BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown experimental and clinical efficacy in a range of neuromodulatory models, even when delivered at low intensity (i.e. subthreshold for action potential generation). After central nervous system (CNS) injury, studies suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia can have detrimental but also beneficial effects; thus modulating glial activity, for example through application of rTMS, could potentially be a useful therapeutic tool following neurotrauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the effect of low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on GFAP (astrocyte), IBA1 (microglial), and CS56 (proteoglycan) expression in a unilateral penetrating cortical stab injury model of glial scarring in young adult and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice received contralateral low frequency, ipsilateral low frequency, ipsilateral high frequency or sham LI-rTMS (4-5mT intensity), for two weeks following injury. There was no significant difference in the overall volume of tissue containing GFAP positive (+) astrocytes, IBA1+ microglia, or proteoglycan expression, between sham and LI-rTMS-treated mice of all ages and sex. Importantly however, the density of GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglia immediately adjacent to the injury was significantly reduced following ipsilateral low and high frequency stimulation in adult and aged females (p≤0.05), but was significantly increased in adult and aged males (p≤0.05). LI-rTMS effects were generally of greater magnitude in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These results suggest that sex differences need to be factored into therapeutic rTMS protocols. In particular, more work analyzing frequency and intensity specific effects, especially in relation to age and sex, is required to determine how rTMS can best be used to modify glial reactivity and phenotype following neurotrauma.

背景与目标： ：反复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）是一种非侵入性的脑刺激形式，即使在低强度下（即产生动作电位的阈值下），也已在一系列神经调节模型中显示出实验和临床功效。中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤后，研究表明反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞可能具有有害作用，但也有有益作用。因此，例如通过应用rTMS调节神经胶质活动可能是神经创伤后的一种有用的治疗工具。免疫组织化学方法用于测量低强度rTMS（LI-rTMS）对单侧穿透性胶质瘢痕形成的成年男性和老年男性的单侧穿透性皮质刺伤模型中GFAP（星形胶质细胞），IBA1（小胶质细胞）和CS56（蛋白聚糖）表达的影响。和雌性C57BL6 / J小鼠。小鼠在受伤后两周接受对侧低频，同侧低频，同侧高频或假LI-rTMS（4-5mT强度）。在假手术和LI-rTMS处理的所有年龄和性别的小鼠之间，含有GFAP阳性（）星形胶质细胞，IBA1小胶质细胞或蛋白聚糖表达的组织总体积均无显着差异。然而重要的是，成年和老年女性在同侧低频和高频刺激后，紧邻损伤的GFAP星形胶质细胞和IBA1小胶质细胞的密度显着降低（p≤0.05），而成年和老年男性显着增加（p≤0.05） ）。与成年小鼠相比，老年小鼠的LI-rTMS效应通常更大。这些结果表明，性别差异需要纳入治疗性rTMS方案中。特别是，需要做更多的工作来分析频率和强度的具体影响，尤其是与年龄和性别相关的影响，以确定rTMS如何最好地用于改变神经外伤后的神经胶质反应性和表型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.

背景与目标： ：研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联以及新生儿重症监护。在连续的2003-2008年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中，使用了来自11,583名新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露获得新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受强化新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比，产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低相关，为-203.0 g±32.5，P <0.001。出生体重的变化在男婴为-220.2 g±44.5和女婴为-184.1 g±38.8之间。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更可能具有较低的出生体重，比值比为1.46，P <0.03，并且接受新生儿重症监护，比值比为1.20； P ＜0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前孕妇吸烟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possibility that endocrine factors may influence the clinical course of malignant melanoma is suggested by the superior survival data of women. In preclinical models we observed a higher rate of colony formation by human melanoma cells in male compared to female SCID mice, but only in the case of the liver and not in other organs. The gender difference could be seen at an early phase of colony formation. On the other hand, in our human melanoma cell lines we failed to detect steroid receptor protein expression, and treatment with sex hormones did not considerably influence their in vitro behavior. Investigating the possible contribution of host cells to the observed gender difference, we performed in vivo blocking experiments applying pretreatment of the animals with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride and the NK cell inhibitor anti-asialo GM1 antibody. While Kupffer cell blockade enhanced melanoma liver colonization equally in the two sexes, a more prominent increase was observed in female than in male mice in the case of NK cell inhibition. Further supporting the importance of NK cells in the lower liver colonization efficiency of melanoma cells in females, gender difference in colony formation was lost in NSG mice lacking NK activity. Although in humans no organ selectivity of gender difference in melanoma progression has been observed according to data in the literature, our results possibly indicate a contribution of natural host defense mechanisms to gender difference in survival of patients with melanoma or other tumor types as well.

