Ammonium and the analogue methylammonium are taken into the cell by active transport systems which constitute a family of transmembrane proteins that have been identified in fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. Two genes from Aspergillus nidulans, mepA and meaA, which encode ammonium transporters with different affinities have been characterized. The MepA transporter exhibits the highest affinity for methylammonium (Km, 44.3 microM); in comparison, the Km for MeaA is 3.04 mM. By use of targeted gene replacement strategies, meaA and mepA deletion mutants were created. Deletion of both meaA and mepA resulted in the inability of the strain to grow on ammonium concentrations of less than 10 mM. The single meaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced growth at the same concentrations, whereas the mepA deletion mutant displayed wild-type growth. Interestingly, multiple copies of mepA were found to complement the methylammonium resistance phenotype conferred by the deletion of meaA. The expression profiles for mepA and meaA differed; the mepA transcript was detected only in nitrogen-starved cultures, whereas meaA was expressed under both ammonium-sufficient and nitrogen starvation conditions. Together, these results indicate that MeaA constitutes the major ammonium transport activity and is required for the optimal growth of A. nidulans on ammonium as the sole nitrogen source and that MepA probably functions in scavenging low concentrations of ammonium under nitrogen starvation conditions.