BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Psychosocial issues have been recognized as important factors in children's health for decades. This study documents the relation among several important psychosocial variables (e.g., mothers' depressive symptoms) and a new instrument that assesses parents' perception of their communities' social capital. Mothers were recruited from their children's primary care (PC) pediatricians' offices within the Southwestern Ohio Ambulatory Research Network or from a children's hospital developmental clinic (DC). Mothers completed a questionnaire that included the Social Capital Scale (SCS), Children with Special Health Care Needs Screener (CSHCNS), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Maternal Social Support Index and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Mothers were sorted into three subgroups based on site of recruitment (PC or DC) and results of the CSHCNS. The sample (N = 620) was also sorted into terciles based on SCS scores. Mean SCS was about 73 for each of the three subgroups. Compared to mothers in the highest SCS tercile, mothers in the lowest SCS tercile reported lower education, lower income and higher CES-D median scores. The SCS subscale "sense of belonging" had an inverse correlation with CES-D scores (r = -.248, p < 0.001). Mothers from primary care and sub-specialty clinics had similar perceptions about their communities' social capital. Compared to mothers in the highest one third of SCS scores, mothers in the lowest one third were more likely to report less education and income as well as more depressive symptoms. A decreased sense of belonging in their communities was also correlated with more depressive symptoms. The SCS is a new useful tool for investigators and clinicians who work with children and their families.

背景与目标： ：几十年来，社会心理问题已被视为影响儿童健康的重要因素。这项研究记录了几个重要的社会心理变量（例如母亲的抑郁症状）之间的关系以及一种评估父母对社区社会资本感知的新工具。母亲是从其在西南俄亥俄非卧床研究网络内的儿童初级保健（PC）儿科医生办公室或儿童医院发展诊所（DC）招募的。母亲们完成了一个问卷调查，包括社会资本量表（SCS），有特殊保健需求筛查的儿童（CSHCNS），儿科生活质量量表，孕产妇社会支持指数和流行病学研究抑郁量表（CES-D）。根据招聘地点（PC或DC）和CSHCNS的结果，将母亲分为三个亚组。样本（N = 620）也根据SCS分数分为三等分。三个亚组中的每个亚组的平均SCS约为73。与南卡罗来纳州最高的母亲相比，南卡罗来纳州最低的母亲教育程度较低，收入较低且CES-D中位数得分较高。 SCS分量表的「归属感」与CES-D分数呈反比关系（r =-。248，p <0.001）。来自初级保健和专科诊所的母亲对社区的社会资本有相似的看法。与SCS得分最高的三分之一的母亲相比，收入最低的三分之一的母亲更有可能报告较少的教育和收入，以及更多的抑郁症状。在他们的社区中归属感的下降也与抑郁症的症状有关。对于与孩子及其家庭一起工作的研究人员和临床医生，SCS是一种新的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Size perception is known to influence our usual interactions with environment. Numerous studies highlighted that during the visual presentation of an object, the properties of manual actions vary as a function of this object's size. In order to better understand the dynamic variations of relationships between size perception and action, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in two phases. During a previous implicit learning phase, a manual response (right or left) was specifically associated with the appearance of a large or small stimulus. During further test phase, participants were required to prepare a response while discriminating the color of a stimulus (GO/No GO task). We observed that the response execution was faster when the size of the stimulus was congruent with the size that had been associated to this response (during implicit learning phase). These results suggest that when a response usually co-occurs with visual stimuli characterized by a specific size pattern, the response and the size pattern become integrated. Any subsequent preparation and execution of this action are therefore influenced by the reactivation of this visual pattern. This result brings out new insights on how sensorimotor interactions may modulate the ability to anticipate perceptive size variations in the environment.