背景与目标： 女性优越的生存率数据提示内分泌因素可能影响恶性黑色素瘤的临床进程。在临床前模型中，我们观察到，与雌性SCID小鼠相比，雄性人黑素瘤细胞在雄性中的集落形成率更高，但仅在肝脏而不是在其他器官中。可以在菌落形成的早期阶段看到性别差异。另一方面，在我们的人类黑素瘤细胞系中，我们未能检测到类固醇受体蛋白的表达，而性激素的治疗​​并未显着影响其体外行为。为了研究宿主细胞对观察到的性别差异的可能贡献，我们进行了体内阻断实验，该实验应用了用Kupffer细胞抑制剂氯化chloride和NK细胞抑制剂抗亚洲GM1抗体对动物进行预处理的实验。虽然库普弗细胞阻断剂在两个性别中均能平等地增强黑色素瘤的肝脏定植，但在抑制NK细胞的情况下，雌性小鼠比雄性小鼠观察到更明显的增加。进一步证实了NK细胞在降低雌性黑素瘤细胞肝脏定植效率中的重要性，在缺乏NK活性的NSG小鼠中，丧失了克隆形成的性别差异。尽管在人类中，根据文献中的数据，没有观察到器官对黑素瘤进展中性别差异的选择性，但我们的结果可能表明，天然宿主防御机制对黑素瘤或其他肿瘤类型患者的生存中的性别差异也有贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： ：吡虫啉喷在芒果简历上。在花前期，以6-8厘米穗大小（3月的第一周），以0.3 mL L（-1）的水量的Dashehari，以控制漏斗和碳硫丹在树上的树木中以2.0 mL L（-1）的水量喷洒芒果杂种（H-1000）在果实发育阶段（5月的第一周）以控制叶片韦伯。在水果发育和成熟的不同阶段，对果皮，果肉和水果中两种杀虫剂的残留进行了分析。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留分别为果皮，果肉和整个水果中的1.21、0.56和1.77 mg kg（-1）。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在果肉中持续50天，并以38天的半衰期消散。收获时（喷洒85天后）成熟的Dashehari果实不含吡虫啉残留。芒果皮中的硫丹从收获时（喷雾45天后）从5.30 mg kg（-1）（喷雾1 h后）消散至0.05 mg kg（-1）。喷洒1 h后纸浆中的硫丹残留量非常低（0.08 mg kg（-1）），经过10天后逐渐增加至0.90 mg kg（-1），最后在26天后降至0.04 mg kg（-1）喷涂天数。收获时在果肉中未检测到杀虫剂残留。残留物在果肉中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，并以7天的半衰期降解。吡虫啉和硫丹的消散都遵循整个水果（果皮果皮）中的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，碳硫丹为46天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-regulation processes and violent contexts play an important role in predicting adolescents' aggressive behavior; less clear is how all three constructs are linked to each other over time. The present study examined the longitudinal relations among adolescents' self-reported effortful control (EC), exposure to community violence, both as a witness and as a victim, and aggressive behavior. Participants were 768 Italian adolescents (358 males) living in a high-risk context, with a mean age at T1 of 11 years in the younger cohort and 14 years in the older cohort. In a four-wave cross-lagged panel design, low EC was a strong predictor of aggressive behavior across each time point, whereas aggressive behavior was found to positively predict adolescents' violence exposure both as witnesses and victims. Some evidence of transactional relations was also found between adjustment problems and exposure to community violence and between EC and externalizing problems. Moreover, EC was indirectly related to exposure to violence through externalizing problems, and mediated the relation of witnessing community violence to aggression, thus supporting the view that top-down regulatory processes play a complex role in the development of violence and other externalizing problems. The importance of considering interventions that take in account these complex relations is discussed.

