BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper presents and discusses selected findings from a study of health-seeking strategies in relation to sexual health among a group of female sex workers in Calcutta, India. Background information on sex work and sexually transmitted disease in Calcutta is followed by the presentation of findings pertaining to women's understandings of (sexual) health, treatment-seeking and service utilisation. In the urban context where health services are readily available, patterns of initial treatment-seeking are shown to be generally (biomedically) appropriate, but subsequent "non-compliant" therapeutic practices give cause for concern. Conventional approaches to the study of "health-seeking behaviour" are reviewed in the light of these findings and questions raised about the appropriateness of approaches that focus on initial choice of treatment type and/or assume processes of health-seeking to be determined primarily by cultural "beliefs" about illness. Inherent biomedical and culturalist biases in the orientation of such research are shown to produce an analytic neglect of the dual influences of material life conditions and people's perceptions of health, rather than illness, upon health-related strategies. Recommendations are made for operational research and policy formulation on the provision of effective sexual health services, and implications are drawn for the scope of interventions and applied research directed at improving sexual health.

背景与目标： 本文介绍并讨论了印度加尔各答一群女性性工作者中与性健康相关的健康寻求策略研究中的部分发现。在加尔各答关于性工作和性传播疾病的背景信息之后，介绍与妇女对（性）健康，寻求治疗和利用服务的认识有关的发现。在容易获得卫生服务的城市环境中，最初寻求治疗的模式已被证明通常（生物医学上）是适当的，但是随后的“不依从”治疗方法引起了人们的关注。鉴于这些发现，对常规的“寻求健康行为”研究方法进行了回顾，并提出了一些有关方法的适当性的问题，这些方法着重于治疗类型的初始选择和/或假设寻求健康的过程主要由以下因素决定：关于疾病的文化“信仰”。研究方向上固有的生物医学和文化主义偏见表明，人们忽视了物质生活条件和人们对健康而不是疾病的看法对健康相关策略的双重影响。为提供有效的性健康服务的运营研究和政策制定提出了建议，并对旨在改善性健康的干预措施和应用研究的范围产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique to assess blood flow in bone tissue has been developed and tested. The signal detected by the PPG consists of a constant-level (DC) component-which is related to the relative vascularization of the tissue-and a pulsatile (AC) component-which is synchronous with the pumping action of the heart. The PPG probe was applied on the skin over the patella. The probe uses near-infrared (804 nm) and green (560 nm) light sources and the AC component of the PPG signals of the two wavelengths was used to monitor pulsatile blood flow in the patellar bone and the overlying skin, respectively. Twenty healthy subjects were studied and arterial occlusion resulted in elimination of PPG signals at both wavelengths, whereas occlusion of skin blood flow by local surface pressure eliminated only the PPG signal at 560 nm. In a parallel study on a physical model with a rigid tube we showed that the AC component of the PPG signal originates from pulsations of blood flow in a rigid structure and not necessarily from volume pulsations. We conclude that pulsatile blood flow in the patellar bone can be assessed with the present PPG technique.

