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【高度纯化的卵泡刺激素和人绒毛膜促性腺激素的皮下自我给药，用于治疗男性性腺功能减退性性腺功能减退症。西班牙男性性腺功能减退症协作组。】
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DOI：10.1093/humrep/12.5.980
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy and safety of highly purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was studied in 60 men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Of these men, 16 suffered from Kallmann's syndrome, 19 from idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and 25 from hypopituitarism. Basal testosterone concentrations were found to be far below the normal range. At baseline, 26 patients were able to ejaculate and all of them showed azoospermia, while the remaining patients were aspermic. All patients self-administered s.c. injections of FSH (150 IU x three/week) and HCG (2500 IU x two/week) for at least 6 months and underwent periodic assessments of testicular function. Testosterone concentrations increased rapidly during treatment and all but one patient reached normal values. Testicular volume showed a sustained increase reaching almost 3-fold its baseline value. At the end of treatment, 48 patients (80.0%) had achieved a positive sperm count. The maximum sperm concentration during treatment was 24.5 +/- 8.1 x 10(6)/ml (mean +/- SEM). The median time to induce spermatogenesis was 5 months. Eleven patients reported adverse events, generally not related to treatment. Three patients experienced gynaecomastia. No local reactions at injection site were observed. In conclusion, the s.c. self-administration of highly purified FSH + HCG was well tolerated and effective in stimulating spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in these patients.
背景与目标： 在60名患有促性腺激素缺乏性性腺功能减退症的男性中研究了与人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）相关的高纯度卵泡刺激素（FSH）的疗效和安全性。在这些男性中，有16名患有卡曼综合症，19名患有特发性性腺功能减退性腺功能减退症，25名患有垂体功能减退症。发现基础睾丸激素浓度远低于正常范围。在基线时，有26位患者能够射精，所有患者均表现出无精子症，而其余患者均为无精子症。所有患者均自给自足注射FSH（150 IU x 3 /周）和HCG（2500 IU x 2 /周）至少6个月，并定期评估睾丸功能。治疗期间睾丸激素浓度迅速增加，除一名患者外，其他所有患者均达到正常值。睾丸体积持续增加，几乎达到其基线值的三倍。在治疗结束时，有48名患者（80.0％）的精子计数为阳性。治疗期间最大精子浓度为24.5 /-8.1 x 10（6）/ ml（平均值/-SEM）。诱导精子发生的中位时间为5个月。 11名患者报告了不良事件，通常与治疗无关。三例患者出现了妇科发育不全。在注射部位未观察到局部反应。总而言之自我给予高纯度FSH HCG的耐受性良好，可有效刺激这些患者的精子发生和类固醇生成。
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【与癫痫的骨保护行为有关的自我效能，知识，健康信念，生活质量和污名。】
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DOI：10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.07.007
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is well reported in the epilepsy literature that use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) leads to bone loss. Validated instruments were administered to assess knowledge, health behavior, quality of life, and stigma, to determine their effects on self-efficacy for osteoprotective and self-management behaviors. This adult epilepsy population had a mean age of 45, with 20 years of AED exposure. Fifty subjects were Caucasian and 44 were non-Caucasian. By one-way ANOVA, there were significant differences in self-efficacy based on ethnicity, medical assistance, status, and seizure frequency. Differences in knowledge based on ethnicity, education, and income were also noted. Regression analysis revealed that the factors that most predict self-efficacy for calcium, exercise, and self-management do not parallel each other. Age and ethnicity were predictive of self-efficacy for epilepsy self-management only. Medical management factors varied among the models. Overall quality of life was a positive predictor for both calcium and exercise self-efficacy.背景与目标： ：在癫痫文献中有充分的报道指出，使用抗癫痫药（AED）会导致骨质流失。使用经过验证的工具来评估知识，健康行为，生活质量和污名，以确定它们对自我保护的自我保护作用以及对骨保护和自我管理行为的影响。该成人癫痫患者的平均年龄为45岁，暴露于AED的时间为20年。五十名受试者是高加索人，四十四名是非高加索人。通过单因素方差分析，根据种族，医疗救助，身份和癫痫发作频率，自我效能有显着差异。还指出了基于种族，教育和收入的知识差异。回归分析显示，大多数预测钙，运动和自我管理的自我效能的因素并不相互平行。年龄和种族仅能预测癫痫自我管理的自我效能。医疗管理因素因模型而异。总体生活质量是钙和运动自我效能的积极预测指标。
