BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.

背景与目标： ：孕产妇的行为涉及视神经内侧视前区（MPOA）和纹状体终末腹侧核（VBST）的母亲行为，但尚未确定与母亲相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在孕产妇行为期间表达Fos，因此我们使用双重标记免疫细胞化学方法检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素（WGA），以确定这些Fos神经元的位置。在产后第4天，将完全产妇的母猪从其产仔中分离出来。在第5天，将WGA离子电渗注入已知可接收MPOA和/或VBST输入的以下区域之一：外侧中隔，腹侧内侧丘脑，腹侧核，腹侧被膜区，腹侧被盖区，后睑缘视野或导水管周围灰色。在第7天，雌性接受幼犬或糖果进行2小时的测试，然后对它们进行灌注，并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。不出所料，用幼犬测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中的含Fos的神经元要多于用糖果进行测验的雌性。 WGA注射到多个大脑部位后，与非母体雌性相比，母体雌性在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此，这些结果指出了在孕产妇行为中被激活的神经回路。对于孕产妇，MPOA中含有Fos的神经元在腹膜内侧核和外侧中隔的投射力最强，而VBST中含有Fos的神经元在后睑内侧，腹侧被膜的投射力最强。区域和内侧下丘脑。尽管在产妇行为中表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少，但会投射到导水管周围的灰色，但这些表达Fos的神经元在MPOA和VBST投射至导水管周围的灰色中所占的比例相对较大。这项研究表明，MPOA和VBST传出可投射到多个区域，以促进全面的孕产妇反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。 VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明，这些妇女抵达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：ob / ob和db / db小鼠的主要遗传缺陷的性质尚不清楚。肥胖（ob）和糖尿病（db）突变在同一小鼠品系中均会产生相似的多成分肥胖-高胰岛素血症综合征。为了发现影响兰格罕氏岛或垂体的胰岛的神经内分泌功能的这些突变之间的差异，在肥胖（ob / ob）和糖尿病患者中检查了四种已知能够影响胰岛素分泌速率的神经肽的组织含量（db / db）小鼠。在第一个研究中，研究了C57BL / 6Job / ob和对照男性在3、4和11周的年龄。在第二项研究中，在发育前的3周龄研究了具有性别和两种近交系（C57BL / 6J和C57BL / KsJ）的db / db小鼠，它们在糖尿病表型的表达严重程度上有显着差异。高血糖及其继发后果。在胰腺和垂体的乙酸提取物中测量了免疫反应性肽。在C57BL / 6J株的雄性ob / ob和db / db小鼠之间未发现差异。在瘦瘦对照小鼠中，在3周龄的胰腺Met-脑啡肽-LI和甘丙肽-LI中发现明显的性别差异（雄性含量高2至3倍）。在3周龄的雄性B6 ob / ob和db / db小鼠中，甘丙肽-LI，Met-脑啡肽-LI和亮-脑啡肽-LI的胰腺含量低（比对照小鼠低50％至70％）与高胰岛素血症相关。年龄，但不是在B6 db / db雌性中，也不是在BK s db / db两种性别的小鼠中。（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that involves the interaction of several modalities and higher-order cognitive functions and that results in behavioral, structural, and functional changes on time scales ranging from days to years. While early work focused on comparison of musical experts and novices, more recently an increasing number of controlled training studies provide clear experimental evidence for training effects. Here, we review research investigating brain plasticity induced by musical training, highlight common patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of such plasticity, and integrate these studies with findings and models for mechanisms of plasticity in other domains.