背景与目标： ：众所周知，尺寸感知会影响我们通常与环境的互动。大量研究强调，在对象的视觉呈现过程中，手动操作的属性随对象大小的变化而变化。为了更好地理解尺寸感知与动作之间关系的动态变化，我们使用了一个包含两个阶段的实验范式。在先前的隐式学习阶段中，手动响应（向右或向左）与大或小刺激的出现特别相关。在进一步的测试阶段中，要求参与者准备响应，同时区分刺激的颜色（执行/不执行任务）。我们观察到，当刺激的大小与与此响应相关的大小一致时（在隐式学习阶段），响应执行会更快。这些结果表明，当反应通常与以特定尺寸模式为特征的视觉刺激同时发生时，该反应和尺寸模式将整合在一起。因此，此动作的任何后续准备和执行都会受到此视觉图案重新激活的影响。该结果带来了关于感觉运动相互作用如何调节环境中感知尺寸变化的能力的新见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate first-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students' communication apprehension, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy for communication over the duration of a 15-week patient-counseling course. DESIGN:First-year PharmD students (n=94) were asked to complete a 47-item, self-administered questionnaire on 3 occasions over the duration of the Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course during the fall 2009 and 2010 semesters. ASSESSMENT:Eighty-seven of 94 students completed the survey instrument across data collection periods. There were significant reductions in total communication apprehension scores and in the communication apprehension subscores for meetings and public speaking, and significant increases in self-efficacy over time. No differences were found for outcome expectations of communication scores or the subscores for interpersonal conversations and group discussion. CONCLUSIONS:Communication apprehension may be decreased and self-efficacy for communication increased in first-year PharmD students through a 15-week Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course using small-group practice sessions, case studies, and role-play exercises in conjunction with classroom lectures.

背景与目标： 目的：评估一年级药学专业（PharmD）的学生在为期15周的患者咨询课程中的沟通理解，结局预期以及沟通的自我效能。
设计：要求一年级PharmD学生（n = 94）在2009年秋季和2010年学期的非处方药/患者咨询课程期间，分3次填写一份自行管理的问卷。
评估：94名学生中有87名在数据收集期间完成了调查工具。会议和公众演讲的总的沟通理解分数和沟通理解分数明显降低，并且随着时间的流逝，自我效能显着提高。没有发现人际交往和小组讨论的交流分数或子分数的预期结果有差异。
结论：通过参加15周的非处方药/患者咨询课程，使用小组实践会议，案例研究和角色扮演练习以及与之相结合的活动，可以降低一年级PharmD学生的沟通恐惧感，并提高沟通的自我效能。课堂讲座。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies show that both low physical activity (PA) and adiposity are associated with a higher risk of hypertension. However, the relationship between PA and blood pressure in adolescents is controversial and other studies have reported that no association was observed. Of particular interest is the evaluation of whether the association between PA and high blood pressure is independent of adiposity. A sample of 3764 Brazilian adolescents who attend high schools was selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Global School-based Student Health Survey, anthropometry, and blood pressure readings. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 14.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 13.5-15.7), higher amongst males (20.0%; 95%CI 18.0-22.1) compared with females (10.9%; 95%CI 9.7-12.3). Sixty-six per cent of the adolescents were reported to be insufficiently active. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 12.8% (95%CI 11.0-14.7) amongst active compared with 15.4% (95%CI 14.0-16.9) amongst insufficiently active adolescents. The association between PA and high blood pressure was observed only amongst females after adjusting for waist circumference (odds ratio (OR) 1.67; 95%CI 1.21-2.31) and body mass index (OR 1.71; 95%CI 1.23-2.37). Notwithstanding levels of adiposity, higher PA levels are associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure amongst females, although not amongst males.

