BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper presents and discusses selected findings from a study of health-seeking strategies in relation to sexual health among a group of female sex workers in Calcutta, India. Background information on sex work and sexually transmitted disease in Calcutta is followed by the presentation of findings pertaining to women's understandings of (sexual) health, treatment-seeking and service utilisation. In the urban context where health services are readily available, patterns of initial treatment-seeking are shown to be generally (biomedically) appropriate, but subsequent "non-compliant" therapeutic practices give cause for concern. Conventional approaches to the study of "health-seeking behaviour" are reviewed in the light of these findings and questions raised about the appropriateness of approaches that focus on initial choice of treatment type and/or assume processes of health-seeking to be determined primarily by cultural "beliefs" about illness. Inherent biomedical and culturalist biases in the orientation of such research are shown to produce an analytic neglect of the dual influences of material life conditions and people's perceptions of health, rather than illness, upon health-related strategies. Recommendations are made for operational research and policy formulation on the provision of effective sexual health services, and implications are drawn for the scope of interventions and applied research directed at improving sexual health.

背景与目标： 本文介绍并讨论了印度加尔各答一群女性性工作者中与性健康相关的健康寻求策略研究中的部分发现。在加尔各答关于性工作和性传播疾病的背景信息之后，介绍与妇女对（性）健康，寻求治疗和利用服务的认识有关的发现。在容易获得卫生服务的城市环境中，最初寻求治疗的模式已被证明通常（生物医学上）是适当的，但是随后的“不依从”治疗方法引起了人们的关注。鉴于这些发现，对常规的“寻求健康行为”研究方法进行了回顾，并提出了一些有关方法的适当性的问题，这些方法着重于治疗类型的初始选择和/或假设寻求健康的过程主要由以下因素决定：关于疾病的文化“信仰”。研究方向上固有的生物医学和文化主义偏见表明，人们忽视了物质生活条件和人们对健康而不是疾病的看法对健康相关策略的双重影响。为提供有效的性健康服务的运营研究和政策制定提出了建议，并对旨在改善性健康的干预措施和应用研究的范围产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Tissue factor (TF) has been implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD). High levels of circulating TF are found in patients with acute atherothrombotic events. Whether high serum TF levels predict risk of future CAD independent of known risk factors remains unknown. METHODS:We conducted a prospective case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk population study. Cases (n=1037) were apparently healthy men and women, aged 45-79 years, who developed fatal or non-fatal CAD during follow-up. Controls (n=2005) were matched by age, sex, and enrolment time. Serum TF levels were measured using high-affinity antibodies. RESULTS:In men, median TF levels were not significant higher in cases than in controls (59.0 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg mL-1, range: 16.2-452.4). In women, median TF levels were not significant higher in controls than in cases (73.4 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg mL-1, range: 16.5-376.7). The incidence of smoking was about double in the lowest compared with the highest TF quartile. Correcting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, the risk of future CAD was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.81-1.36) for people in the highest TF quartile, compared with those in the lowest (P-value for linearity=0.8). CONCLUSION:High levels of serum TF were not independently associated with an increased risk of future CAD in apparently healthy individuals.