背景与目标： ：音乐训练已成为研究人脑与训练有关的可塑性的有用框架。学习演奏乐器是一项高度复杂的任务，涉及多种模式和高阶认知功能的相互作用，并导致行为，结构和功能发生变化，时间范围从数天到数年不等。早期的工作着重于音乐专家和新手之间的比较，而最近，越来越多的受控训练研究为训练效果提供了明确的实验证据。在这里，我们回顾研究由音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性的研究，突出显示这种可塑性的常见模式和可能的潜在机制，并将这些研究与其他领域的可塑性机制的发现和模型相结合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究评估了来自中国昆明市的青春期女性性工作者（FSW）的性行为冒险和性传播感染（STI）（包括HIV）的社会和行为预测因素。此外，还评估了卫生服务的需求和使用。
方法：2010年进行了横断面调查。通过滚雪球和便利抽样，从昆明的四个市区招募了自我识别的FSW。从当地同支持组织确定的训练有素的访调员对同意参加的妇女进行半结构化问卷调查。采访之后，进行了妇科检查和生物采样以识别潜在的性传播感染。进行了描述性和多变量logistic回归分析。
结果：青少年FSW的平均年龄为18.2岁，并报告了许多无偿性伴侣，一致使用避孕套的比例很低（22.2％）。在过去的一周中，有一半（50.3％）的被调查者曾发生过至少一次醉酒的性行为，其中56.4％的人未使用安全套保护措施。在这一组中，性传播感染的患病率总体较高（30.4％）。人们发现，年龄较小，性行为初次出现，与学校和家庭隔离，性工作时间短以及使用非法药物是无保护性行为和性传播感染存在的强烈预测因素。相反，获得安全套宣传，免费的艾滋病毒咨询和检测以及同伴教育的机会与较少受到保护的性行为有关。大多数人报告需要健康知识，免费避孕套和低成本的STI诊断和治疗。
结论：迫切需要提高针对青少年FSW的现有干预措施的覆盖面，可及性和效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown experimental and clinical efficacy in a range of neuromodulatory models, even when delivered at low intensity (i.e. subthreshold for action potential generation). After central nervous system (CNS) injury, studies suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia can have detrimental but also beneficial effects; thus modulating glial activity, for example through application of rTMS, could potentially be a useful therapeutic tool following neurotrauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the effect of low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on GFAP (astrocyte), IBA1 (microglial), and CS56 (proteoglycan) expression in a unilateral penetrating cortical stab injury model of glial scarring in young adult and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice received contralateral low frequency, ipsilateral low frequency, ipsilateral high frequency or sham LI-rTMS (4-5mT intensity), for two weeks following injury. There was no significant difference in the overall volume of tissue containing GFAP positive (+) astrocytes, IBA1+ microglia, or proteoglycan expression, between sham and LI-rTMS-treated mice of all ages and sex. Importantly however, the density of GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglia immediately adjacent to the injury was significantly reduced following ipsilateral low and high frequency stimulation in adult and aged females (p≤0.05), but was significantly increased in adult and aged males (p≤0.05). LI-rTMS effects were generally of greater magnitude in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These results suggest that sex differences need to be factored into therapeutic rTMS protocols. In particular, more work analyzing frequency and intensity specific effects, especially in relation to age and sex, is required to determine how rTMS can best be used to modify glial reactivity and phenotype following neurotrauma.

背景与目标： ：反复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）是一种非侵入性的脑刺激形式，即使在低强度下（即产生动作电位的阈值下），也已在一系列神经调节模型中显示出实验和临床功效。中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤后，研究表明反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞可能具有有害作用，但也有有益作用。因此，例如通过应用rTMS调节神经胶质活动可能是神经创伤后的一种有用的治疗工具。免疫组织化学方法用于测量低强度rTMS（LI-rTMS）对单侧穿透性胶质瘢痕形成的成年男性和老年男性的单侧穿透性皮质刺伤模型中GFAP（星形胶质细胞），IBA1（小胶质细胞）和CS56（蛋白聚糖）表达的影响。和雌性C57BL6 / J小鼠。小鼠在受伤后两周接受对侧低频，同侧低频，同侧高频或假LI-rTMS（4-5mT强度）。在假手术和LI-rTMS处理的所有年龄和性别的小鼠之间，含有GFAP阳性（）星形胶质细胞，IBA1小胶质细胞或蛋白聚糖表达的组织总体积均无显着差异。然而重要的是，成年和老年女性在同侧低频和高频刺激后，紧邻损伤的GFAP星形胶质细胞和IBA1小胶质细胞的密度显着降低（p≤0.05），而成年和老年男性显着增加（p≤0.05） ）。与成年小鼠相比，老年小鼠的LI-rTMS效应通常更大。这些结果表明，性别差异需要纳入治疗性rTMS方案中。特别是，需要做更多的工作来分析频率和强度的具体影响，尤其是与年龄和性别相关的影响，以确定rTMS如何最好地用于改变神经外伤后的神经胶质反应性和表型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.