背景与目标： ：已经开发并测试了用于评​​估骨组织中血流的光电容积描记（PPG）技术。 PPG检测到的信号由与组织的相对血管形成有关的恒定水平（DC）分量和与心脏的泵浦动作同步的脉动（AC）分量组成。将PPG探针施加到over骨上的皮肤上。该探头使用近红外（804 nm）和绿色（560 nm）光源，并且两个波长的PPG信号的AC分量分别用于监视the骨和周围皮肤中的脉动血流。研究了20名健康受试者，动脉阻塞导致两种波长的PPG信号均被消除，而局部表面压力阻塞皮肤血流仅消除了560 nm处的PPG信号。在具有刚性管的物理模型的并行研究中，我们显示了PPG信号的AC分量源自刚性结构中的血流脉动，而不一定源自体积脉动。我们得出的结论是，可以使用当前的PPG技术评估the骨中的搏动性血流。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forest soils are an important but under-studied part of forest ecosystems. The effects of O(3) on below-ground processes in a mature forest have only received limited attention so far. In our study, we have analysed the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and beech fine root dynamics over two growing seasons (2003 - 2004) in a 70-year old mixed spruce-beech forest stand, in which two groups of five adult beech trees were either fumigated by 2 x ambient ozone concentration or used as control. The main difference between previous studies and our approach was that previous studies were performed on seedlings in pot experiments or in closed or open top chambers, and not IN SITU, in a mature forest stand. Although beech is a relatively unresponsive species to tropospheric O(3), we found a pronounced effect of 2 x O(3) on the number of vital ectomycorrhizal root tips and non-turgescent fine roots. Both categories of roots were significantly increased when compared to controls in two consecutive years at each sampling event. The number of types of ectomycorrhizae and species richness increased in 2004, but not in the extremely dry year 2003. We hypothesised that the observed changes might be an expression of a transitional state in below-ground succession of niches caused by an O(3) induced effect on carbon allocation to roots and the rhizosphere. We have detected changes in ectomycorrhizal species level, however Shannon-Weavers species diversity index and percentage of types of ectomycorrhizae did not change significantly in any sampling year thus indicating our results cannot be unequivocally explained by summer drought in year 2003 or by O(3) exposure alone.

背景与目标： 森林土壤是森林生态系统中重要但未被充分研究的部分。迄今为止，O（3）对成熟森林地下过程的影响仅受到有限的关注。在我们的研究中，我们分析了一个70年历史的云杉-山毛榉林分两个生长季节（2003年至2004年）的外生菌根真菌和山毛榉细根动态，其中两组分别是五棵成年的山毛榉木用2倍的环境臭氧浓度熏蒸或用作对照。以前的研究与我们的方法之间的主要区别是，以前的研究是在盆栽实验中或在密闭或敞开的顶室中对幼苗进行的，而不是在成熟林分中的IN SITU上进行的。尽管山毛榉对对流层O（3）的响应相对较弱，但我们发现2 x O（3）对活着的外生菌根根尖和非浑浊的细根的数量有明显的影响。与每个采样事件连续两年的对照相比，这两种类别的根均显着增加。 2004年外生菌根类型的种类和物种丰富度有所增加，但在极度干旱的2003年却没有。我们假设观察到的变化可能是由O（3）引起的地下连续生态位的过渡状态的一种表达。诱导对根和根际碳分配的影响。我们已经检测到外生菌根物种水平的变化，但是香农-韦弗物种多样性指数和外生菌根类型的百分比在任何采样年都没有显着变化，因此表明我们的结果不能被2003年夏季干旱或O（3）明确解释。独自暴露。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess and compare immediate effects of chest physiotherapy with positive expiratory pressure (PEP) versus oscillating PEP on transcutaneously measured blood-gas tensions in patients with cystic fibrosis. METHODS:Fifteen patients (mean age 12.5 y, range 6.9-21.5 y) participated. The treatments were randomized and performed on 2 separate occasions, 8 weeks apart. Spirometry was conducted before and after each treatment. We transcutaneously measured oxygen tension (P(tO2). RESULTS:There were no changes in spirometry values. During PEP, different trends in blood-gas tension were seen, and there were no consistent changes. During oscillating PEP, P(tO2) increased and P(tCO2) decreased. During oscillating PEP, P(tCO2) was lower and the intra-individual change in P(tCO2) was more pronounced than during PEP. The results obtained immediately after oscillating PEP showed a higher P(tO2) and a lower P(tCO2) than with PEP. CONCLUSION:PEP and oscillating PEP can both cause transitory effects on blood gases in patients with cystic fibrosis. However, oscillating PEP alters blood-gas tensions more than does PEP, and hyperventilation during oscillating PEP may reduce treatment time.