背景与目标： 简介：组织因子（TF）与冠心病（CAD）有关。在患有急性动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件的患者中发现高水平的循环TF。血清TF高水平是否能独立于已知的危险因素来预测未来CAD的风险仍然未知。
方法：我们进行了一项前瞻性病例对照研究，该研究嵌套在欧洲癌症与营养前瞻性调查（EPIC）-诺福克人群研究中。病例（n = 1037）显然是健康的男性和女性，年龄在45-79岁之间，在随访期间出现了致命或非致命的CAD。对照组（n = 2005）按年龄，性别和入组时间进行匹配。使用高亲和力抗体测量血清TF水平。
结果：在男性中，病例中的TF中位数没有显着高于对照组（59.0 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg / mL-1，范围：16.2-452.4）。在女性中，对照的中位TF水平没有比病例高（73.4 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg / mL-1，范围：16.5-376.7）。与最高四分位数的吸烟者相比，最低吸烟率的吸烟者约为两倍。校正性别，年龄，体重指数，吸烟，糖尿病，收缩压，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和C反应蛋白水平后，未来CAD的风险为1.05（95％CI： TF最高四分位数的人与最低TF四分位数的人（线性P值= 0.8）相比。
结论：血清TF水平升高与明显健康的个体未来冠心病风险增加并没有独立的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) males with insulin resistance [age = 40.1 +/- 2.2 years, body weight = 96.3 +/- 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 263 +/- 25 mg/dl, VO(2)max = 37 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance) = 3.05 +/- 0.40]. Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and three exercise trials at 40% (40%T), 60% (60%T), and 70% (70%T) of their VO(2)max. The order of trials was randomized and there were 1-2 weeks wash-out period between the trials. All subjects had a fat-meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, subjects jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity 12 h prior to a fat-meal ingestion. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve for over an 8 h-period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC score in 40%T was 30% lower (P = 0.003), 60%T was 31% lower (P = 0.02), and 70%T was 39% lower (P = 0.02) than Ctr. There were no significant differences in the TG AUC scores among the exercise trials (P > 0.05). The insulin concentrations in both 60 and 70%T were lower than Ctr (P < 0.01) which did not differ from 40%T. HOMA-IR in both 60%T (P = 0.041) and 70%T (P = 0.002) were lower than Ctr, but not different from 40%T (HOMA-IR: Ctr = 3.05 +/- 0.40, 40%T = 2.67 +/- 0.35, 60%T = 2.49 +/- 0.31, 70%T = 2.21 +/- 0.27). The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at low to moderate intensity may be sufficient to attenuate PPL and increase insulin sensitivity, whereas higher intensity exercise may be needed to normalize blood glucose.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了运动对代谢综合征患者餐后血脂（PPL）和胰岛素抵抗的影响。受试者为10名高甘油三酸酯血症（HTG）男性，胰岛素抵抗[年龄= 40.1 /-2.2岁，体重= 96.3 /-3.3 kg，空腹甘油三酸酯（TG）= 263 /-25 mg / dl，VO（2）max = 37 -/-1.1 ml / kg / min，并且稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR，胰岛素抵抗指数）= 3.05-0.40]。每个受试者进行了一项对照试验（Ctr，无运动），并进行了三项运动试验，试验的最大VO（2）最大为40％（40％T），60％（60％T）和70％（70％T）。试验顺序是随机的，两次试验之间有1-2周的清除期。所有受试者在每次试验中均吃一顿胖饭。在运动试验中，受试者在摄入脂肪餐之前12小时以指定的强度在跑步机上慢跑1小时。在0小时（饭前），饭后2、4、6和8小时采集血样。餐后8 h（TG AUC），血浆TG，TG浓度曲线下的面积得分和HOMA-IR进行了分析。与Ctr相比，在40％T中的TG AUC得分降低了30％（P = 0.003），在60％T中降低了31％（P = 0.02），在70％T中降低了39％（P = 0.02）。在运动试验之间，TG AUC评分无显着差异（P> 0.05）。 60％和70％T中的胰岛素浓度均低于Ctr（P <0.01），与40％T无差异。 60％T（P = 0.041）和70％T（P = 0.002）的HOMA-IR均低于Ctr，但与40％T相同（HOMA-IR：Ctr = 3.05 /-0.40，40％T = 2.67 /-0.35，60％T = 2.49 /-0.31，70％T = 2.21 /-0.27）。结果表明，对于缺乏运动能力的代谢综合征患者，低强度至中等强度的运动可能足以减弱PPL和增加胰岛素敏感性，而可能需要更高强度的运动才能使血糖正常化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study reviewed whether participants who were given a continence education package, which included a Continence Educational Brochure (CEB), and who indicated that they were bothered by incontinence symptoms changed health-seeking behaviors about their incontinence problem because of being given the brochure. METHOD:This study used a descriptive and exploratory design. Participants were given the CEB and asked to read the information. They were also asked to complete a continence questionnaire and mail this back to the research team. Participants who indicated that they were bothered by a continence problem and consented to being interviewed were telephoned 2 to 3 months later. They were asked questions to determine their actions and progress in relation to managing their continence problem and whether the CEB had