背景与目标： 研究表明，低体力活动（PA）和肥胖都与高血压风险较高相关。但是，青少年PA与血压之间的关系存在争议，其他研究也报告没有相关性。特别感兴趣的是评估PA与高血压之间的关联是否独立于肥胖。使用随机整群抽样选择了3764名就读高中的巴西青少年。使用基于全球学校的学生健康调查，人体测量学和血压读数收集数据。高血压患病率为14.6％（95％置信区间（CI）13.5-15.7），其中男性（20.0％; 95％CI 18.0-22.1）高于女性（10.9％; 95％CI 9.7-12.3） 。据报告，百分之六十六的青少年缺乏足够的活动。活跃的高血压患病率为12.8％（95％CI 11.0-14.7），而活跃度不足的青少年则为15.4％（95％CI 14.0-16.9）。仅在调整腰围（优势比（OR）1.67； 95％CI 1.21-2.31）和体重指数（OR 1.71； 95％CI 1.23-2.37）后，才在女性中观察到PA与高血压之间的关联。尽管有脂肪水平，但PA水平较高与女性中高血压的患病率较低相关，而男性之间则不然。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While physical activity (PA) improves functions for activities of daily living, little is known of the association between meeting published PA Guidelines for Americans (PAGA) and meeting published physical function guidelines for maintaining independence. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between meeting the PAGA and meeting independence criteria on the Senior Fitness Tests (SFT). Older adults (N = 265) completed SFTs, assessing cardiorespiratory fitness, lower and upper body strength, mobility, and self-reported aerobic and resistance PA. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions examined associations between meeting PAGA and SFT independence criteria. A significant relationship was found between meeting aerobic PAGA and cardiorespiratory and upper body SFT criteria; a significant relationship was found between meeting resistance PAGA and upper body strength criteria. Although research suggests that PAGA are effective in maintaining fitness in older adults when PA is structured and monitored, mixed results were found for self-reported PA and SFT criteria.

背景与目标： ：尽管体育锻炼（PA）改善了日常生活活动的功能，但人们对满足已发布的《美国PA指南》（PAGA）与满足已发布的维持独立性的身体功能指南之间的关联知之甚少。这项研究的目的是检验满足PAGA和达到高级体能测验（SFT）的独立性标准之间的关联。老年人（N = 265）完成了SFT，评估了心肺健康状况，上下体强度，活动性以及自我报告的有氧和抵抗力PA。卡方检验和逻辑回归检验了满足PAGA和SFT独立性标准之间的关联。在满足有氧PAGA与心肺和上身SFT标准之间发现了显着的关系。在满足抵抗力PAGA和上身强度标准之间发现了显着的关系。尽管研究表明，当对PA进行结构化和监测时，PAGA可以有效地保持老年人的健康，但对于自我报告的PA和SFT标准，发现了好坏参半的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive insight refers to awareness of one's own thinking. Research has found deficits in cognitive insight in schizophrenia but studies of its links with positive symptoms and delusions have been equivocal. One possibility is that the association of cognitive insight with positive symptoms and delusions is moderated by other factors. To explore this issue this study examined whether level of socially naive self-appraisal moderated the relationship of two forms of cognitive insight, self-reflectivity and self-certainty with delusions and positive symptoms. Participants were 92 adults, with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, self-deceptive subscale from the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Stepwise multiple regressions with the interaction term of the predictive and moderator variables suggested that social naiveté moderates the relationship between self-reflectivity and self-certainty with positive symptoms in general. Moreover, association between self-certainty and delusions was also moderated by social naiveté self-appraisal. All models were significant after controlling for willful impression management as well as a measure of executive function. Results suggest that higher levels of self-certainty are a risk factor for having greater positive symptoms including more severe levels of delusions, when one has a view of oneself that is not tempered by the perceptions of others. Concerning lower levels of self-reflectivity it may be that this combined with a socially naïve view of oneself leaves persons less inhibited when they are tempted to accept unusual thoughts and perceptions as accurate. Implications for treatment are discussed.