背景与目标： ：自我调节过程和暴力环境在预测青少年的攻击行为中起着重要作用；随着时间的流逝，所有三个构造如何相互链接还不清楚。本研究研究了青少年自我报告的努力控制（EC），作为证人和受害者的社区暴力暴露以及攻击行为之间的纵向关系。参与者为768名意大利青少年（358名男性），他们生活在高风险的环境中，年轻队列的平均T1年龄为11岁，老年队列的平均年龄为14岁。在四波交叉滞后面板设计中，低EC是每个时间点攻击行为的有力预测指标，而发现攻击行为可以正面预测青少年作为证人和受害者的暴力行为。在调整问题与社区暴力的暴露之间以及欧共体与外部化问题之间也发现了交易关系的一些证据。此外，欧共体通过外部化问题间接地暴露于暴力之中，并介导了见证社区暴力与侵略之间的关系，从而支持了自上而下的监管程序在暴力和其他外部化问题的发展中起着复杂作用的观点。讨论了考虑到这些复杂关系的干预措施的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.

背景与目标： ：这篇综述描述了青少年的流行病学，病理生理学，危险因素，自杀行为的治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一，青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题，在过去的几十年中，青少年自杀率呈上升趋势。被认为是导致最近年轻人自杀行为增加的一个重要危险因素，是青少年酗酒的增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系非常复杂，多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年自杀行为非常重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的共病心理病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。在家中使用酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀的风险。对压力荷尔蒙，大脑神经递质，遗传因素，行为方式和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了便利。理想情况下，对被诊断患有饮酒障碍和并发自杀的青少年的治疗应遵循针对两种情况的综合方案。值得进一步研究青少年酗酒和/或滥用药物自杀的心理和神经生物学机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-compliance with oral self-care recommendations, despite education and motivation, is a major problem in preventive dentistry. Forming concrete if-then action plans has been successful in changing self-care behavior in other areas of preventive medicine. This is the first trial to test the effects of a brief planning intervention on interdental hygiene behavior. Two hundred thirty-nine participants received a packet of floss, information, and a flossing guide. They were randomly assigned to a control or an intervention group. The intervention took 1.16 minutes and consisted of forming a concrete plan of where, when, and how to floss. Baseline measures and two-week and two-month follow-ups included self-report, residual floss, and theory of planned behavior variables. The intervention significantly affected flossing in that group at two-week and two-month follow-ups, as compared with the control group. This study provides evidence for the effects of a concise intervention on oral self-care behavior.

背景与目标： ：尽管有教育和动机，但仍未遵守口腔自我保健的建议，是预防牙科的主要问题。制定具体的“如果-则-则”行动计划已成功地改变了其他预防医学领域的自我保健行为。这是第一个测试简短的计划干预对牙齿间卫生行为影响的试验。 239名参与者收到了一包牙线，信息和牙线指南。他们被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预过程花了1.16分钟，包括制定何时何地，何时以及如何使用牙线的具体计划。基线测量以及两周和两个月的随访包括自我报告，残留牙线和计划的行为变量理论。与对照组相比，干预在两周和两个月的随访中显着影响了该组的牙线剔除。这项研究为简洁干预对口腔自我护理行为的影响提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS) purports to measure attitudes and values pertaining to and in support of criminal conduct (Andrews & Bonta, 2003). A sample of 72 sex offenders treated in a high intensity sex offender program completed the CSS pre- and post-treatment and was followed up for approximately 3 years. The CSS demonstrated high internal consistency. Correlational and ROC analyses indicated that the CSS is a robust predictor of non-sexual violent and non-violent recidivism. The CSS also correlated significantly with the General Statistical Information on Recidivism Scale which assesses non-sexual recidivism risk. Similar analyses showed that the CSS did not predict sexual recidivism nor did it correlate with a tool that assesses sexual recidivism risk-the Static 99. The CSS scores changed significantly in the predicted direction following treatment. The present results suggest that the CSS is an internally consistent tool for the assessment of criminal sentiments among sex offenders and that it predicts non-sexual but not sexual recidivism.