influenced their behavior. SETTING AND SUBJECT:A total of 631 participants (352 females, 55.8%; 279 males, 44.2%) from 4 rural and regional settings in Victoria, Australia, participated. Of this sample, 111 participants (78 females, 70.3%; 33 males, 29.7%) who reported that they were bothered by a continence problem were interviewed 3 months after being given the CEB. RESULTS:Two thirds of the total sample of participants (n=111) sought help for their continence problem. Approximately 70.3% (n=78) continued to have a continence problem. Of this group, 84.6% were still bothered by the continence problem and 65.4% had taken action to treat their incontinence. Forty-nine participants (44.1%) indicated that they had discussed the issue of bladder or bowel problems with someone directly because of this study or the information contained in the brochure. More than 94% of participants who remembered the CEB indicated that they believed the brochure would be helpful if given to other people. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that the CEB prompted individuals to discuss their continence problem and in fewer cases to seek professional help. Given these findings, distribution of a continence education package is advocated as a continence health promotion strategy.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究回顾了参加者的节制教育包，其中包括节制教育手册（CEB），并指出他们因节制失禁症状而受到困扰，从而改变了他们对失禁问题的健康寻求行为，因为他们获得了手册。
方法：本研究采用描述性和探索性设计。参加者获得了CEB的邀请，并要求阅读信息。还要求他们填写节制问卷并将其邮寄回研究团队。 2至3个月后打电话给表示自己受到节制问题困扰并同意接受采访的参与者。他们被问到问题，以确定他们在处理自控问题方面的行动和进展，以及CEB是否影响了他们的行为。
地点和主题：来自澳大利亚维多利亚州4个农村和地区性地区的631名参与者（352名女性，占55.8％； 279名男性，占44.2％）参加了该项目。在该样本中，有111名参与者表示接受节制问题后感到困扰，他们被告知接受CEB后接受了采访（78名女性，占70.3％； 33名男性，占29.7％）。
结果：参与者（n = 111）的总样本的三分之二寻求帮助，以解决他们的节制问题。大约70.3％（n = 78）仍然存在尿失禁问题。在这一组中，仍有84.6％的人患有尿失禁问题，还有65.4％的人已经采取了行动来治疗他们的尿失禁。 49名参与者（44.1％）表示，由于该研究或小册子中包含的信息，他们直接与某人讨论了膀胱或肠道问题。记得CEB的参与者中，超过94％的参与者表示，他们认为该手册对其他人有帮助。
结论：这些发现表明，CEB促使个人讨论他们的节制问题，并在较少的情况下寻求专业帮助。鉴于这些发现，提倡分发节制教育一揽子计划作为节制健康促进策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.

背景与目标： ：孕产妇的行为涉及视神经内侧视前区（MPOA）和纹状体终末腹侧核（VBST）的母亲行为，但尚未确定与母亲相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在孕产妇行为期间表达Fos，因此我们使用双重标记免疫细胞化学方法检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素（WGA），以确定这些Fos神经元的位置。在产后第4天，将完全产妇的母猪从其产仔中分离出来。在第5天，将WGA离子电渗注入已知可接收MPOA和/或VBST输入的以下区域之一：外侧中隔，腹侧内侧丘脑，腹侧核，腹侧被膜区，腹侧被盖区，后睑缘视野或导水管周围灰色。在第7天，雌性接受幼犬或糖果进行2小时的测试，然后对它们进行灌注，并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。不出所料，用幼犬测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中的含Fos的神经元要多于用糖果进行测验的雌性。 WGA注射到多个大脑部位后，与非母体雌性相比，母体雌性在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此，这些结果指出了在孕产妇行为中被激活的神经回路。对于孕产妇，MPOA中含有Fos的神经元在腹膜内侧核和外侧中隔的投射力最强，而VBST中含有Fos的神经元在后睑内侧，腹侧被膜的投射力最强。区域和内侧下丘脑。尽管在产妇行为中表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少，但会投射到导水管周围的灰色，但这些表达Fos的神经元在MPOA和VBST投射至导水管周围的灰色中所占的比例相对较大。这项研究表明，MPOA和VBST传出可投射到多个区域，以促进全面的孕产妇反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Japanese people in both Japan and in Hawaii have a lower incidence of hip fractures than white people in Hawaii or on the mainland of the United States. Hip fractures usually occur after a fall, and differing incidence rates of falls might contribute to the observed differences in hip fracture rates. To investigate this possibility we undertook a prospective study of falls among elderly Japanese men and women living in Hawaii using intensive surveillance methods similar to those used in studies of predominantly white populations. For our Japanese participants, the incidence rates of total falls were 139 per 1000 person years for men and 276 per 1000 person years for women. Age adjusted rate ratios of falls for predominantly white populations compared with our Japanese participants ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 for women and from 2.6 to 4.7 for men. The risk of injuries when they did fall, however, was not lower for our Japanese participants than reported for white participants. For our Japanese population, past falls, female gender, and daytime hours were associated with an increased incidence of falls.

