要求证明身份以证明合法年龄的决定容易受到各种判断和决定启发法的影响。这项研究检查了潜在消费者的身体吸引力以及是否存在其他人是否是酒精可及性的重要预测指标。调酒师（n = 130）对吸引力高或低的目标个人进行了评分。结果表明，吸引力是“打样可能性”的重要预测指标。高水平的吸引力与被要求提供购买酒精饮料的法定年龄证据的可能性降低有关。单独出现的个体被认为比与他人分组时显着年龄大。考虑了这些发现对限制未成年人饮酒的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Health services and population health innovations advance when knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) occurs among researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and consumers using high-quality evidence. However, few KTE models have been evaluated in practice. Communities of practice (CoP) - voluntary, self-organizing, and focused groups of individuals and organizations - may provide one option. This paper outlines an approach to lay the foundation for a CoP within the area of Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI). The objectives of the study were to provide a data-driven foundation to inform decisions about organizing a CoP within the geographically diverse, multi-disciplinary WATI group using evaluation and social network methodologies. METHODS:A single-group design was employed using a survey of expectations, knowledge, and interpersonal WATI-related relationships administered prior to a meeting of the WATI group followed by a 3-week post-meeting Web survey to assess short-term impact on learning and networking outcomes. RESULTS:Twenty-three of 27 WATI attendees (85%) from diverse disciplinary and practice backgrounds completed the baseline survey, with 21 (91%) of those participants completing the three-week follow-up. Participants had modest expectations of the meeting at baseline. A social network map produced from the data illustrated a centralized, yet sparse network comprising of interdisciplinary teams with little trans-sectoral collaboration. Three-week follow-up survey results showed that participants had made new network connections and had actively engaged in KTE activities with WATI members outside their original network. CONCLUSION:Data illustrating both the shape and size of the WATI network as well as member's interests and commitment to KTE, when shared and used to frame action steps, can positively influence the motivation to collaborate and create communities of practice. Guiding KTE planning through blending data and theory can create more informed transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration environments.

背景与目标： 背景：当研究人员，从业人员，政策制定者和消费者之间使用高质量的证据进行知识转移和交换（KTE）时，卫生服务和人口卫生创新就会发展。但是，实践中很少评估KTE模型。实践社区（CoP）-自愿的，自组织的和有针对性的个人和组织团体-可以提供一种选择。本文概述了一种为网络辅助烟草干预（WATI）领域的CoP奠定基础的方法。这项研究的目的是提供一个数据驱动的基础，以使用评估和社交网络方法为在地理上多样化，多学科的WATI小组内组织CoP的决策提供依据。
方法：采用单组设计，方法是在WATI组会议之前进行的对期望，知识和人际WATI相关关系的调查，然后进行为期3周的会议后Web调查，以评估对WATI的短期影响。学习和社交成果。
结果：来自不同学科和实践背景的27名WATI参与者中有23名（85％）完成了基线调查，其中21名（91％）的参与者完成了为期三周的随访。与会者对基线会议的期望不高。根据数据生成的社交网络图说明了一个集中但稀疏的网络，该网络由跨学科协作很少的跨学科团队组成。为期三周的跟踪调查结果表明，参与者建立了新的网络连接，并与原始网络之外的WATI成员积极地开展了KTE活动。
结论：通过数据说明WATI网络的形状和规模，以及会员的利益和对KTE的承诺，在共享并用于制定行动步骤时，这些数据可以对合作和创建实践社区的动机产生积极影响。通过融合数据和理论来指导KTE计划可以创建更明智的跨学科和跨部门协作环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.