背景与目标： ：研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联以及新生儿重症监护。在连续的2003-2008年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中，使用了来自11,583名新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露获得新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受强化新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比，产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低相关，为-203.0 g±32.5，P <0.001。出生体重的变化在男婴为-220.2 g±44.5和女婴为-184.1 g±38.8之间。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更可能具有较低的出生体重，比值比为1.46，P <0.03，并且接受新生儿重症监护，比值比为1.20； P ＜0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前孕妇吸烟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possibility that endocrine factors may influence the clinical course of malignant melanoma is suggested by the superior survival data of women. In preclinical models we observed a higher rate of colony formation by human melanoma cells in male compared to female SCID mice, but only in the case of the liver and not in other organs. The gender difference could be seen at an early phase of colony formation. On the other hand, in our human melanoma cell lines we failed to detect steroid receptor protein expression, and treatment with sex hormones did not considerably influence their in vitro behavior. Investigating the possible contribution of host cells to the observed gender difference, we performed in vivo blocking experiments applying pretreatment of the animals with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride and the NK cell inhibitor anti-asialo GM1 antibody. While Kupffer cell blockade enhanced melanoma liver colonization equally in the two sexes, a more prominent increase was observed in female than in male mice in the case of NK cell inhibition. Further supporting the importance of NK cells in the lower liver colonization efficiency of melanoma cells in females, gender difference in colony formation was lost in NSG mice lacking NK activity. Although in humans no organ selectivity of gender difference in melanoma progression has been observed according to data in the literature, our results possibly indicate a contribution of natural host defense mechanisms to gender difference in survival of patients with melanoma or other tumor types as well.