背景与目标： 目的：评估和比较采用呼气正压（PEP）和振荡PEP进行胸部物理治疗对囊性纤维化患者经皮测量的血气张力的即时效果。
方法：15例患者（平均年龄12.5岁，范围6.9-21.5岁）参加了研究。治疗是随机的，分别在两个不同的场合进行，相隔8周。在每次治疗之前和之后进行肺活量测定。我们经皮测量了氧气张力（P（tO2）。
结果：肺活量测定值没有变化。在PEP期间，观察到了血气紧张的不同趋势，并且没有一致的变化。在振荡PEP期间，P（tO2）增加而P（tCO2）减少。在振荡PEP期间，P（tCO2）较低，并且P（tCO2）的内部个体变化比PEP期间更为明显。振荡PEP后立即获得的结果显示，与PEP相比，P（tO2）更高，P（tCO2）更低。
结论：PEP和振荡PEP均可对囊性纤维化患者的血气产生短暂影响。但是，与PEP相比，振荡PEP对血气压力的改变更大，并且在振荡PEP期间过度换气可能会减少治疗时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We studied changes in glutamate receptors, expression of immediate early genes, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brains of phenobarbital (PB)-dependent and -withdrawn rats to investigate the possible involvement of activation of glutamate receptors in PB withdrawal syndrome. PB-dependent rats were prepared by feeding drug-admixed food for 5 weeks. Autoradiographic analysis showed that binding of [3H(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imin e (MK-801), an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, increased significantly in the cerebral cortices of PB-dependent and 24-h-withdrawn rats. However, [3H]MK-801 binding in the hippocampus and [3H]6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and [3H]kainic acid binding in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were essentially unchanged in both groups. PB withdrawal seizures were followed by increased expression of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and of c-jun mRNA in the cerebral cortex. The induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA was suppressed by administration of MK-801. Furthermore, PB withdrawal enhanced AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brain. The present findings suggest functional enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission during the development of PB withdrawal syndrome.

背景与目标： 我们研究了苯巴比妥（PB）依赖和戒断大鼠大脑中谷氨酸受体的变化，立即早期基因的表达以及AP-1 DNA结合活性，以研究谷氨酸受体激活在PB戒断综合征中的可能。通过喂食药物混合食物5周来制备PB依赖的大鼠。放射自显影分析表明，[3H（）-5-甲基-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并[a，d]环庚烯-5,10-亚胺e（MK-801）与N-甲基- D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体，在PB依赖和24小时戒断大鼠的大脑皮层中显着增加。然而，在海马中的[3H] MK-801结合以及在海马和大脑皮层中的[3H] 6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3-二酮（CNQX）和[3H]海藻酸结合基本上没有变化。组。 PB抽搐发作后，海马和大脑皮层中c-fos mRNA的表达增加，大脑皮层中c-jun mRNA的表达增加。通过施用MK-801抑制了c-fos和c-jun mRNA的诱导。此外，PB撤离可增强大脑中AP-1 DNA的结合活性。目前的发现表明，在PB戒断综合征的发展过程中，谷氨酸能神经传递的功能增强。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The World Bank in its document under the title 'Investing in Health' (1993) states that the health status of the population, including the working population, and working conditions in individual countries depend essentially on the value of gross national product per capita. The attitudes towards the role and objectives of occupational medicine have changed significantly over the last three decades. A high priority given to primary prevention reflects the mainstream of a new approach to preventive measures. Advancements in technology, production and services, common use of computers and flattening of work organisation structures have brought about the need for workers' active participation in planning of activities and shaping working conditions in own enterprise. At the same time, workers are required to possess much higher qualifications facilitating their participation in applying new technologies and using new information systems, which resulted in a fierce competition on the labour market. In the countries in the political, social and economic transition, the conditions for introducing a new system of sustained development, described by Gustavsen at the 25th International Congress on Occupational Health have not as yet been established. A procedure-based system involving negotiations between employers and workers' representatives failed to be successful in improving working conditions as the roles of the state, employers and trade unions had not been defined precisely. It is expected that further health promotion at the worksites in these countries will depend mainly on the economic progress and the reformed system of education.