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【自组装蛋白纤维上的模板化生物矿化。】
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DOI：10.1073/pnas.0602952103
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biological mineralization of tissues in living organisms relies on proteins that preferentially nucleate minerals and control their growth. This process is often referred to as "templating," but this term has become generic, denoting various proposed mineral-organic interactions including both chemical and structural affinities. Here, we present an approach using self-assembled networks of elastin and fibronectin fibers, similar to the extracellular matrix. When induced onto negatively charged sulfonated polystyrene surfaces, these proteins form fiber networks of approximately 10-mum spacing, leaving open regions of disorganized protein between them. We introduce an atomic force microscopy-based technique to measure the elastic modulus of both structured and disorganized protein before and during calcium carbonate mineralization. Mineral-induced thickening and stiffening of the protein fibers during early stages of mineralization is clearly demonstrated, well before discrete mineral crystals are large enough to image by atomic force microscopy. Calcium carbonate stiffens the protein fibers selectively without affecting the regions between them, emphasizing interactions between the mineral and the organized protein fibers. Late-stage observations by optical microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveal that Ca is concentrated along the protein fibers and that crystals form preferentially on the fiber crossings. We demonstrate that organized versus unstructured proteins can be assembled mere nanometers apart and probed in identical environments, where mineralization is proved to require the structural organization imposed by fibrillogenesis of the extracellular matrix.背景与目标： ：生物体内组织的生物矿化依赖蛋白质优先使矿物质成核并控制其生长。该过程通常被称为“模板化”，但该术语已变得通用，表示各种提议的矿物-有机相互作用，包括化学亲和力和结构亲和力。在这里，我们提出一种使用弹性蛋白和纤连蛋白纤维自组装网络的方法，类似于细胞外基质。当被诱导到带负电荷的磺化聚苯乙烯表面上时，这些蛋白质形成大约10微米间距的纤维网络，在它们之间留下了杂乱的蛋白质的开放区域。我们引入基于原子力显微镜的技术来测量碳酸钙矿化之前和期间结构化和杂乱无序的蛋白质的弹性模量。在矿化的早期阶段，很明显地证明了矿物质诱导的蛋白质纤维的增厚和变硬，早在离散的矿物晶体足够大以至于无法通过原子力显微镜成像时。碳酸钙选择性地使蛋白质纤维变硬而不影响它们之间的区域，强调了矿物质和有组织的蛋白质纤维之间的相互作用。通过光学显微镜和二次离子质谱的后期观察显示，Ca沿着蛋白质纤维集中，并且晶体优先在纤维交叉处形成。我们证明有组织的与非结构化的蛋白质可以仅相隔纳米而组装在一起，并在相同的环境中进行探测，在该环境中，矿化被证明需要细胞外基质的原纤维形成所强加的结构组织。
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【亚洲和澳大利亚学生的酒精期望值，拒绝饮酒的自我效能感和饮酒行为。】
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DOI：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.019
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of alcohol expectancies (AE) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) in predicting alcohol consumption in Caucasians has been well studied. However, the role of AE and DRSE in Asian students is still not well understood. This study reported on this using Caucasian (n=98) and Asian (n=92) student samples. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to measure their hazardous alcohol consumption, and the drinking expectancy profile (DEP) to assess their alcohol related expectancies and ability to resist drinking in certain situations. Results showed that Caucasians reported significantly higher confidence, higher sexual interest, and higher tension reduction expectancies than Asians. Conversely, Asians significantly expected cognitive enhancement and negative consequences more than Caucasians. Relative to Caucasians, the Asian sample also reported that they would be more able to refuse alcohol when under social pressure. Results from regression analyses showed that for the Caucasian sample, AE, DRSE and their interactions were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. For the Asian group, the only significant effect to emerge was that DRSE was negatively related to alcohol consumption. The clinical implications of the differential pattern of results between the samples are discussed in terms of self-efficacy and negative consequences of alcohol consumption, especially when dealing with university aged individuals.