背景与目标： 女性优越的生存率数据提示内分泌因素可能影响恶性黑色素瘤的临床进程。在临床前模型中，我们观察到，与雌性SCID小鼠相比，雄性人黑素瘤细胞在雄性中的集落形成率更高，但仅在肝脏而不是在其他器官中。可以在菌落形成的早期阶段看到性别差异。另一方面，在我们的人类黑素瘤细胞系中，我们未能检测到类固醇受体蛋白的表达，而性激素的治疗​​并未显着影响其体外行为。为了研究宿主细胞对观察到的性别差异的可能贡献，我们进行了体内阻断实验，该实验应用了用Kupffer细胞抑制剂氯化chloride和NK细胞抑制剂抗亚洲GM1抗体对动物进行预处理的实验。虽然库普弗细胞阻断剂在两个性别中均能平等地增强黑色素瘤的肝脏定植，但在抑制NK细胞的情况下，雌性小鼠比雄性小鼠观察到更明显的增加。进一步证实了NK细胞在降低雌性黑素瘤细胞肝脏定植效率中的重要性，在缺乏NK活性的NSG小鼠中，丧失了克隆形成的性别差异。尽管在人类中，根据文献中的数据，没有观察到器官对黑素瘤进展中性别差异的选择性，但我们的结果可能表明，天然宿主防御机制对黑素瘤或其他肿瘤类型患者的生存中的性别差异也有贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： ：吡虫啉喷在芒果简历上。在花前期，以6-8厘米穗大小（3月的第一周），以0.3 mL L（-1）的水量的Dashehari，以控制漏斗和碳硫丹在树上的树木中以2.0 mL L（-1）的水量喷洒芒果杂种（H-1000）在果实发育阶段（5月的第一周）以控制叶片韦伯。在水果发育和成熟的不同阶段，对果皮，果肉和水果中两种杀虫剂的残留进行了分析。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留分别为果皮，果肉和整个水果中的1.21、0.56和1.77 mg kg（-1）。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在果肉中持续50天，并以38天的半衰期消散。收获时（喷洒85天后）成熟的Dashehari果实不含吡虫啉残留。芒果皮中的硫丹从收获时（喷雾45天后）从5.30 mg kg（-1）（喷雾1 h后）消散至0.05 mg kg（-1）。喷洒1 h后纸浆中的硫丹残留量非常低（0.08 mg kg（-1）），经过10天后逐渐增加至0.90 mg kg（-1），最后在26天后降至0.04 mg kg（-1）喷涂天数。收获时在果肉中未检测到杀虫剂残留。残留物在果肉中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，并以7天的半衰期降解。吡虫啉和硫丹的消散都遵循整个水果（果皮果皮）中的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，碳硫丹为46天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-regulation processes and violent contexts play an important role in predicting adolescents' aggressive behavior; less clear is how all three constructs are linked to each other over time. The present study examined the longitudinal relations among adolescents' self-reported effortful control (EC), exposure to community violence, both as a witness and as a victim, and aggressive behavior. Participants were 768 Italian adolescents (358 males) living in a high-risk context, with a mean age at T1 of 11 years in the younger cohort and 14 years in the older cohort. In a four-wave cross-lagged panel design, low EC was a strong predictor of aggressive behavior across each time point, whereas aggressive behavior was found to positively predict adolescents' violence exposure both as witnesses and victims. Some evidence of transactional relations was also found between adjustment problems and exposure to community violence and between EC and externalizing problems. Moreover, EC was indirectly related to exposure to violence through externalizing problems, and mediated the relation of witnessing community violence to aggression, thus supporting the view that top-down regulatory processes play a complex role in the development of violence and other externalizing problems. The importance of considering interventions that take in account these complex relations is discussed.

背景与目标： ：自我调节过程和暴力环境在预测青少年的攻击行为中起着重要作用；随着时间的流逝，所有三个构造如何相互链接还不清楚。本研究研究了青少年自我报告的努力控制（EC），作为证人和受害者的社区暴力暴露以及攻击行为之间的纵向关系。参与者为768名意大利青少年（358名男性），他们生活在高风险的环境中，年轻队列的平均T1年龄为11岁，老年队列的平均年龄为14岁。在四波交叉滞后面板设计中，低EC是每个时间点攻击行为的有力预测指标，而发现攻击行为可以正面预测青少年作为证人和受害者的暴力行为。在调整问题与社区暴力的暴露之间以及欧共体与外部化问题之间也发现了交易关系的一些证据。此外，欧共体通过外部化问题间接地暴露于暴力之中，并介导了见证社区暴力与侵略之间的关系，从而支持了自上而下的监管程序在暴力和其他外部化问题的发展中起着复杂作用的观点。讨论了考虑到这些复杂关系的干预措施的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.