背景与目标： 世界银行在其题为“投资卫生”（1993年）的文件中指出，人口的健康状况，包括劳动人口，以及各个国家的劳动条件，基本上取决于人均国民生产总值。在过去的三十年中，人们对职业医学的作用和目标的态度发生了巨大变化。对初级预防的高度重视反映了预防措施新方法的主流。技术，生产和服务的进步，计算机的普遍使用以及工作组织结构的扁平化，要求工人积极参与活动的规划和塑造自己企业的工作条件。同时，要求工人具有更高的资格，以促进他们参与应用新技术和使用新信息系统，从而导致劳动力市场上的激烈竞争。在政治，社会和经济转型国家中，古斯塔夫森在第25届国际职业卫生大会上描述的引入新的可持续发展系统的条件尚未建立。涉及雇主和工人代表之间的谈判的基于程序的系统未能成功改善工作条件，因为国家，雇主和工会的角色并未得到准确界定。预计这些国家在工作场所的进一步健康促进将主要取决于经济进步和教育体制的改革。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study reviewed whether participants who were given a continence education package, which included a Continence Educational Brochure (CEB), and who indicated that they were bothered by incontinence symptoms changed health-seeking behaviors about their incontinence problem because of being given the brochure. METHOD:This study used a descriptive and exploratory design. Participants were given the CEB and asked to read the information. They were also asked to complete a continence questionnaire and mail this back to the research team. Participants who indicated that they were bothered by a continence problem and consented to being interviewed were telephoned 2 to 3 months later. They were asked questions to determine their actions and progress in relation to managing their continence problem and whether the CEB had influenced their behavior. SETTING AND SUBJECT:A total of 631 participants (352 females, 55.8%; 279 males, 44.2%) from 4 rural and regional settings in Victoria, Australia, participated. Of this sample, 111 participants (78 females, 70.3%; 33 males, 29.7%) who reported that they were bothered by a continence problem were interviewed 3 months after being given the CEB. RESULTS:Two thirds of the total sample of participants (n=111) sought help for their continence problem. Approximately 70.3% (n=78) continued to have a continence problem. Of this group, 84.6% were still bothered by the continence problem and 65.4% had taken action to treat their incontinence. Forty-nine participants (44.1%) indicated that they had discussed the issue of bladder or bowel problems with someone directly because of this study or the information contained in the brochure. More than 94% of participants who remembered the CEB indicated that they believed the brochure would be helpful if given to other people. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that the CEB prompted individuals to discuss their continence problem and in fewer cases to seek professional help. Given these findings, distribution of a continence education package is advocated as a continence health promotion strategy.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究回顾了参加者的节制教育包，其中包括节制教育手册（CEB），并指出他们因节制失禁症状而受到困扰，从而改变了他们对失禁问题的健康寻求行为，因为他们获得了手册。
方法：本研究采用描述性和探索性设计。参加者获得了CEB的邀请，并要求阅读信息。还要求他们填写节制问卷并将其邮寄回研究团队。 2至3个月后打电话给表示自己受到节制问题困扰并同意接受采访的参与者。他们被问到问题，以确定他们在处理自控问题方面的行动和进展，以及CEB是否影响了他们的行为。
地点和主题：来自澳大利亚维多利亚州4个农村和地区性地区的631名参与者（352名女性，占55.8％； 279名男性，占44.2％）参加了该项目。在该样本中，有111名参与者表示接受节制问题后感到困扰，他们被告知接受CEB后接受了采访（78名女性，占70.3％； 33名男性，占29.7％）。
结果：参与者（n = 111）的总样本的三分之二寻求帮助，以解决他们的节制问题。大约70.3％（n = 78）仍然存在尿失禁问题。在这一组中，仍有84.6％的人患有尿失禁问题，还有65.4％的人已经采取了行动来治疗他们的尿失禁。 49名参与者（44.1％）表示，由于该研究或小册子中包含的信息，他们直接与某人讨论了膀胱或肠道问题。记得CEB的参与者中，超过94％的参与者表示，他们认为该手册对其他人有帮助。