背景与目标： ：酒精期望值（AE）和拒绝饮酒的自我效能感（DRSE）在预测高加索人饮酒中的作用已得到充分研究。但是，对于亚洲学生来说，AE和DRSE的作用仍未得到很好的理解。这项研究报告了使用白种人（n = 98）和亚洲人（n = 92）学生样本的情况。参与者完成了“酒精使用障碍识别测试”（AUDIT）来测量其有害酒精的摄入量，并通过饮酒期望量表（DEP）来评估其与酒精有关的期望值以及在某些情况下的抗饮酒能力。结果显示，与亚洲人相比，高加索人报告的自信心，性兴趣和减少紧张的期望值明显更高。相反，与白种人相比，亚洲人对认知增强和负面后果的期望更高。相对于高加索人，亚洲样本还报告说，在社会压力下，他们更有能力拒绝饮酒。回归分析的结果表明，对于高加索人样本，AE，DRSE及其相互作用是酒精消费的重要预测指标。对于亚洲人群而言，出现的唯一重要影响是DRSE与饮酒量呈负相关。从自我效能和饮酒的负面影响方面，讨论了样品之间结果差异模式的临床意义，尤其是在与大学年龄的个体打交道时。
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【自私自利的惩罚与合作的发展。】
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DOI：10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01151.x
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2背景与目标： -2
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【自我收集的宫颈阴道取样，用于基于医疗地点的基于HPV的子宫颈癌初步筛查：在农村服务水平不高的希腊人口中进行的一项初步研究。】
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DOI：10.1080/01443615.2017.1323197
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present pilot study, the feasibility of a site-of-care cervicovaginal self-sampling methodology for HPV-based screening was tested in 346 women residing in underserved rural areas of Northern Greece. These women provided self-collected cervicovaginal sample along with a study questionnaire. Following molecular testing, using the cobas® HPV Test, Roche®, HPV positive women, were referred to colposcopy and upon abnormal findings, to biopsy and treatment. Participation rate was 100%. Regular pap-test examination was reported for 17.1%. Among hrHPV testing, 11.9% were positive and colposcopy/biopsy revealed 2 CIN3 cases. Non-compliance was the most prevalent reason for no previous attendance. Most women reported non-difficulty and non-discomfort in self-sampling (77.6% and 82.4%, respectively). They would choose self-sampling over clinician-sampling (86.2%), and should self-sampling being available, they would test themselves more regularly (92.3%). In conclusion, self-sampling is feasible and well-accepted for HPV-based screening, and could increase population coverage in underserved areas, helping towards successful prevention.背景与目标： ：在本项初步研究中，对希腊北部农村地区服务水平低下的346名妇女进行了基于宫颈癌阴道自我采样方法的HPV筛查的可行性的测试。这些妇女提供了自己收集的宫颈阴道样本以及研究问卷。在进行分子测试后，使用cobas®HPV测试，将Roche®，HPV阳性女性进行阴道镜检查，并在发现异常后进行活检和治疗。参与率为100％。定期进行巴氏试验检查的报道为17.1％。在hrHPV测试中，有11.9％呈阳性，阴道镜检查/活检显示有2例CIN3病例。不遵守是没有参加会议的最普遍原因。大多数妇女在自我抽样中报告没有困难和不舒服（分别为77.6％和82.4％）。他们将选择自采样而不是临床医生采样（86.2％），并且如果可以使用自采样，他们将更定期地进行自我测试（92.3％）。总之，对于基于HPV的筛查，自我抽样是可行的并且被广泛接受，并且可以扩大服务不足地区的人口覆盖率，有助于成功进行预防。
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【Strigolactones：破坏依赖的知觉吗？】
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DOI：10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.016
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Strigolactones control many aspects of plant growth and development, but the active form(s) of strigolactones and their mode of action at the molecular level are unknown. A new study provides evidence that an α/β-fold protein plays a central multifunctional role in strigolactone metabolism, perception and signalling.背景与目标： ：Strigolactones控制植物生长和发育的许多方面，但是strigolactones的活性形式及其在分子水平上的作用方式尚不清楚。一项新的研究提供了证据，表明α/β折叠蛋白在松果内酯的代谢，感知和信号传导中起着重要的多功能作用。
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【客观面部皮肤质量分析后，光老化严重程度的自我认知变化和皮肤癌风险。】
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DOI：
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :
Background: Despite public education efforts, many people at risk for skin cancer do not practice safe sun behaviors.