背景与目标： ：介绍了11例因握紧拳头插入而导致直肠和乙状结肠损伤的患者。六名患者直肠黏膜撕裂持续发作，四名患者有直肠乙状结肠穿孔需要剖腹手术。一名患者出现严重的括约肌撕裂伤，导致肛门完全失禁。讨论了这些条件的管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：这项调查研究探讨了特定地区的感知自我能力，感知社会支持，性别和青少年吸毒之间的关系。
方法：对140名上中学的男性和131名女性青少年进行问卷调查，以评估他们对能力，社会支持和药物使用的自我感觉。在预测变量和物质使用度量之间进行了相关。分层多元回归还用于确定特定物质的预测中性别，感知能力和感知社会支持之间的潜在相互作用。
结果：较高的认知能力与较少使用毒品有关。在男孩中，老师和较低程度的父母给予更多支持的感觉与减少毒品的使用有关，特别是在那些学力不强的人中。在女孩中，除了同学的支持外，社会支持与毒品的使用无关，后者与吸烟和大麻的使用有关。然而，在学力低下的女孩中，同龄人更多的支持始终与更多的吸毒相关。
结论：鉴于本研究对青少年药物滥用的预防和早期干预具有潜在的相关性，本研究中确定的早期药物使用危险因素中的性别差异值得进一步调查。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To study the influence of resistance phenotypes (based on sentinel antibiotics: penicillin and amoxicillin with/without clavulanate) on the cefuroxime versus cefditoren susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae recovered from children with acute otitis media. METHODS:Middle ear isolates (193 S. pneumoniae and 114 H. influenzae) received in the Spanish Reference Laboratory (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) were tested. Antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin, amoxicillin with/without clavulanate, cefuroxime and cefditoren was determined by agar dilution using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood for S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus Test Medium for H. influenzae. Strains were classified according to penicillin susceptibility (S. pneumoniae) or beta-lactamase production (H. influenzae). RESULTS:The decrease in penicillin susceptibility of S. pneumoniae (from the susceptible to the resistant category) decreased amoxicillin and cefuroxime susceptibility rates from 100% to 34% and 0%, respectively. All pneumococcal strains were inhibited by 0.5 mg/L cefditoren, including those from penicillin-resistant serotypes 14, 23F, 6B and 9V with higher amoxicillin versus penicillin MICs. Susceptibility rates of beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae strains were 93.8% and 85.4% to amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefuroxime, respectively. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (MIC>or=8/4 mg/L) was 12.1% (8 out of 66) and 6.3% (3 out of 48) in beta-lactamase-negative and -positive strains, respectively. All H. influenzae strains were inhibited by

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efforts to reduce the indirect land use change (ILUC) -related carbon emissions caused by biofuels has led to inclusion of an ILUC factor as a part of the carbon intensity of biofuels in a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. While previous research has provided varying estimates of this ILUC factor, there has been no research examining the economic effects and additional carbon savings from including this factor in implementing a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Here we show that inclusion of an ILUC factor in a national Low Carbon Fuel Standard led to additional abatement of cumulative emissions over 2007-2027 by 1.3 to 2.6% (0.6-1.1 billion mega-grams carbon-dioxide-equivalent (Mg CO2e-1) compared to those without an ILUC factor, depending on the ILUC factors utilized. The welfare cost to the US of this additional abatement ranged from $61 to $187 Mg CO2e-1 and was substantially greater than the social cost of carbon of $50 Mg CO2e-1.