结论：这些发现表明，CEB促使个人讨论他们的节制问题，并在较少的情况下寻求专业帮助。鉴于这些发现，提倡分发节制教育一揽子计划作为节制健康促进策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Continuous changes in the length of smooth muscles require a highly organized sarcolemmal structure. Yet, smooth muscle cells also adapt rapidly to altered environmental cues. Their sarcolemmal plasticity must lead to profound changes which affect transmembrane signal transduction as well as contractility. We have established porcine vascular and human visceral smooth muscle cultures of epithelioid and spindle-shaped morphology and determined their plasma membrane properties. Epithelioid cells from both sources contain a higher ratio of cholesterol to glycerophospholipids, and express a less diverse range of lipid-associated annexins. These findings point to a reduction in efficiency of membrane segregation in epithelioid cells. Moreover, compared to spindle-shaped cells, cholesterol is more readily extracted from epithelioid cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and its synthesis is more susceptible to inhibition with lovastatin. The inability of epithelioid cells to process vasoactive metabolites, such as angiotensin or nucleotides further indicates that contractile properties are impaired. Phenotypic plasticity extends beyond the loss of smooth muscle cell marker genes. The plasma membrane has undergone profound functional changes which are incompatible with cyclic foreshortening, but might be important in the development of vascular disease.

背景与目标： ：平滑肌长度的连续变化需要高度组织化的肌膜结构。然而，平滑肌细胞也能迅速适应变化的环境提示。它们的肌膜可塑性必须导致深刻的变化，从而影响跨膜信号转导和收缩。我们已经建立了上皮样和纺锤形形态的猪血管和人内脏平滑肌培养物，并确定了它们的质膜特性。来自两种来源的上皮样细胞都含有较高的胆固醇与甘油磷脂比例，并且表达的脂质相关膜联蛋白的变化范围较小。这些发现表明上皮样细胞中膜分离的效率降低。而且，与纺锤形细胞相比，用甲基-β-环糊精更容易从上皮样细胞中提取胆固醇，并且其合成更容易受到洛伐他汀的抑制。上皮样细胞不能处理血管活性代谢产物，例如血管紧张素或核苷酸，这进一步表明收缩特性受到损害。表型可塑性超出了平滑肌细胞标记基因丧失的范围。质膜已经发生了深刻的功能变化，这与循环缩短不相容，但是在血管疾病的发展中可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.

背景与目标： ：孕产妇的行为涉及视神经内侧视前区（MPOA）和纹状体终末腹侧核（VBST）的母亲行为，但尚未确定与母亲相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在孕产妇行为期间表达Fos，因此我们使用双重标记免疫细胞化学方法检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素（WGA），以确定这些Fos神经元的位置。在产后第4天，将完全产妇的母猪从其产仔中分离出来。在第5天，将WGA离子电渗注入已知可接收MPOA和/或VBST输入的以下区域之一：外侧中隔，腹侧内侧丘脑，腹侧核，腹侧被膜区，腹侧被盖区，后睑缘视野或导水管周围灰色。在第7天，雌性接受幼犬或糖果进行2小时的测试，然后对它们进行灌注，并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。不出所料，用幼犬测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中的含Fos的神经元要多于用糖果进行测验的雌性。 WGA注射到多个大脑部位后，与非母体雌性相比，母体雌性在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此，这些结果指出了在孕产妇行为中被激活的神经回路。对于孕产妇，MPOA中含有Fos的神经元在腹膜内侧核和外侧中隔的投射力最强，而VBST中含有Fos的神经元在后睑内侧，腹侧被膜的投射力最强。区域和内侧下丘脑。尽管在产妇行为中表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少，但会投射到导水管周围的灰色，但这些表达Fos的神经元在MPOA和VBST投射至导水管周围的灰色中所占的比例相对较大。这项研究表明，MPOA和VBST传出可投射到多个区域，以促进全面的孕产妇反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。 VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明，这些妇女抵达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mucin-type glycoproteins carrying sialylLeA antigens (SL-GP) were isolated from the ascites fluid of a patient with colorectal cancer. SL-GP bound to E-selectin on endothelial cells in Ca2+- and sialylLeA antigen-dependent manners. To examine the metabolic change in E-selectin caused by ligation, endothelial cells were labeled with 32P-phosphate or 35S-Met and 35S-Cys. Phosphorylation at one or more serine residues of E-selectin was elevated by ligation with SL-GP but not with sialylLeA hexasaccharide. Pulse-labeling of E-selectin with 35S-Met and 35S-Cys in the presence of SL-GP indicated that the degradation of E-selectin was accelerated by SL-GP ligation, but labeling after pre-ligation with SL-GP revealed an increase in the synthesis of E-selectin. The synthesis may reflect compensation for the E-selectin degraded on pre-ligation. These results indicate that the overall metabolism of E-selectin was enhanced by the ligation of SL-GP, with degradation and synthesis being apparently balanced.