背景与目标： ：犯罪情感量表（CSS）旨在衡量与犯罪行为有关并支持犯罪行为的态度和价值观（Andrews＆Bonta，2003年）。在高强度性罪犯计划中接受治疗的72名性罪犯的样本完成了CSS的前后治疗，并进行了大约3年的随访。 CSS表现出很高的内部一致性。相关性和ROC分析表明，CSS是非性暴力和非暴力累犯的有力预测指标。 CSS还与“累犯综合统计量表”（该统计量表评估了非性累犯风险）有显着相关性。相似的分析表明，CSS不能预测性累犯，也不能与评估性累犯风险的工具-静态99相关。治疗后，CSS得分在预测的方向上发生了显着变化。目前的结果表明，CSS是一种内部一致的工具，可用于评估性犯罪者中的犯罪情绪，并且它可以预测非性但非性累犯。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Growth hormone (GH) is a major regulator of growth, somatic development and body composition. Sex steroids can act centrally by regulating GH secretion and peripherally modulating GH responsiveness. This review addresses data of potential clinical relevance on how sex steroids modulate GH secretion and action, aiming to increase the understanding of sex steroid/GH interactions and leading to improved management of patients. Sex steroids regulate GH secretion directly as well as indirectly through IGF-I modulation. Testosterone stimulates GH secretion centrally, an effect dependent on prior aromatization to oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates GH secretion indirectly by reducing IGF-I feedback inhibition. Whether oestrogen stimulates GH secretion centrally in females is unresolved. Gonadal steroids modify the metabolic effects of GH. Testosterone amplifies GH stimulation of IGF-I, sodium retention, substrate metabolism and protein anabolism while exhibiting similar but independent actions of its own. Oestrogen attenuates GH action by inhibiting GH-regulated endocrine function of the liver. This is a concentration-dependent phenomenon that arises invariably from oral administration of therapeutic doses of oestrogen, an effect that can be avoided by using a parenteral route. This strong modulatory effect of gonadal steroids on GH responsiveness provides insights into the biological basis of sexual dimorphism in growth, development and body composition and practical information for the clinical endocrinologist. It calls for an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria for GH deficiency of GH stimulation tests, which currently are based on arbitrary cut-offs that do not take into account the shifting baseline from the changing gonadal steroid milieu. In the management of GH deficiency in the hypopituitary female, oestrogen should be administered by a nonoral route. In hypopituitary men, androgens should be replaced concurrently to maximize the benefits of GH. In the general population, the metabolic consequences of long-term treatment of women with oral oestrogen compounds, including selective oestrogen receptor modulators, are largely unknown and warrant study.

背景与目标： ：生长激素（GH）是生长，体细胞发育和身体成分的主要调节剂。性类固醇可以通过调节GH分泌并在外围调节GH反应性来发挥中心作用。这篇综述探讨了有关性类固醇如何调节GH分泌和作用的潜在临床相关性数据，旨在增进对性类固醇/ GH相互作用的了解并改善患者的管理。性类固醇直接或通过IGF-I调节间接调节GH的分泌。睾丸激素可集中刺激GH分泌，其作用取决于先前对雌激素的芳香化作用。雌激素通过减少IGF-1反馈抑制作用间接刺激GH分泌。雌激素是否能集中刺激女性的GH分泌尚无定论。性腺类固醇会改变GH的代谢作用。睾丸激素可放大IGF-1的GH刺激，钠保留，底物代谢和蛋白质合成代谢，同时表现出类似但独立的作用。雌激素通过抑制GH调节的肝脏内分泌功能来减弱GH的作用。这是一种浓度依赖性现象，总是由口服治疗剂量的雌激素引起，这种现象可以通过肠胃外途径避免。性腺类固醇对GH反应性的这种强大调节作用为临床内分泌学家提供了有关生长，发育和身体组成方面性二态性的生物学基础的见解，并为临床内分泌学家提供了实用信息。它要求评估GH刺激试验中GH缺乏的诊断标准，该诊断标准目前基于任意临界值，该临界值未考虑来自不断变化的性腺类固醇环境的基线变化。在垂体下垂体GH缺乏症的治疗中，应通过非口服途径给予雌激素。在垂体下垂的男性中，应同时更换雄激素以最大程度地增加GH的益处。在一般人群中，口服雌激素化合物（包括选择性雌激素受体调节剂）对妇女进行长期治疗的代谢后果在很大程度上尚不清楚，值得研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Millions of people worldwide use over-the-counter analgesics on a regular basis; yet little is known about how decisions to self-medicate are made. This study used the theory of planned behavior to explore the influence of beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire) and individual pain experience as predictors of intent to self-medicate. Both emerged as significant predictors of intent to self-medicate. Furthermore, intent to self-medicate significantly predicted reported use of analgesics. These findings indicate that use of over-the-counter pain medication is more likely when the value of the pain relief is greater than concerns about harm.