背景与目标： ：在日本和夏威夷，日本人的髋部骨折发生率比夏威夷或美国大陆的白人低。髋部骨折通常在跌倒后发生，跌倒的发生率不同可能会导致观察到的髋部骨折发生率的差异。为了调查这种可能性，我们进行了一项前瞻性研究，研究了居住在夏威夷的日本老年男性和女性跌倒的情况，采用了与主要针对白人人口的研究相似的强化监视方法。对于我们的日本参与者，男性总跌倒发生率是每千人年139例，女性每千人年276例。与日本人相比，以白人为主的年龄调整后的跌倒比率，女性为1.8到2.3，男性为2​​.6到4.7。但是，对于日本参与者来说，跌倒时受伤的风险并不比白人参与者低。对于我们的日本人口来说，以往的跌倒，女性性别和白天营业时间与跌倒发生率增加相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。 VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明，这些妇女抵达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：ob / ob和db / db小鼠的主要遗传缺陷的性质尚不清楚。肥胖（ob）和糖尿病（db）突变在同一小鼠品系中均会产生相似的多成分肥胖-高胰岛素血症综合征。为了发现影响兰格罕氏岛或垂体的胰岛的神经内分泌功能的这些突变之间的差异，在肥胖（ob / ob）和糖尿病患者中检查了四种已知能够影响胰岛素分泌速率的神经肽的组织含量（db / db）小鼠。在第一个研究中，研究了C57BL / 6Job / ob和对照男性在3、4和11周的年龄。在第二项研究中，在发育前的3周龄研究了具有性别和两种近交系（C57BL / 6J和C57BL / KsJ）的db / db小鼠，它们在糖尿病表型的表达严重程度上有显着差异。高血糖及其继发后果。在胰腺和垂体的乙酸提取物中测量了免疫反应性肽。在C57BL / 6J株的雄性ob / ob和db / db小鼠之间未发现差异。在瘦瘦对照小鼠中，在3周龄的胰腺Met-脑啡肽-LI和甘丙肽-LI中发现明显的性别差异（雄性含量高2至3倍）。在3周龄的雄性B6 ob / ob和db / db小鼠中，甘丙肽-LI，Met-脑啡肽-LI和亮-脑啡肽-LI的胰腺含量低（比对照小鼠低50％至70％）与高胰岛素血症相关。年龄，但不是在B6 db / db雌性中，也不是在BK s db / db两种性别的小鼠中。（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that involves the interaction of several modalities and higher-order cognitive functions and that results in behavioral, structural, and functional changes on time scales ranging from days to years. While early work focused on comparison of musical experts and novices, more recently an increasing number of controlled training studies provide clear experimental evidence for training effects. Here, we review research investigating brain plasticity induced by musical training, highlight common patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of such plasticity, and integrate these studies with findings and models for mechanisms of plasticity in other domains.

背景与目标： ：音乐训练已成为研究人脑与训练有关的可塑性的有用框架。学习演奏乐器是一项高度复杂的任务，涉及多种模式和高阶认知功能的相互作用，并导致行为，结构和功能发生变化，时间范围从数天到数年不等。早期的工作着重于音乐专家和新手之间的比较，而最近，越来越多的受控训练研究为训练效果提供了明确的实验证据。在这里，我们回顾研究由音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性的研究，突出显示这种可塑性的常见模式和可能的潜在机制，并将这些研究与其他领域的可塑性机制的发现和模型相结合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究评估了来自中国昆明市的青春期女性性工作者（FSW）的性行为冒险和性传播感染（STI）（包括HIV）的社会和行为预测因素。此外，还评估了卫生服务的需求和使用。
方法：2010年进行了横断面调查。通过滚雪球和便利抽样，从昆明的四个市区招募了自我识别的FSW。从当地同支持组织确定的训练有素的访调员对同意参加的妇女进行半结构化问卷调查。采访之后，进行了妇科检查和生物采样以识别潜在的性传播感染。进行了描述性和多变量logistic回归分析。
结果：青少年FSW的平均年龄为18.2岁，并报告了许多无偿性伴侣，一致使用避孕套的比例很低（22.2％）。在过去的一周中，有一半（50.3％）的被调查者曾发生过至少一次醉酒的性行为，其中56.4％的人未使用安全套保护措施。在这一组中，性传播感染的患病率总体较高（30.4％）。人们发现，年龄较小，性行为初次出现，与学校和家庭隔离，性工作时间短以及使用非法药物是无保护性行为和性传播感染存在的强烈预测因素。相反，获得安全套宣传，免费的艾滋病毒咨询和检测以及同伴教育的机会与较少受到保护的性行为有关。大多数人报告需要健康知识，免费避孕套和低成本的STI诊断和治疗。
结论：迫切需要提高针对青少年FSW的现有干预措施的覆盖面，可及性和效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.