背景与目标： 从患有结肠直肠癌的患者的腹水中分离出带有唾液酸LeA抗原的粘蛋白型糖蛋白（SL-GP）。 SL-GP以Ca2-和sialylLeA抗原依赖性方式与内皮细胞上的E-选择素结合。为了检查由连接引起的E-选择蛋白的代谢变化，用32P-磷酸或35S-Met和35S-Cys标记内皮细胞。通过与SL-GP而非唾液酸LeA六糖连接，可增强E-选择蛋白一个或多个丝氨酸残基的磷酸化作用。在SL-GP存在下用35S-Met和35S-Cys脉冲标记E-选择素表明SL-GP连接可加速E-选择素的降解，但与SL-GP预连接后的标记显示E-选择素的降解E-选择素的合成增加。该合成可以反映对在预连接时降解的E-选择蛋白的补偿。这些结果表明SL-GP的连接增强了E-选择蛋白的整体代谢，降解和合成明显平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wound healing is a complex process resulting from an interplay of processes including coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and epithelialization. The chemokine family has been shown to contain members that are potent regulators of many of these pathways. Because we have previously shown that chemokines "pool" in biologic wound dressings, we studied the levels of CXC and CC chemokines, along with key inflammatory mediators, serially from a group of patients undergoing therapy for chronic venous leg ulcers. After 8 weeks, all patients had marked clinical healing of their ulcers (median 63.3% reduction in size) with two of 10 completely healed. Wound fluids extracted from dressings showed high levels of platelet factor-4 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein, with a trend toward increases in the ratio of the sums of the angiogenic versus angiostatic CXC chemokines (p = 0.082) in the tissues collected from the center of the ulcers during wound closure. Neutrophil-activating peptide-2 and interleukin-8 accounted for the most changes in wound fluid angiogenic chemokines, with significant differences both as compared with baseline levels and with patients' plasma level noted at various time points between weeks 0 and 8. The level of angiostatic chemokines, interferon-y inducible protein 10 and platelet-activating-4, fell most significantly between weeks 0 and 3 as compared with plasma levels. The observed shift toward angiogenic CXC chemokines suggests that effective healing in chronic venous insufficiency ulcers appears to "move" the ulcer bed toward a state more conducive to epithelialization,characteristic of the proliferative phase of wound healing. CC chemokines were also elevated at baseline in the wound fluid samples as compared with the patients' plasma levels. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (3 and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels decreased with healing, whereas there were significant increases in the tissue levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a over the first 4 weeks of therapy (p< or = 0.05 for both). Coincident with these changes was a steady increase in the ratio of interleukin-1 R/interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein in the ulcer center tissues, which also correlated with healing (p < 0 .05) as compared with a decreasing ratio at the ulcer edge, and a biphasic response in the wound fluids. These findings suggest that advanced wound care techniques help move the ulcer from a chronic inflammatory state into one more characteristic of the late inflammatory/early proliferative phase of wound healing. Chemokines may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic venous ulcers through their effects on angiogenesis and/or the progression of inflammatory reactions at the site of injury.