背景与目标： ：认知洞察力是指对自己的思想的认识。研究发现精神分裂症的认知洞察力不足，但对其与阳性症状和妄想的联系的研究却模棱两可。一种可能性是认知洞察力与积极症状和妄想之间的关联受到其他因素的调节。为了探讨这个问题，本研究探讨了社交天真的自我评价水平是否调节了两种形式的认知洞察力，自我反思性和自我确定性与妄想和积极症状之间的关系。参加者为92位诊断为精神分裂症或精神分裂症的成年人，他们接受了阳性和阴性综合征量表，Marlowe-Crowne社会期望量表的自我欺骗性子量表和Beck认知洞察量表。预测变量和调节变量的交互项的逐步多元回归表明，天真的社交关系调节了自我反映和自我确定之间总体上带有积极症状的关系。此外，社会天真的自我评价也调节了自我确定性与妄想之间的联系。在控制了故意的印象管理以及执行功能的度量之后，所有模型都是有意义的。结果表明，当一个人对自己的看法没有被他人的看法所抑制时，较高的自我确定性是具有较高积极症状（包括较严重的妄想）的危险因素。关于较低的自我反省度，这可能是因为当人们试图接受不正确的思想和观念时，人们的社交天真观感会受到较少的抑制。讨论了对治疗的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional studies show that active individuals are leaner than their sedentary counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent that this is due to self-selection bias, specifically to initially leaner men and women choosing to exercise longer and more intensely. METHODS:Walking quantity (weekly distance) and intensity (speed) were compared to current body mass index (BMI) (BMI(current)) and BMI at the start of walking (BMI(starting)) in 20,353 women and 5174 men who on average had walked regularly for exercise for 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. RESULTS:The relationships of both BMI(current) and BMI(starting) to both distance and intensity were nonlinear (convex). On average, BMI(starting) explained >70% of the association between BMI(current) and intensity, and 40 and 17% of the associations between BMI(current) and distance in women and men, respectively. Although the declines in BMI(current) with distance and intensity were greater among fatter individuals than leaner individuals, the portions attributable to BMI(starting) remained relatively constant regardless of fatness. Thus, self-selection bias accounted for most of the decline in BMI with walking intensity and smaller, albeit significant, proportions of the decline with distance. CONCLUSION:Although walking intensity and walking distance are both strongly associated with greater leanness, intensity is less likely to be causally related to leanness than is distance, and the latter should be encouraged for reversing or preventing weight gain.

背景与目标： 目的：横断面研究表明，活跃的人比久坐的人更苗条。本文的目的是确定这是由于自我选择偏见所致，特别是针对最初较苗条的男性和女性，他们选择运动时间更长，强度更大。
方法：比较20353名女性和5174名男性的步行量（每周距离）和强度（速度）与当前体重指数（BMI）（BMI（当前））和步行开始时（BMI（开始））的BMI。平均分别定期锻炼7.2年和10.6年。
结果：BMI（电流）和BMI（起始）与距离和强度的关系均为非线性（凸）关系。平均而言，女性的BMI（开始）解释了> 70％的BMI（强度）与强度之间的关系，而男性和女性的BMI（当前）与距离的相关性分别为40％和17％。尽管较胖的个体的BMI（当前）随距离和强度的下降幅度更大，而较瘦的个体更显着，但无论肥胖程度，可归因于BMI（起始）的部分都保持相对恒定。因此，随着步行强度的增加，自我选择偏见是BMI下降的主要因素，而随着距离的减小，自我选择的偏见也较小，尽管幅度很大。
结论：虽然步行强度和步行距离都与较高的瘦度密切相关，但强度与倾斜的因果关系远比距离小，因此应鼓励后者以逆转或防止体重增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Screening programs can reduce the burden of disease, however, they can be associated with raised levels of anxiety. The risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer is increased in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). There is no prospective evidence to support screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC, however, current recommendations include the use of ultrasound and endometrial biopsy. This study assesses the impact of screening for gynecological cancer on self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and perceptions of health. Women from HNPCC families attending gynecological screening (n = 26) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the ShortForm36v2 questionnaires prior to screening with transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient/office hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and ovarian tumor marker assessment (CA125). The same questionnaires were completed at 3 and 6 months following screening (15/26). Women in HNPCC families attending for gynecological screening did not have excess symptoms of anxiety or depression at baseline in subjective comparison to other populations. The process of screening and false positive screening results had no significant impact on symptoms of anxiety and depression or perceptions of health. We conclude that within the limitations of analysis in this small study group, screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC does not appear to be associated with any psychological morbidity.