Objective: To determine whether machine-based evaluation of UV-induced alterations (VISIA scan) changes self-assessment of facial photoaging, skin cancer risk, and willingness to improve sun protective habits. In addition, to determine whether VISIA scan analysis reveals differences between those with versus without a history of skin cancer, men versus women, those older than 50 versus less than 50 years of age, and Fitzpatrick skin types I-III versus IV-VI.
Methods: Volunteers attending a health expo were recruited and queried about their perceived risk of skin cancer and degree of skin photoaging. All participants underwent facial skin quality analysis of both sides of the face, and then completed a follow-up survey.
Results: Participants' scored self-perceptions of overall skin aging were all statistically significantly worse after VISIA scan analysis. There was no change in perceived skin cancer risk, but most participants expressed intent to improve their sun protection habits.
Limitations: Limitations to this study include selection bias, recall-misclassification bias, and social desirability bias.
Conclusion: Intervention with facial skin analysis can positively affect subjects' stated intent to use sun protection, indicating the importance of appearance in these health decisions.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(5):453-459.
.背景与目标： ：背景：尽管进行了公众教育，但许多有皮肤癌风险的人仍未进行安全的日晒行为。
目的：确定是否对紫外线诱发的变化进行基于机器的评估（VISIA扫描）改变面部光老化的自我评估，皮肤癌的风险以及改善防晒习惯的意愿。此外，为了确定VISIA扫描分析是否能揭示出有或没有皮肤癌病史，男性与女性，年龄大于50岁与小于50岁以及Fitzpatrick I-III和IV-VI皮肤类型之间的差异。
方法：招募参加健康博览会的志愿者，并询问他们对皮肤癌的感知风险和皮肤光老化程度。所有参与者都进行了面部两面的面部皮肤质量分析，然后完成了一项后续调查。
结果：在进行VISIA扫描后，参与者对总体皮肤衰老的自我感觉评分在统计学上均显着变差分析。知觉的患皮肤癌风险没有改变，但大多数参与者表示有意改善其防晒习惯。
局限性：本研究的局限性包括选择偏见，召回分类错误和社会可取性偏见。 / p>
结论：进行面部皮肤分析的干预可以正面影响受试者陈述的使用防晒的意图，这表明在这些健康决定中外表的重要性。
J Dermatol。 2017; 16（5）：453-459。 。
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9 Correlates of mothers' perception of their communities' social capital: a community-based study.
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【母亲对社区社会资本的看法的相关性：一项基于社区的研究。】
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DOI：10.1007/s10995-012-1138-0
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Psychosocial issues have been recognized as important factors in children's health for decades. This study documents the relation among several important psychosocial variables (e.g., mothers' depressive symptoms) and a new instrument that assesses parents' perception of their communities' social capital. Mothers were recruited from their children's primary care (PC) pediatricians' offices within the Southwestern Ohio Ambulatory Research Network or from a children's hospital developmental clinic (DC). Mothers completed a questionnaire that included the Social Capital Scale (SCS), Children with Special Health Care Needs Screener (CSHCNS), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Maternal Social Support Index and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Mothers were sorted into three subgroups based on site of recruitment (PC or DC) and results of the CSHCNS. The sample (N = 620) was also sorted into terciles based on SCS scores. Mean SCS was about 73 for each of the three subgroups. Compared to mothers in the highest SCS tercile, mothers in the lowest SCS tercile reported lower education, lower income and higher CES-D median scores. The SCS subscale "sense of belonging" had an inverse correlation with CES-D scores (r = -.248, p < 0.001). Mothers from primary care and sub-specialty clinics had similar perceptions about their communities' social capital. Compared to mothers in the highest one third of SCS scores, mothers in the lowest one third were more likely to report less education and income as well as more depressive symptoms. A decreased sense of belonging in their communities was also correlated with more depressive symptoms. The SCS is a new useful tool for investigators and clinicians who work with children and their families.背景与目标： ：几十年来，社会心理问题已被视为影响儿童健康的重要因素。这项研究记录了几个重要的社会心理变量（例如母亲的抑郁症状）之间的关系以及一种评估父母对社区社会资本感知的新工具。母亲是从其在西南俄亥俄非卧床研究网络内的儿童初级保健（PC）儿科医生办公室或儿童医院发展诊所（DC）招募的。母亲们完成了一个问卷调查，包括社会资本量表（SCS），有特殊保健需求筛查的儿童（CSHCNS），儿科生活质量量表，孕产妇社会支持指数和流行病学研究抑郁量表（CES-D）。根据招聘地点（PC或DC）和CSHCNS的结果，将母亲分为三个亚组。样本（N = 620）也根据SCS分数分为三等分。三个亚组中的每个亚组的平均SCS约为73。与南卡罗来纳州最高的母亲相比，南卡罗来纳州最低的母亲教育程度较低，收入较低且CES-D中位数得分较高。 SCS分量表的「归属感」与CES-D分数呈反比关系（r =-。248，p <0.001）。来自初级保健和专科诊所的母亲对社区的社会资本有相似的看法。与SCS得分最高的三分之一的母亲相比，收入最低的三分之一的母亲更有可能报告较少的教育和收入，以及更多的抑郁症状。在他们的社区中归属感的下降也与抑郁症的症状有关。对于与孩子及其家庭一起工作的研究人员和临床医生，SCS是一种新的有用工具。 -