背景与目标： ：为减少与生物燃料引起的间接土地利用变化（ILUC）相关的碳排放而进行的努力已导致将ILUC因子作为低碳燃料标准中生物燃料碳强度的一部分。尽管先前的研究提供了有关该ILUC因子的各种估计，但是还没有研究检查将这种因子包括在实施低碳燃料标准中会带来的经济影响和额外的碳节省。在这里，我们表明，将ILUC因子纳入国家低碳燃料标准可导致2007-2027年累积排放量进一步减少1.3％至2.6％（0.6-11亿毫克二氧化碳当量（Mg CO2e-1 ）与没有ILUC因子的人相比，具体取决于所使用的ILUC因子。美国这一额外减排的福利成本从61美元至187美元Mg CO2e-1不等，大大高于50美元Mg CO2e-的碳社会成本。 1。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：多项研究表明，认知疗法是治疗社交焦虑症（SAD）的有效方法。但是，尚不清楚哪种复杂的干预措施与治疗过程中的焦虑减轻有关。这项研究的目的是研究被称为“自我关注和安全行为实验”的干预措施对治疗效果的影响。
方法：本研究是一项随机对照试验的一部分，该试验包括16疗程的SAD个体认知疗法（CT）或人际疗法（IPT）。尤为重要的是，同时进行了时间序列分析，以调查32名SAD患者的自我关注和安全行为实验对随​​后的社交焦虑（干预后1、2、3和4周）的影响，谁正在接受认知治疗。
结果：研究结果显示，在接下来的一个月的治疗中，进行了自我关注和安全行为的自我集中试验后，社交焦虑明显降低。
结论：本研究的结果证实了当前的SAD认知理论，并证明了针对自我关注和安全行为的干预在SAD认知治疗中的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标： 目的：肥胖症的患病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势，并具有很高的健康风险。社会经济地位低下（SES）的人会发现不利的心理因素，健康的自我评价较低以及与健康相关的行为较差。因此，我们研究的目的是调查在社会自我状态，生活质量和健康相关行为方面，正常体重与肥胖者之间社会经济地位高低的关系是否存在差异。
方法：根据2006/07年奥地利健康访问调查（ATHIS）的数据，精确地对8015名受试者进行了分层分析，并根据年龄对这些结果进行了调整。
结果：结果表明，SES较低的男女与SES较高的男女在自我感知的健康，生活质量，体育活动强度，饮酒和饮食行为方面存在显着差异（男性：p < 0.001；女性：p <0.001）。男性的身体质量指数（BMI）与SES之间存在显着的相互作用，涉及身体（p <0.05）和心理健康（p <0.01）领域的生活质量，女性在自我感觉健康方面（p <0.01） ），身体健康（p <0.01）和环境（p <0.05）以及身体活动（p <0.01）等领域的生活质量。
结论：SES对与健康相关的变量具有强烈的负面影响，尤其是在肥胖受试者中，因此，初级保健环境中的风险评估应包括社会经济因素。此外，需要持续不断的强有力的公共卫生计划，绝对优先考虑低SES的肥胖受试者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite its centrality to social stress theory, research on the social patterning of stress exposure and coping resources has been sparse and existing research shows conflicting results. We interviewed 396 gay, lesbian and bisexual, and 128 heterosexual people in New York City to examine variability in exposure to stress related to sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. Multiple linear regressions showed clear support for the social stress hypothesis with regard to race/ethnic minority status, somewhat mixed support with regard to sexual orientation, and no support with regard to gender. We discuss this lack of parsimony in social stress explanations for health disparities.

背景与目标： ：尽管它在社会压力理论中处于中心地位，但对压力暴露和应对资源的社会模式的研究却很少，现有研究显示出相互矛盾的结果。我们采访了纽约市396名男同性恋，女同性恋和双性恋者以及128位异性恋者，以研究他们暴露于与性取向，性别和种族/民族有关的压力中的变异性。多元线性回归显示出对种族/族裔少数群体地位的社会压力假说的明确支持，对性取向的支持有些混杂，而对性别的支持则没有。我们在针对健康差异的社会压力解释中讨论了缺乏简约性的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to identify clinical and social predictors of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) in workers' compensation claimants with low back pain. METHODS:Archival and interview data were analyzed for 1372 Missouri claimants who were, on average, nearly 42 months postinjury. RESULTS:Two hundred sixty-five (19.3%) claimants were receiving SSDI (8.0%) or had applied for SSDI (11.3%). Logistic regression indicated that black race, older age, herniated disc diagnosis, surgery, and longer time since injury were associated with increased odds of SSDI. Higher preinjury wage, more education, and higher satisfaction with medical treatment and/or treatment by employer were associated with decreased odds of SSDI. CONCLUSIONS:Application for SSDI among claimants with occupational low back pain is associated with social factors like race, satisfaction, and socioeconomics as well as clinical factors like diagnosis and surgery.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是确定在腰背痛的工伤索赔人中申请社会保障残疾保险的临床和社会预测指标。
方法：分析了密苏里州1372名索赔人的档案和访谈数据，他们平均受伤后将近42个月。
结果：265名（19.3％）索赔人正在接受SSDI（8.0％）或已申请SSDI（11.3％）。 Logistic回归表明，黑人种族，年龄较大，椎间盘突出症，手术以及自受伤以来的较长时间与SSDI几率增加相关。更高的伤害前工资，更多的教育以及对医疗和/或雇主待遇的更高满意度与降低SSDI的几率相关。
结论：在职业性下腰痛的索赔人中申请SSDI与种族，满意度和社会经济学等社会因素以及诊断和手术等临床因素有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Angiogenesis, the process of formation of blood vessels, is essential for many physiological as well as pathological processes. It has been shown that human adipose tissue contains a population of non-characterized cells, called stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) cells, which are able to differentiate into several lineages. The aim of this study was to determine conditions for promoting differentiation of human adipose tissue progenitors towards endothelial cells, as well as to show that SVF cells cooperate with differentiated endothelium in capillary network formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Stromal vascular fraction cells were isolated according to modified Hauner's method and after adaptation they were cultured in pro-angiogenic or pro-adipogenic medium. Cells were characterized by presence of surface antigens by flow cytometry, and by expression of genes characteristic for endothelial cells or for adipocytes, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A number of tests were performed to verify their differentiation. RESULTS:Differentiation of human SVF cells towards endothelium was stimulated by the presence of serum and absence of adipogenic factors, documented by the pattern of gene expression as well as different functional in vitro assays. SVF cells were found to work together with human umbilical vein endothelial cells to form capillary networks. CONCLUSIONS:Here, we show that differentiation of SVF cells to endothelial cells or adipocyte-like cells depended on the medium used. Our work provides a clear model for analysing the differentiation capacity of SVF cells.