背景与目标： ：筛查程序可以减轻疾病的负担，但是，它们可能与焦虑水平上升有关。遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌（HNPCC）会增加子宫内膜和卵巢癌的风险。没有前瞻性证据支持筛查HNPCC中的妇科疾病，但是，当前的建议包括使用超声和子宫内膜活检。这项研究评估了筛查妇科癌症对自我报告的焦虑，抑郁和健康观症状的影响。来自HNPCC家庭的妇科妇女（n = 26）在通过阴道超声，门诊/宫腔镜检查，子宫内膜活检和卵巢肿瘤标志物评估（CA125）进行筛查之前，完成了医院焦虑和抑郁量表和ShortForm36v2问卷。筛选后的3个月和6个月完成了相同的问卷调查（15/26）。与其他人群相比，从主观上看，参加妇科筛查的HNPCC家庭中的妇女在基线时没有过多的焦虑或抑郁症状。筛查的过程和假阳性筛查结果对焦虑和抑郁症状或健康感知没有显着影响。我们得出的结论是，在这个小型研究小组的分析范围内，HNPCC妇科疾病筛查似乎与任何心理疾病均不相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Prosody has a myriad of linguistic functions and involves specific aspects of speech, such as stress, intonation and pauses. The underlying acoustic quantities (amplitude envelope, pitch frequency, and temporal structure) can be processed and transmitted by cochlear implants (CI) only to a limited extent. At present, no adequate tests are available in the German-speaking world for evaluation of the perception of prosodic elements. Different experiments have been conducted to address several prosodic cues, and the results are to be used as a basis for appropriate tests. METHODS:Various prosodic materials were used for the experiments. Discrimination was measured for minimal pairs differing in frequency and/or duration, accents in words and phrases, questions versus statements and phrasing. Measurements were performed in ten normal-hearing subjects and five with cochlear implants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:In all test modules, the subjects with normal hearing proved to have high discrimination rates of 96-100%. The test of word stresses was problematic because the results were influenced by different confounders. The other measurements did prove to be basically suitable for use in the subjects with implants. Early results revealed that the subjects with CI had few problems with prosodic cues based on the temporal structure, the outcome being similar to that of the subjects with normal hearing in these tests. In contrast, the performance of subjects with CI in perceiving prosodic cues based on amplitude variations and, especially, on alterations in pitch frequency was worse, even though some of them achieved very good results in these tests too. These preliminary tests can form the basis for development of a German-language prosody test battery with a limited number of subtests addressing different prosodic cues.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：韵律具有多种语言功能，涉及语音的特定方面，例如重音，语调和停顿。潜在的声音量（幅度包络，音调频率和时间结构）只能在有限的程度上由人工耳蜗（CI）处理和传输。目前，德语区还没有足够的测试来评估韵律元素的感知。已经针对不同的韵律线索进行了不同的实验，其结果将用作适当测试的基础。
方法：采用多种韵律材料进行实验。测量了在频率和/或持续时间，单词和短语的重音，问题与陈述和措辞上不同的最小对的歧视。在十名听力正常的受试者和五名人工耳蜗的受试者中进行了测量。
结果与结论：在所有测试模块中，听力正常的受试者被证明具有96-100％的高识别率。单词重音的测试是有问题的，因为结果受不同混杂因素的影响。事实证明，其他测量值基本上适合用于植入对象。早期结果显示，CI患者在时间结构上对韵律提示几乎没有问题，其结果与这些测试中听力正常的受试者的结果相似。相反，尽管CICI受试者中有一些在这些测试中也取得了很好的成绩，但他们在感知基于振幅变化（尤其是音调频率变化）的韵律提示方面的表现却较差。这些初步测试可以构成开发德语韵律测验电池的基础，其中包含针对不同韵律提示的有限数量的子测验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-compliance with oral self-care recommendations, despite education and motivation, is a major problem in preventive dentistry. Forming concrete if-then action plans has been successful in changing self-care behavior in other areas of preventive medicine. This is the first trial to test the effects of a brief planning intervention on interdental hygiene behavior. Two hundred thirty-nine participants received a packet of floss, information, and a flossing guide. They were randomly assigned to a control or an intervention group. The intervention took 1.16 minutes and consisted of forming a concrete plan of where, when, and how to floss. Baseline measures and two-week and two-month follow-ups included self-report, residual floss, and theory of planned behavior variables. The intervention significantly affected flossing in that group at two-week and two-month follow-ups, as compared with the control group. This study provides evidence for the effects of a concise intervention on oral self-care behavior.