【通过实践整合行动和规模感知。】
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DOI：10.1177/0301006617715378
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Size perception is known to influence our usual interactions with environment. Numerous studies highlighted that during the visual presentation of an object, the properties of manual actions vary as a function of this object's size. In order to better understand the dynamic variations of relationships between size perception and action, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in two phases. During a previous implicit learning phase, a manual response (right or left) was specifically associated with the appearance of a large or small stimulus. During further test phase, participants were required to prepare a response while discriminating the color of a stimulus (GO/No GO task). We observed that the response execution was faster when the size of the stimulus was congruent with the size that had been associated to this response (during implicit learning phase). These results suggest that when a response usually co-occurs with visual stimuli characterized by a specific size pattern, the response and the size pattern become integrated. Any subsequent preparation and execution of this action are therefore influenced by the reactivation of this visual pattern. This result brings out new insights on how sensorimotor interactions may modulate the ability to anticipate perceptive size variations in the environment.背景与目标： ：众所周知，尺寸感知会影响我们通常与环境的互动。大量研究强调，在对象的视觉呈现过程中，手动操作的属性随对象大小的变化而变化。为了更好地理解尺寸感知与动作之间关系的动态变化，我们使用了一个包含两个阶段的实验范式。在先前的隐式学习阶段中，手动响应（向右或向左）与大或小刺激的出现特别相关。在进一步的测试阶段中，要求参与者准备响应，同时区分刺激的颜色（执行/不执行任务）。我们观察到，当刺激的大小与与此响应相关的大小一致时（在隐式学习阶段），响应执行会更快。这些结果表明，当反应通常与以特定尺寸模式为特征的视觉刺激同时发生时，该反应和尺寸模式将整合在一起。因此，此动作的任何后续准备和执行都会受到此视觉图案重新激活的影响。该结果带来了关于感觉运动相互作用如何调节环境中感知尺寸变化的能力的新见解。
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【患者咨询课程对一年级药学专业学生的沟通理解，预期结果和自我效能的影响。】
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DOI：10.5688/ajpe768152
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate first-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students' communication apprehension, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy for communication over the duration of a 15-week patient-counseling course. DESIGN:First-year PharmD students (n=94) were asked to complete a 47-item, self-administered questionnaire on 3 occasions over the duration of the Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course during the fall 2009 and 2010 semesters. ASSESSMENT:Eighty-seven of 94 students completed the survey instrument across data collection periods. There were significant reductions in total communication apprehension scores and in the communication apprehension subscores for meetings and public speaking, and significant increases in self-efficacy over time. No differences were found for outcome expectations of communication scores or the subscores for interpersonal conversations and group discussion. CONCLUSIONS:Communication apprehension may be decreased and self-efficacy for communication increased in first-year PharmD students through a 15-week Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course using small-group practice sessions, case studies, and role-play exercises in conjunction with classroom lectures.背景与目标： 目的：评估一年级药学专业（PharmD）的学生在为期15周的患者咨询课程中的沟通理解，结局预期以及沟通的自我效能。
设计：要求一年级PharmD学生（n = 94）在2009年秋季和2010年学期的非处方药/患者咨询课程期间，分3次填写一份自行管理的问卷。
评估：94名学生中有87名在数据收集期间完成了调查工具。会议和公众演讲的总的沟通理解分数和沟通理解分数明显降低，并且随着时间的流逝，自我效能显着提高。没有发现人际交往和小组讨论的交流分数或子分数的预期结果有差异。