背景与目标： ：全球有数百万人定期使用非处方镇痛药；关于如何做出自我服药的决定知之甚少。这项研究使用计划行为理论来探索关于药物的信念（关于药物问卷的信念）和个体疼痛经历作为自我药物治疗意图的预测因素的影响。两者都成为自我药物治疗意愿的重要预测指标。此外，自我治疗的意图显着预测了已报告的止痛药的使用。这些发现表明，当止痛药的价值大于对伤害的担忧时，更可能使用非处方止痛药。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cytogenetic characteristics of Eigenmannia aff. trilineata were analyzed by basic and molecular cytogenetics, applying fluorescent in situ hybridization, with 18S and 5S rDNA and U2 snRNA probes. The species revealed a kind of polymorphism associated to ZZ/Z0 type sex chromosomes, with 2n = 32 (8m+2sm+22a, NF = 42) in all males under analysis, whereas females evidenced 2n = 31 (8m+1sm+22a, NF = 40). C-banding showed constitutive heterochromatin restricted to the pericentromeric region of all chromosomes and single-nucleolus organized regions on pair 11. A site for rDNA 5S was synthetic with a cluster of rDNA 18S near the centromere on the long arm of only one homologue of pair 11. Other clusters for 5S rDNA were sited on pairs 7, 10, 12, 13, and 16. Further, 5S rDNA was co-located with U2 cluster in the pericentromeric region of pair 12. Joint analysis of DNA barcoding from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences, generated from the karyotyped samples of E. aff. trilineata, and sequences of other Gymnotiforms recognized E. aff. trilineata as an Operational Taxonomic Unit. Results foreground the hypothesis that cytotypes are independent evolution units as cryptic species with a low morphological differentiation level, although with high genetic/karyotype differentiation rates.

背景与目标： ：本征曼氏体的细胞遗传学特征。用基本的和分子的细胞遗传学方法对三线虫进行了分析，并使用荧光原位杂交技术与18S和5S rDNA和U2 snRNA探针进行了杂交。该物种显示出一种与ZZ / Z0型性染色体相关的多态性，在分析中，所有雄性均为2n = 32（8m 2sm 22a，NF = 42），而雌性则显示为2n = 31（8m 1sm 22a，NF = 40）。 。 C谱带显示组成性异染色质仅限于对11上所有染色体的着丝粒区域和单核仁组织区域。一个rDNA 5S的位点是合成的，在着丝点附近长着丝粒的rDNA 18S簇只有一对同源。 11. 5S rDNA的其他簇位于对7、10、12、13和16。此外，5S rDNA与U2簇共位于对12的着丝粒区域中。联合分析来自细胞色素c氧化酶的DNA条形码亚型I（COI）序列，从aff。aff。的核型样​​本中产生。 trilineata，和其他裸Gym科动物的序列公认的大肠杆菌。 trilineata作为业务分类单位。结果提出了这样的假说，即细胞类型是作为隐性物种的独立进化单位，具有较低的形态分化水平，尽管具有较高的遗传/核型分化率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.

背景与目标： ：该研究的目的是阐明肥胖非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者的血清循环脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）与通过生活方式改变和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33例在日托室中接受稳定抗精神病药物治疗，至少3个月的精神分裂症肥胖非糖尿病患者。纳入30名年龄，体重匹配且无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划，包括在日间护理室进行的生活方式改变，心理社会治疗，行为疗法和锻炼。在该程序之前和之后，评估了血液生化，血清BDNF，脂肪因子（脂联素），炎性标志物（C反应蛋白，肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-6）以及口服葡萄糖耐量测试。与对照组相比，精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减重计划后，血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总而言之，我们的结果表明，在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中，非药物减肥计划可以有效减轻体重，同时血清BDNF水平显着升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Do free will beliefs influence moral judgments? Answers to this question from theoretical and empirical perspectives are controversial. This study attempted to replicate past research and offer theoretical insights by analyzing World Values Survey data from residents of 46 countries (n = 65,111 persons). Corroborating experimental findings, free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors and support for severe criminal punishment. Further, the link between free will beliefs and intolerance of unethical behavior was moderated by variations in countries' institutional integrity, defined as the degree to which countries had accountable, corruption-free public sectors. Free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors for residents of countries with high and moderate institutional integrity, but this correlation was not seen for countries with low institutional integrity. Free will beliefs predicted support for criminal punishment regardless of countries' institutional integrity. Results were robust across different operationalizations of institutional integrity and with or without statistical control variables.