背景与目标： 目的：血管生成是血管形成的过程，对于许多生理和病理过程都是必不可少的。已经显示出，人类脂肪组织包含一群非特征细胞，称为基质血管级分（SVF）细胞，它们能够分化成几个谱系。这项研究的目的是确定促进人类脂肪组织祖细胞向内皮细胞分化的条件，并表明SVF细胞与分化的内皮细胞在毛细血管网络形成中协同作用。
材料与方法：采用改良的Hauner法分离星形血管成分细胞，适应后在促血管生成或促脂肪形成培养基中培养。通过流式细胞仪检测表面抗原的存在，并通过表达内皮细胞或脂肪细胞的特征基因，定量实时聚合酶链反应来表征细胞。进行了许多测试以验证它们的区别。
结果：血清的存在和脂肪形成因子的缺乏可刺激人SVF细胞向内皮细胞分化，这由基因表达模式和不同的体外试验证明。发现SVF细胞与人脐静脉内皮细胞一起形成毛细血管网络。
结论：在这里，我们表明SVF细胞向内皮细胞或脂肪细胞样细胞的分化取决于所用的培养基。我们的工作为分析SVF细胞的分化能力提供了一个清晰的模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective cohort study of Finnish public sector employees, the authors examined the association between workplace social capital and depression. Data were obtained from 33,577 employees, who had no recent history of antidepressant treatment and who reported no history of physician-diagnosed depression at baseline in 2000-2002. Their risk of depression was measured with two indicators: recorded purchases of antidepressants until December 31, 2005, and self-reports of new-onset depression diagnosed by a physician in the follow-up survey in 2004-2005. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether self-reported and aggregate-level workplace social capital predicted indicators of depression at follow-up. The odds for antidepressant treatment and physician-diagnosed depression were 20-50% higher for employees with low self-reported social capital than for those reporting high social capital. These associations were not accounted for by sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic position, place of work, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index. The association between social capital and self-reported depression attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for baseline psychological distress (a proxy for undiagnosed mental health problems). Aggregate-level social capital was not associated with subsequent depression.

背景与目标： ：在对芬兰公共部门雇员的前瞻性队列研究中，作者研究了工作场所社会资本与抑郁症之间的联系。数据来自33577名员工，这些员工近期没有抗抑郁治疗史，并且在2000-2002年基线时没有医生诊断为抑郁症的历史。他们的抑郁风险有两个指标：2005年12月31日之前购买的抗抑郁药的购买记录，以及医生在2004-2005年的随访调查中诊断出的新发抑郁症的自我报告。使用多级逻辑回归分析来探讨自我报告和总体水平的工作场所社会资本是否在随访中预测了抑郁症的指标。自我报告的社会资本低的员工，其抗抑郁治疗和经医生诊断为抑郁的几率比那些报告高社会资本的员工高20-50％。这些关联没有按性别，年龄，婚姻状况，社会经济地位，工作地点，吸烟，饮酒，体育活动和体重指数来说明。社会资本与自我报告的抑郁症之间的联系有所减弱，但在进一步调整基线心理困扰（代表未确诊的精神健康问题）之后，这种联系仍然很显着。总的社会资本与随后的抑郁症无关。