背景与目标： ：伤口愈合是一个复杂的过程，是由凝血，炎症，血管生成和上皮形成等过程相互影响而产生的。趋化因子家族已显示其成员是这些途径中许多的有效调节因子。因为我们先前已经证明趋化因子在生物伤口敷料中“聚集”，所以我们从一组接受慢性静脉腿溃疡治疗的患者中连续研究了CXC和CC趋化因子以及关键的炎症介质的水平。 8周后，所有患者的溃疡均得到了明显的临床治愈（中位数减少了63.3％），其中10例中的2例完全治愈。从敷料中提取的伤口液显示出高水平的血小板因子4和干扰素-γ诱导型蛋白，并且在从组织中收集的组织中，血管生成与血管抑制性CXC趋化因子之和的比例有增加的趋势（p = 0.082）。伤口闭合过程中溃疡的中心。中性粒细胞激活肽2和白细胞介素8引起伤口液中血管生成趋化因子的变化最多，与基线水平相比以及在0至8周的各个时间点记录的患者血浆水平均存在显着差异。与血浆水平相比，血管静息趋化因子，γ-干扰素诱导蛋白10和血小板活化因子4在第0周和第3周之间下降最为明显。观察到的向血管生成性CXC趋化因子的转变表明，慢性静脉功能不全溃疡的有效愈合似乎将溃疡床“移”至更有利于上皮化的状态，这是伤口愈合增殖阶段的特征。与患者血浆水平相比，伤口液样本中的CC趋化因子在基线时也升高。巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1（3和活化受调节，正常T表达和分泌（RANTES）水平随愈合而降低，而单核细胞趋化蛋白-1和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1a的组织水平在第一时间显着增加治疗4周（两者均p≤0.05）。溃疡中心组织中白细胞介素1 R /白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂蛋白的比例稳定增加，这与这些变化相关，也与愈合相关（p <0 .05），而溃疡边缘的比率逐渐降低，伤口液出现双相反应，这些发现表明先进的伤口护理技术有助于将溃疡从慢性发炎状态转变为晚期发炎的另一特征/伤口愈合的早期增殖阶段。趋化因子可能通过影响血管生成和/或炎症的发展而在慢性静脉溃疡的发病过程中发挥关键作用受伤部位的反应性反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：ob / ob和db / db小鼠的主要遗传缺陷的性质尚不清楚。肥胖（ob）和糖尿病（db）突变在同一小鼠品系中均会产生相似的多成分肥胖-高胰岛素血症综合征。为了发现影响兰格罕氏岛或垂体的胰岛的神经内分泌功能的这些突变之间的差异，在肥胖（ob / ob）和糖尿病患者中检查了四种已知能够影响胰岛素分泌速率的神经肽的组织含量（db / db）小鼠。在第一个研究中，研究了C57BL / 6Job / ob和对照男性在3、4和11周的年龄。在第二项研究中，在发育前的3周龄研究了具有性别和两种近交系（C57BL / 6J和C57BL / KsJ）的db / db小鼠，它们在糖尿病表型的表达严重程度上有显着差异。高血糖及其继发后果。在胰腺和垂体的乙酸提取物中测量了免疫反应性肽。在C57BL / 6J株的雄性ob / ob和db / db小鼠之间未发现差异。在瘦瘦对照小鼠中，在3周龄的胰腺Met-脑啡肽-LI和甘丙肽-LI中发现明显的性别差异（雄性含量高2至3倍）。在3周龄的雄性B6 ob / ob和db / db小鼠中，甘丙肽-LI，Met-脑啡肽-LI和亮-脑啡肽-LI的胰腺含量低（比对照小鼠低50％至70％）与高胰岛素血症相关。年龄，但不是在B6 db / db雌性中，也不是在BK s db / db两种性别的小鼠中。（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Submitochondrial particles prepared from rat liver during hepatic regeneration exhibit a depressed ATPase activity which is correlated with a decrease in F1 subunit content as shown by SDS-PAGE. Use of an antibody directed against the F1 portion of the H+-ATPase complex demonstrated that there is a definite decrease in the amount of beta-subunit of F1 in both submitochondrial particles and mitochondria from rat liver 24 h after partial hepatectomy.