背景与目标： ：这篇综述描述了青少年的流行病学，病理生理学，危险因素，自杀行为的治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一，青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题，在过去的几十年中，青少年自杀率呈上升趋势。被认为是导致最近年轻人自杀行为增加的一个重要危险因素，是青少年酗酒的增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系非常复杂，多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年自杀行为非常重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的共病心理病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。在家中使用酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀的风险。对压力荷尔蒙，大脑神经递质，遗传因素，行为方式和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了便利。理想情况下，对被诊断患有饮酒障碍和并发自杀的青少年的治疗应遵循针对两种情况的综合方案。值得进一步研究青少年酗酒和/或滥用药物自杀的心理和神经生物学机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-compliance with oral self-care recommendations, despite education and motivation, is a major problem in preventive dentistry. Forming concrete if-then action plans has been successful in changing self-care behavior in other areas of preventive medicine. This is the first trial to test the effects of a brief planning intervention on interdental hygiene behavior. Two hundred thirty-nine participants received a packet of floss, information, and a flossing guide. They were randomly assigned to a control or an intervention group. The intervention took 1.16 minutes and consisted of forming a concrete plan of where, when, and how to floss. Baseline measures and two-week and two-month follow-ups included self-report, residual floss, and theory of planned behavior variables. The intervention significantly affected flossing in that group at two-week and two-month follow-ups, as compared with the control group. This study provides evidence for the effects of a concise intervention on oral self-care behavior.

背景与目标： ：尽管有教育和动机，但仍未遵守口腔自我保健的建议，是预防牙科的主要问题。制定具体的“如果-则-则”行动计划已成功地改变了其他预防医学领域的自我保健行为。这是第一个测试简短的计划干预对牙齿间卫生行为影响的试验。 239名参与者收到了一包牙线，信息和牙线指南。他们被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预过程花了1.16分钟，包括制定何时何地，何时以及如何使用牙线的具体计划。基线测量以及两周和两个月的随访包括自我报告，残留牙线和计划的行为变量理论。与对照组相比，干预在两周和两个月的随访中显着影响了该组的牙线剔除。这项研究为简洁干预对口腔自我护理行为的影响提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS) purports to measure attitudes and values pertaining to and in support of criminal conduct (Andrews & Bonta, 2003). A sample of 72 sex offenders treated in a high intensity sex offender program completed the CSS pre- and post-treatment and was followed up for approximately 3 years. The CSS demonstrated high internal consistency. Correlational and ROC analyses indicated that the CSS is a robust predictor of non-sexual violent and non-violent recidivism. The CSS also correlated significantly with the General Statistical Information on Recidivism Scale which assesses non-sexual recidivism risk. Similar analyses showed that the CSS did not predict sexual recidivism nor did it correlate with a tool that assesses sexual recidivism risk-the Static 99. The CSS scores changed significantly in the predicted direction following treatment. The present results suggest that the CSS is an internally consistent tool for the assessment of criminal sentiments among sex offenders and that it predicts non-sexual but not sexual recidivism.

背景与目标： ：犯罪情感量表（CSS）旨在衡量与犯罪行为有关并支持犯罪行为的态度和价值观（Andrews＆Bonta，2003年）。在高强度性罪犯计划中接受治疗的72名性罪犯的样本完成了CSS的前后治疗，并进行了大约3年的随访。 CSS表现出很高的内部一致性。相关性和ROC分析表明，CSS是非性暴力和非暴力累犯的有力预测指标。 CSS还与“累犯综合统计量表”（该统计量表评估了非性累犯风险）有显着相关性。相似的分析表明，CSS不能预测性累犯，也不能与评估性累犯风险的工具-静态99相关。治疗后，CSS得分在预测的方向上发生了显着变化。目前的结果表明，CSS是一种内部一致的工具，可用于评估性犯罪者中的犯罪情绪，并且它可以预测非性但非性累犯。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Growth hormone (GH) is a major regulator of growth, somatic development and body composition. Sex steroids can act centrally by regulating GH secretion and peripherally modulating GH responsiveness. This review addresses data of potential clinical relevance on how sex steroids modulate GH secretion and action, aiming to increase the understanding of sex steroid/GH interactions and leading to improved management of patients. Sex steroids regulate GH secretion directly as well as indirectly through IGF-I modulation. Testosterone stimulates GH secretion centrally, an effect dependent on prior aromatization to oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates GH secretion indirectly by reducing IGF-I feedback inhibition. Whether oestrogen stimulates GH secretion centrally in females is unresolved. Gonadal steroids modify the metabolic effects of GH. Testosterone amplifies GH stimulation of IGF-I, sodium retention, substrate metabolism and protein anabolism while exhibiting similar but independent actions of its own. Oestrogen attenuates GH action by inhibiting GH-regulated endocrine function of the liver. This is a concentration-dependent phenomenon that arises invariably from oral administration of therapeutic doses of oestrogen, an effect that can be avoided by using a parenteral route. This strong modulatory effect of gonadal steroids on GH responsiveness provides insights into the biological basis of sexual dimorphism in growth, development and body composition and practical information for the clinical endocrinologist. It calls for an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria for GH deficiency of GH stimulation tests, which currently are based on arbitrary cut-offs that do not take into account the shifting baseline from the changing gonadal steroid milieu. In the management of GH deficiency in the hypopituitary female, oestrogen should be administered by a nonoral route. In hypopituitary men, androgens should be replaced concurrently to maximize the benefits of GH. In the general population, the metabolic consequences of long-term treatment of women with oral oestrogen compounds, including selective oestrogen receptor modulators, are largely unknown and warrant study.