结论：通过参加15周的非处方药/患者咨询课程，使用小组实践会议，案例研究和角色扮演练习以及与之相结合的活动，可以降低一年级PharmD学生的沟通恐惧感，并提高沟通的自我效能。课堂讲座。 -
【调整肥胖率后，自我报告的体育锻炼与青少年高血压相关吗？】
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DOI：10.1080/02640414.2012.734631
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies show that both low physical activity (PA) and adiposity are associated with a higher risk of hypertension. However, the relationship between PA and blood pressure in adolescents is controversial and other studies have reported that no association was observed. Of particular interest is the evaluation of whether the association between PA and high blood pressure is independent of adiposity. A sample of 3764 Brazilian adolescents who attend high schools was selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Global School-based Student Health Survey, anthropometry, and blood pressure readings. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 14.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 13.5-15.7), higher amongst males (20.0%; 95%CI 18.0-22.1) compared with females (10.9%; 95%CI 9.7-12.3). Sixty-six per cent of the adolescents were reported to be insufficiently active. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 12.8% (95%CI 11.0-14.7) amongst active compared with 15.4% (95%CI 14.0-16.9) amongst insufficiently active adolescents. The association between PA and high blood pressure was observed only amongst females after adjusting for waist circumference (odds ratio (OR) 1.67; 95%CI 1.21-2.31) and body mass index (OR 1.71; 95%CI 1.23-2.37). Notwithstanding levels of adiposity, higher PA levels are associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure amongst females, although not amongst males.背景与目标： 研究表明，低体力活动（PA）和肥胖都与高血压风险较高相关。但是，青少年PA与血压之间的关系存在争议，其他研究也报告没有相关性。特别感兴趣的是评估PA与高血压之间的关联是否独立于肥胖。使用随机整群抽样选择了3764名就读高中的巴西青少年。使用基于全球学校的学生健康调查，人体测量学和血压读数收集数据。高血压患病率为14.6％（95％置信区间（CI）13.5-15.7），其中男性（20.0％; 95％CI 18.0-22.1）高于女性（10.9％; 95％CI 9.7-12.3） 。据报告，百分之六十六的青少年缺乏足够的活动。活跃的高血压患病率为12.8％（95％CI 11.0-14.7），而活跃度不足的青少年则为15.4％（95％CI 14.0-16.9）。仅在调整腰围（优势比（OR）1.67； 95％CI 1.21-2.31）和体重指数（OR 1.71； 95％CI 1.23-2.37）后，才在女性中观察到PA与高血压之间的关联。尽管有脂肪水平，但PA水平较高与女性中高血压的患病率较低相关，而男性之间则不然。
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【自我报告遵守体育锻炼建议与维持老年人身体独立性的标准之间的关联。】
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DOI：10.1123/japa.2016-0230
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While physical activity (PA) improves functions for activities of daily living, little is known of the association between meeting published PA Guidelines for Americans (PAGA) and meeting published physical function guidelines for maintaining independence. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between meeting the PAGA and meeting independence criteria on the Senior Fitness Tests (SFT). Older adults (N = 265) completed SFTs, assessing cardiorespiratory fitness, lower and upper body strength, mobility, and self-reported aerobic and resistance PA. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions examined associations between meeting PAGA and SFT independence criteria. A significant relationship was found between meeting aerobic PAGA and cardiorespiratory and upper body SFT criteria; a significant relationship was found between meeting resistance PAGA and upper body strength criteria. Although research suggests that PAGA are effective in maintaining fitness in older adults when PA is structured and monitored, mixed results were found for self-reported PA and SFT criteria.背景与目标： ：尽管体育锻炼（PA）改善了日常生活活动的功能，但人们对满足已发布的《美国PA指南》（PAGA）与满足已发布的维持独立性的身体功能指南之间的关联知之甚少。这项研究的目的是检验满足PAGA和达到高级体能测验（SFT）的独立性标准之间的关联。老年人（N = 265）完成了SFT，评估了心肺健康状况，上下体强度，活动性以及自我报告的有氧和抵抗力PA。卡方检验和逻辑回归检验了满足PAGA和SFT独立性标准之间的关联。在满足有氧PAGA与心肺和上身SFT标准之间发现了显着的关系。在满足抵抗力PAGA和上身强度标准之间发现了显着的关系。尽管研究表明，当对PA进行结构化和监测时，PAGA可以有效地保持老年人的健康，但对于自我报告的PA和SFT标准，发现了好坏参半的结果。
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【缺乏社交天真的自我评估会缓解精神分裂症患者认知见解与积极症状之间的关系。】
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DOI：10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.037