背景与目标： 肝再生过程中，从大鼠肝脏制备的线粒体颗粒显示出较低的ATPase活性，这与FDS亚基含量的降低有关，如SDS-PAGE所示。使用针对H -ATPase复合物的F1部分的抗体表明，部分肝切除术后24小时，来自大鼠肝脏的线粒体颗粒和线粒体中F1的β亚基含量明显减少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Trabecular bone strength diminishes as a result of osteoporosis and altered biomechanical loading at the vertebral and spinal levels. The spine consists of the anterior, middle and posterior columns and the load supported by the anterior and middle columns will differ across different regions of the spine. Stress shielding of the anterior column can contribute to bone loss and increase the risk of wedge fracture. There is a lack of quantitative data related to regional spinal bone mineral density distribution over time. We hypothesize that there is an increase in the posterior-to-anterior vertebral body bone mineral density ratio and a decrease in whole-body bone mineral density over time. METHODS:Bone mineral density was measured in 33 subjects using quantitative computed tomography scans for L1-L3 vertebrae, region (anterior and posterior vertebral body), and time (baseline and 6 years after). FINDINGS:Lumbar bone mineral density decreased significantly (Δ: ~15%) from baseline to the 6th year visit. Individual vertebra differences over time (L1: ~14%, L2: ~14%, L3: ~17%) showed statistical significance. Anterior bone mineral density change was significantly greater than in the posterior vertebral body region (Δ anterior: ~18%; Δ posterior: ~13%). Posterior-to-anterior bone mineral density ratio was significantly greater in the 6th year compared to baseline values (mean (SD), 1.33 (0.2) vs. 1.23 (0.1)). INTERPRETATION:This study provides longitudinal quantitative measurement of bone mineral density in vertebrae as well as regional changes in the anterior and posterior regions. Understanding bone mineral density distribution over time may help to decrease the risk of wedge fractures if interventions can be developed to bring spine loading to its normal state.

背景与目标： 背景：由于骨质疏松症以及椎体和脊柱水平的生物力学负荷改变，小梁的骨强度降低。脊柱由前，中和后柱组成，由前柱和中柱支撑的载荷在脊柱的不同区域会有所不同。前柱的应力屏蔽可能会导致骨质流失并增加楔形骨折的风险。缺乏与区域脊柱骨矿物质密度随时间分布有关的定量数据。我们假设随着时间的推移，椎体前后骨矿物质密度比增加，而全身骨矿物质密度降低。
方法：采用定量计算机断层扫描技术对33名受试者的L1-L3椎骨，区域（椎体的前后）和时间（基线及术后6年）进行了骨矿物质密度测量。
结果：从基线到第6年随访，腰椎骨矿物质密度显着降低（Δ：〜15％）。随时间变化的各个椎骨差异（L1：〜14％，L2：〜14％，L3：〜17％）显示出统计学意义。前骨矿物质密度变化显着大于后椎体区域（Δ前：〜18％；Δ后：〜13％）。与基线值相比，第6年的前后骨矿物质密度比显着更高（平均值（SD）为1.33（0.2）对1.23（0.1））。
解释：这项研究提供了纵向定量测量椎骨中骨矿物质密度以及前后区域的变化的信息。如果可以采取干预措施使脊柱负荷恢复到正常状态，那么了解随着时间推移的骨矿物质密度分布可能有助于降低楔形骨折的风险。