背景与目标： ：尽管有教育和动机，但仍未遵守口腔自我保健的建议，是预防牙科的主要问题。制定具体的“如果-则-则”行动计划已成功地改变了其他预防医学领域的自我保健行为。这是第一个测试简短的计划干预对牙齿间卫生行为影响的试验。 239名参与者收到了一包牙线，信息和牙线指南。他们被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预过程花了1.16分钟，包括制定何时何地，何时以及如何使用牙线的具体计划。基线测量以及两周和两个月的随访包括自我报告，残留牙线和计划的行为变量理论。与对照组相比，干预在两周和两个月的随访中显着影响了该组的牙线剔除。这项研究为简洁干预对口腔自我护理行为的影响提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A biomimetic approach involving the self-assembly of mineral within the pores of three-dimensional porous polymer scaffolds is a promising strategy to integrate advantages of inorganic and organic phases into a single material for hard tissue engineering. Such a material enhances the ability of progenitor cells to differentiate down an osteoblast lineage in vitro and in vivo, compared with polymer scaffolds. The mechanisms regulating mineral formation in this one-step process, however, are poorly understood, especially the effects of ionic activity products (IP) of the mineralizing solution and incubation time. The aims of this study were to define the structure and composition of mineral formed within the pores of biodegradable polymer scaffolds as a function of IP and time. Three-dimensional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds were fabricated by solvent casting/particulate leaching and incubated for 4-16 days in six variants of simulated body fluid whose IPs were varied by adjusting ionic concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of carbonated apatite with sub-micrometer sized crystals that grew into spherical globules extending out of the scaffold pore surfaces. As IP increased, more mineral grew on the scaffold pore surfaces, but the apatite became less crystalline and the Ca/P molar ratio decreased from 1.63 +/- 0.005 to 1.51 +/- 0.002. Since morphology, composition, and structure of mineral are factors that affect cell function, this study demonstrates that the IP of the mineralizing solution is an important modulator of material properties, potentially leading to enhanced control of cell function.

背景与目标： ：仿生方法涉及将矿物自组装在三维多孔聚合物支架孔中，这是将无机相和有机相的优势整合到单一材料中以进行硬组织工程的一种有前途的策略。与聚合物支架相比，这种材料增强了祖细胞在体外和体内分化成骨细胞谱系的能力。然而，对于这一步过程中调节矿物质形成的机制了解甚少，尤其是矿化溶液中离子活性产物（IP）和孵育时间的影响。这项研究的目的是定义可生物降解的聚合物支架孔内形成的矿物的结构和组成，其与IP和时间有关。通过溶剂浇铸/微粒浸提法制备三维聚（丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物）支架，并在六种不同的模拟体液中孵育4-16天，这些体液的IP通过调节离子浓度而变化。扫描电子显微镜，X射线衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱表明，形成了亚微米级晶体的碳酸磷灰石，该晶体长成球形小球，从支架孔表面延伸出来。随着IP的增加，更多的矿物质在支架孔表面上生长，但磷灰石的结晶性降低，Ca / P摩尔比从1.63 /-0.005降低至1.51 /-0.002。由于矿物质的形态，组成和结构是影响细胞功能的因素，因此本研究表明矿化溶液的IP是物质特性的重要调节剂，有可能导致对细胞功能的增强控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have constructed all single base substitutions in almost all of the highly conserved residues of the Tetrahymena self-splicing intron. Mutation of highly conserved residues almost invariably leads to loss of enzymatic activity. In many cases, activity could be regained by making additional mutations that restored predicted base-pairings; these second site suppressors in general confirm the secondary structure derived from phylogenetic data. At several positions, our suppression data can be most readily explained by assuming non-Watson-Crick base-pairings. In addition to the requirements imposed by the secondary structure, the sequence of the intron is constrained by "negative interactions", the exclusion of particular nucleotide sequences that would form undesirable secondary structures. A comparison of genetic and phylogenetic data suggests sites that may be involved in tertiary structural interactions.