背景与目标： ：在安慰剂对照的34名健康，血压正常（血压低于135/85 mm Hg的年轻人）（平均年龄27 /-3岁）中，研究了咖啡因和运动对血压（BP）调节的可能联合作用，双盲交叉设计。服用安慰剂或咖啡因（3.3 mg / kg）后，每位受试者间隔1小时进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天的心率，血压，心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示，咖啡因可增加收缩压和舒张压以及周围血管阻力（每个P值均小于0.001）和降低心率（P值均小于0.01），但并未改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动量下，咖啡因的血压和血管阻力作用仍然存在，从而导致血压增加，而咖啡因的负变时效作用消失了。在最大程度的运动中，更多的受试者（咖啡因为15，安慰剂为7，p小于0.02）的收缩压大于或等于230 mm Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100 mm Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在各天之间无显着差异，但在最大运动量时，肾上腺素较高，而在咖啡因日后和整个最大运动量中，皮质醇增加。数据表明，咖啡因在次最大运动量时会增加BP，并且可能对某些个体在最大运动量时导致过度的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而非心输出量增加所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown experimental and clinical efficacy in a range of neuromodulatory models, even when delivered at low intensity (i.e. subthreshold for action potential generation). After central nervous system (CNS) injury, studies suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia can have detrimental but also beneficial effects; thus modulating glial activity, for example through application of rTMS, could potentially be a useful therapeutic tool following neurotrauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the effect of low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on GFAP (astrocyte), IBA1 (microglial), and CS56 (proteoglycan) expression in a unilateral penetrating cortical stab injury model of glial scarring in young adult and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice received contralateral low frequency, ipsilateral low frequency, ipsilateral high frequency or sham LI-rTMS (4-5mT intensity), for two weeks following injury. There was no significant difference in the overall volume of tissue containing GFAP positive (+) astrocytes, IBA1+ microglia, or proteoglycan expression, between sham and LI-rTMS-treated mice of all ages and sex. Importantly however, the density of GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglia immediately adjacent to the injury was significantly reduced following ipsilateral low and high frequency stimulation in adult and aged females (p≤0.05), but was significantly increased in adult and aged males (p≤0.05). LI-rTMS effects were generally of greater magnitude in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These results suggest that sex differences need to be factored into therapeutic rTMS protocols. In particular, more work analyzing frequency and intensity specific effects, especially in relation to age and sex, is required to determine how rTMS can best be used to modify glial reactivity and phenotype following neurotrauma.

背景与目标： ：反复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）是一种非侵入性的脑刺激形式，即使在低强度下（即产生动作电位的阈值下），也已在一系列神经调节模型中显示出实验和临床功效。中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤后，研究表明反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞可能具有有害作用，但也有有益作用。因此，例如通过应用rTMS调节神经胶质活动可能是神经创伤后的一种有用的治疗工具。免疫组织化学方法用于测量低强度rTMS（LI-rTMS）对单侧穿透性胶质瘢痕形成的成年男性和老年男性的单侧穿透性皮质刺伤模型中GFAP（星形胶质细胞），IBA1（小胶质细胞）和CS56（蛋白聚糖）表达的影响。和雌性C57BL6 / J小鼠。小鼠在受伤后两周接受对侧低频，同侧低频，同侧高频或假LI-rTMS（4-5mT强度）。在假手术和LI-rTMS处理的所有年龄和性别的小鼠之间，含有GFAP阳性（）星形胶质细胞，IBA1小胶质细胞或蛋白聚糖表达的组织总体积均无显着差异。然而重要的是，成年和老年女性在同侧低频和高频刺激后，紧邻损伤的GFAP星形胶质细胞和IBA1小胶质细胞的密度显着降低（p≤0.05），而成年和老年男性显着增加（p≤0.05） ）。与成年小鼠相比，老年小鼠的LI-rTMS效应通常更大。这些结果表明，性别差异需要纳入治疗性rTMS方案中。特别是，需要做更多的工作来分析频率和强度的具体影响，尤其是与年龄和性别相关的影响，以确定rTMS如何最好地用于改变神经外伤后的神经胶质反应性和表型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.