背景与目标： ：生长激素（GH）是生长，体细胞发育和身体成分的主要调节剂。性类固醇可以通过调节GH分泌并在外围调节GH反应性来发挥中心作用。这篇综述探讨了有关性类固醇如何调节GH分泌和作用的潜在临床相关性数据，旨在增进对性类固醇/ GH相互作用的了解并改善患者的管理。性类固醇直接或通过IGF-I调节间接调节GH的分泌。睾丸激素可集中刺激GH分泌，其作用取决于先前对雌激素的芳香化作用。雌激素通过减少IGF-1反馈抑制作用间接刺激GH分泌。雌激素是否能集中刺激女性的GH分泌尚无定论。性腺类固醇会改变GH的代谢作用。睾丸激素可放大IGF-1的GH刺激，钠保留，底物代谢和蛋白质合成代谢，同时表现出类似但独立的作用。雌激素通过抑制GH调节的肝脏内分泌功能来减弱GH的作用。这是一种浓度依赖性现象，总是由口服治疗剂量的雌激素引起，这种现象可以通过肠胃外途径避免。性腺类固醇对GH反应性的这种强大调节作用为临床内分泌学家提供了有关生长，发育和身体组成方面性二态性的生物学基础的见解，并为临床内分泌学家提供了实用信息。它要求评估GH刺激试验中GH缺乏的诊断标准，该诊断标准目前基于任意临界值，该临界值未考虑来自不断变化的性腺类固醇环境的基线变化。在垂体下垂体GH缺乏症的治疗中，应通过非口服途径给予雌激素。在垂体下垂的男性中，应同时更换雄激素以最大程度地增加GH的益处。在一般人群中，口服雌激素化合物（包括选择性雌激素受体调节剂）对妇女进行长期治疗的代谢后果在很大程度上尚不清楚，值得研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Millions of people worldwide use over-the-counter analgesics on a regular basis; yet little is known about how decisions to self-medicate are made. This study used the theory of planned behavior to explore the influence of beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire) and individual pain experience as predictors of intent to self-medicate. Both emerged as significant predictors of intent to self-medicate. Furthermore, intent to self-medicate significantly predicted reported use of analgesics. These findings indicate that use of over-the-counter pain medication is more likely when the value of the pain relief is greater than concerns about harm.

背景与目标： ：全球有数百万人定期使用非处方镇痛药；关于如何做出自我服药的决定知之甚少。这项研究使用计划行为理论来探索关于药物的信念（关于药物问卷的信念）和个体疼痛经历作为自我药物治疗意图的预测因素的影响。两者都成为自我药物治疗意愿的重要预测指标。此外，自我治疗的意图显着预测了已报告的止痛药的使用。这些发现表明，当止痛药的价值大于对伤害的担忧时，更可能使用非处方止痛药。