背景与目标： ：我们已经在四膜虫自剪接内含子的几乎所有高度保守的残基中构建了所有单碱基取代。高度保守的残基的突变几乎总是导致酶活性的丧失。在许多情况下，可以通过进行其他突变恢复预测的碱基配对来恢复活性。这些第二位点抑制剂通常证实了从系统发育数据得出的二级结构。在几个位置，我们的抑制数据可以很容易地通过假设非沃森克里克碱基配对来解释。除了二级结构所施加的要求外，内含子的序列还受“负性相互作用”的约束，“负性相互作用”排除了会形成不良二级结构的特定核苷酸序列。遗传和系统发育数据的比较表明可能与三级结构相互作用有关的位点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Control of self-renewal and differentiation of human ES cells (hESCs) remains a challenge. This is largely due to the use of culture systems that involve poorly defined animal products and do not mimic the normal developmental milieu. Routine protocols involve the propagation of hESCs on mouse fibroblast or human feeder layers, enzymatic cell removal, and spontaneous differentiation in cultures of embryoid bodies, and each of these steps involves significant variability of culture conditions. We report that a completely synthetic hydrogel matrix can support (i) long-term self-renewal of hESCs in the presence of conditioned medium from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, and (ii) direct cell differentiation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were selected because of the role of HA in early development and feeder layer cultures of hESCs and the controllability of hydrogel architecture, mechanics, and degradation. When encapsulated in 3D HA hydrogels (but not within other hydrogels or in monolayer cultures on HA), hESCs maintained their undifferentiated state, preserved their normal karyotype, and maintained their full differentiation capacity as indicated by embryoid body formation. Differentiation could be induced within the same hydrogel by simply altering soluble factors. We therefore propose that HA hydrogels, with their developmentally relevant composition and tunable physical properties, provide a unique microenvironment for the self-renewal and differentiation of hESCs.

背景与目标： ：控制人类ES细胞（hESCs）的自我更新和分化仍然是一个挑战。这主要是由于使用了涉及定义不明确的动物产品且不模仿正常发育环境的培养系统。常规方案涉及hESC在小鼠成纤维细胞或人饲养层上的繁殖，酶细胞的去除以及胚状体培养物中的自发分化，并且这些步骤中的每一个都涉及培养条件的显着可变性。我们报告完全合成的水凝胶基质可以支持（i）从小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层的条件培养基存在下hESCs的长期自我更新，和（ii）直接细胞分化。选择透明质酸（HA）水凝胶是因为HA在hESC的早期发育和饲养层培养中的作用以及水凝胶结构，力学和降解的可控性。当封装在3D HA水凝胶中（但不在其他水凝胶中或在HA的单层培养物中）时，hESC保持其未分化状态，保留其正常核型，并保持其完整的分化能力（如胚状体形成所示）。只需改变可溶性因子，即可在同一水凝胶中诱导分化。因此，我们建议，HA水凝胶具有与发育相关的组成和可调节的物理特性，可为hESCs的自我更新和分化提供独特的微环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study examined the hypothesized illness self-schemas construct in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Biases in self-description, information processing, and schema-consistent illness behavior were examined in depressed and nondepressed persons with RA and compared with those of depressed and nondepressed controls. Major findings revealed that RA-depressed subjects exhibited pervasively negative self-description and biased processing of negative illness-related information. RA-nondepressed subjects demonstrated a bias for positive self-description and enhanced processing of positive illness-related information. Using regression analysis, the illness self-schema construct predicted unique variance in self-reported functional disability. Findings are reviewed in the context of previous research on self-schemas, chronic pain, and cognitive variables in chronic illness. Potential clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. The illness self-schema construct has significant heuristic value which could guide further research on the psychosocial adjustment of individuals with chronic illnesses.

背景与目标： 这项研究检查了类风湿关节炎（RA）患者的假设疾病自身方案。在抑郁和非抑郁的RA患者中检查了自我描述，信息处理和模式一致的疾病行为方面的偏见，并与抑郁和非抑郁的对照组进行了比较。主要发现表明，RA抑郁的受试者普遍表现出负面的自我描述，并且对与疾病相关的负面信息的处理有偏见。 RA非抑郁受试者表现出对自我自我描述的积极偏见，并增强了对与疾病相关的积极信息的处理。使用回归分析，疾病自我模式构建可以预测自我报告的功能障碍中的独特差异。在先前关于自我方案，慢性疼痛和慢性病认知变量的研究背景下，对研究结果进行了综述。讨论了潜在的临床意义和未来研究的方向。疾病自我模式构建具有重要的启发性价值，可以指导进一步研究慢性病患者的心理社会适应。