背景与目标： ：研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联以及新生儿重症监护。在连续的2003-2008年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中，使用了来自11,583名新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露获得新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受强化新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比，产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低相关，为-203.0 g±32.5，P <0.001。出生体重的变化在男婴为-220.2 g±44.5和女婴为-184.1 g±38.8之间。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更可能具有较低的出生体重，比值比为1.46，P <0.03，并且接受新生儿重症监护，比值比为1.20； P ＜0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前孕妇吸烟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possibility that endocrine factors may influence the clinical course of malignant melanoma is suggested by the superior survival data of women. In preclinical models we observed a higher rate of colony formation by human melanoma cells in male compared to female SCID mice, but only in the case of the liver and not in other organs. The gender difference could be seen at an early phase of colony formation. On the other hand, in our human melanoma cell lines we failed to detect steroid receptor protein expression, and treatment with sex hormones did not considerably influence their in vitro behavior. Investigating the possible contribution of host cells to the observed gender difference, we performed in vivo blocking experiments applying pretreatment of the animals with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride and the NK cell inhibitor anti-asialo GM1 antibody. While Kupffer cell blockade enhanced melanoma liver colonization equally in the two sexes, a more prominent increase was observed in female than in male mice in the case of NK cell inhibition. Further supporting the importance of NK cells in the lower liver colonization efficiency of melanoma cells in females, gender difference in colony formation was lost in NSG mice lacking NK activity. Although in humans no organ selectivity of gender difference in melanoma progression has been observed according to data in the literature, our results possibly indicate a contribution of natural host defense mechanisms to gender difference in survival of patients with melanoma or other tumor types as well.

背景与目标： 女性优越的生存率数据提示内分泌因素可能影响恶性黑色素瘤的临床进程。在临床前模型中，我们观察到，与雌性SCID小鼠相比，雄性人黑素瘤细胞在雄性中的集落形成率更高，但仅在肝脏而不是在其他器官中。可以在菌落形成的早期阶段看到性别差异。另一方面，在我们的人类黑素瘤细胞系中，我们未能检测到类固醇受体蛋白的表达，而性激素的治疗​​并未显着影响其体外行为。为了研究宿主细胞对观察到的性别差异的可能贡献，我们进行了体内阻断实验，该实验应用了用Kupffer细胞抑制剂氯化chloride和NK细胞抑制剂抗亚洲GM1抗体对动物进行预处理的实验。虽然库普弗细胞阻断剂在两个性别中均能平等地增强黑色素瘤的肝脏定植，但在抑制NK细胞的情况下，雌性小鼠比雄性小鼠观察到更明显的增加。进一步证实了NK细胞在降低雌性黑素瘤细胞肝脏定植效率中的重要性，在缺乏NK活性的NSG小鼠中，丧失了克隆形成的性别差异。尽管在人类中，根据文献中的数据，没有观察到器官对黑素瘤进展中性别差异的选择性，但我们的结果可能表明，天然宿主防御机制对黑素瘤或其他肿瘤类型患者的生存中的性别差异也有贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： ：吡虫啉喷在芒果简历上。在花前期，以6-8厘米穗大小（3月的第一周），以0.3 mL L（-1）的水量的Dashehari，以控制漏斗和碳硫丹在树上的树木中以2.0 mL L（-1）的水量喷洒芒果杂种（H-1000）在果实发育阶段（5月的第一周）以控制叶片韦伯。在水果发育和成熟的不同阶段，对果皮，果肉和水果中两种杀虫剂的残留进行了分析。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留分别为果皮，果肉和整个水果中的1.21、0.56和1.77 mg kg（-1）。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在果肉中持续50天，并以38天的半衰期消散。收获时（喷洒85天后）成熟的Dashehari果实不含吡虫啉残留。芒果皮中的硫丹从收获时（喷雾45天后）从5.30 mg kg（-1）（喷雾1 h后）消散至0.05 mg kg（-1）。喷洒1 h后纸浆中的硫丹残留量非常低（0.08 mg kg（-1）），经过10天后逐渐增加至0.90 mg kg（-1），最后在26天后降至0.04 mg kg（-1）喷涂天数。收获时在果肉中未检测到杀虫剂残留。残留物在果肉中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，并以7天的半衰期降解。吡虫啉和硫丹的消散都遵循整个水果（果皮果皮）中的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，碳硫丹为46天。