背景与目标： ：信仰自由会影响道德判断吗？从理论和经验的角度对这个问题的回答是有争议的。这项研究试图通过分析来自46个国家（n = 65,111人）的居民的世界价值调查数据来复制过去的研究并提供理论上的见解。证实实验结果，自由意志信念预测不道德行为的不容忍，并支持严厉的刑事惩罚。此外，自由意志信仰与不道德行为的不容忍之间的联系因国家制度完整性的变化而缓和，国家制度完整性的变化是各国对问责制，无腐败公共部门的重视程度。自由意志信念预示着制度健全程度中等的国家的居民对不道德行为的不容忍，但对于制度健全程度较低的国家则没有这种相关性。自由意志信念预示了对刑事惩罚的支持，而与国家的体制完整性无关。在有或没有统计控制变量的情况下，机构完整性的不同运作结果均十分可靠。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously demonstrated that dark materials (DM) in acidified molasses are effectively adsorbed to Amberlite XAD7HP resin and are eluted from the resin with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. In this paper, we have characterized the self-assembly behavior of molasses DM by using dynamic and static light scattering in combination with isoelectric focusing and infrared absorption spectroscopy in order to better understand the resin adsorption mechanism. One of DM derivatives, X-G2, contained carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and had a weight-average molar mass of 9.39 × 10(3) to 4.42 × 10(4) at pH 2.1-11.5. The aggregates retained their spherical shape over the full pH range and the large gyration radius (66.4-80.0 nm) indicated that the inner structure was loosely packed. Furthermore, X-G2 had an isoelectric point of 1.8, and its density increased sharply at pH 5.9 and then approached a nearly constant value under alkaline conditions. In summary, the self-assembly processes of DM are controlled by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The aggregates adsorb to the resin through hydrophobic interactions and are eluted when excess carboxylate anions are generated.

背景与目标： ：我们之前已经证明，酸化糖蜜中的深色物质（DM）可有效吸附到Amberlite XAD7HP树脂上，并用0.1 M氢氧化钠从树脂上洗脱。本文通过动态和静态光散射结合等电聚焦和红外吸收光谱对糖蜜DM的自组装行为进行了表征，以更好地理解树脂的吸附机理。 DM衍生物之一X-G2含有羧基和羟基，在pH 2.1-11.5时的重均摩尔质量为9.39×10（3）至4.42×10（4）。聚集体在整个pH范围内均保持球形，大回转半径（66.4-80.0 nm）表明内部结构疏松堆积。此外，X-G2的等电点为1.8，其密度在pH 5.9时急剧增加，然后在碱性条件下接近接近恒定值。总之，DM的自组装过程是通过分子间氢键和疏水相互作用来控制的。聚集体通过疏水相互作用吸附到树脂上，并在生成过量的羧酸根阴离子时被洗脱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sexual dimorphisms are prevalent in development, physiology and diseases in humans. Currently, the contributions of the genes on the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) in these processes are uncertain. Using a transgene activation system, the human sex-determining gene hSRY is activated in the single-cell embryos of the mouse. Pups with hSRY activated (hSRYON) are born of similar sizes as those of non-activated controls. However, they retard significantly in postnatal growth and development and all die of multi-organ failure before two weeks of age. Pathological and molecular analyses indicate that hSRYON pups lack innate suckling activities, and develop fatty liver disease, arrested alveologenesis in the lung, impaired neurogenesis in the brain and occasional myocardial fibrosis and minimized thymus development. Transcriptome analysis shows that, in addition to those unique to the respective organs, various cell growth and survival pathways and functions are differentially affected in the transgenic mice. These observations suggest that ectopic activation of a Y-located SRY gene could exert male-specific effects in development and physiology of multiple organs, thereby contributing to sexual dimorphisms in normal biological functions and disease processes in affected individuals.

背景与目标： 性双态性在人类的发育，生理和疾病中普遍存在。目前，这些过程中Y染色体（MSY）的男性特定区域上的基因贡献尚不确定。使用转基因激活系统，人类性别决定基因hSRY在小鼠的单细胞胚胎中被激活。激活了hSRY的幼犬（hSRYON）的大小与未激活的对照相似。然而，它们在出生后的生长和发育中显着地延迟，并且在两周龄之前都死于多器官衰竭。病理和分子分析表明，hSRYON幼崽缺乏先天的哺乳活动，并发展为脂肪肝疾病，阻止了肺中的肺泡形成，大脑中的神经发生受损以及偶发的心肌纤维化，并使胸腺的发育减至最小。转录组分析表明，除了各个器官特有的那些外，转基因小鼠中各种细胞的生长，存活途径和功能也受到不同的影响。这些观察结果表明，异位激活Y-定位的SRY基因可以在多个器官的发育和生理中发挥雄性特异性作用，从而在受影响个体的正常生物学功能和疾病过程中促成性二态性。