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive insight refers to awareness of one's own thinking. Research has found deficits in cognitive insight in schizophrenia but studies of its links with positive symptoms and delusions have been equivocal. One possibility is that the association of cognitive insight with positive symptoms and delusions is moderated by other factors. To explore this issue this study examined whether level of socially naive self-appraisal moderated the relationship of two forms of cognitive insight, self-reflectivity and self-certainty with delusions and positive symptoms. Participants were 92 adults, with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, self-deceptive subscale from the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Stepwise multiple regressions with the interaction term of the predictive and moderator variables suggested that social naiveté moderates the relationship between self-reflectivity and self-certainty with positive symptoms in general. Moreover, association between self-certainty and delusions was also moderated by social naiveté self-appraisal. All models were significant after controlling for willful impression management as well as a measure of executive function. Results suggest that higher levels of self-certainty are a risk factor for having greater positive symptoms including more severe levels of delusions, when one has a view of oneself that is not tempered by the perceptions of others. Concerning lower levels of self-reflectivity it may be that this combined with a socially naïve view of oneself leaves persons less inhibited when they are tempted to accept unusual thoughts and perceptions as accurate. Implications for treatment are discussed.背景与目标： ：认知洞察力是指对自己的思想的认识。研究发现精神分裂症的认知洞察力不足，但对其与阳性症状和妄想的联系的研究却模棱两可。一种可能性是认知洞察力与积极症状和妄想之间的关联受到其他因素的调节。为了探讨这个问题，本研究探讨了社交天真的自我评价水平是否调节了两种形式的认知洞察力，自我反思性和自我确定性与妄想和积极症状之间的关系。参加者为92位诊断为精神分裂症或精神分裂症的成年人，他们接受了阳性和阴性综合征量表，Marlowe-Crowne社会期望量表的自我欺骗性子量表和Beck认知洞察量表。预测变量和调节变量的交互项的逐步多元回归表明，天真的社交关系调节了自我反映和自我确定之间总体上带有积极症状的关系。此外，社会天真的自我评价也调节了自我确定性与妄想之间的联系。在控制了故意的印象管理以及执行功能的度量之后，所有模型都是有意义的。结果表明，当一个人对自己的看法没有被他人的看法所抑制时，较高的自我确定性是具有较高积极症状（包括较严重的妄想）的危险因素。关于较低的自我反省度，这可能是因为当人们试图接受不正确的思想和观念时，人们的社交天真观感会受到较少的抑制。讨论了对治疗的意义。
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【自我选择显着有助于更快，更远距离的男性和女性助行器的较低肥胖。】
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DOI：10.1038/sj.ijo.0803457
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional studies show that active individuals are leaner than their sedentary counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent that this is due to self-selection bias, specifically to initially leaner men and women choosing to exercise longer and more intensely. METHODS:Walking quantity (weekly distance) and intensity (speed) were compared to current body mass index (BMI) (BMI(current)) and BMI at the start of walking (BMI(starting)) in 20,353 women and 5174 men who on average had walked regularly for exercise for 7.2 and 10.6 years, respectively. RESULTS:The relationships of both BMI(current) and BMI(starting) to both distance and intensity were nonlinear (convex). On average, BMI(starting) explained >70% of the association between BMI(current) and intensity, and 40 and 17% of the associations between BMI(current) and distance in women and men, respectively. Although the declines in BMI(current) with distance and intensity were greater among fatter individuals than leaner individuals, the portions attributable to BMI(starting) remained relatively constant regardless of fatness. Thus, self-selection bias accounted for most of the decline in BMI with walking intensity and smaller, albeit significant, proportions of the decline with distance. CONCLUSION:Although walking intensity and walking distance are both strongly associated with greater leanness, intensity is less likely to be causally related to leanness than is distance, and the latter should be encouraged for reversing or preventing weight gain.背景与目标： 目的：横断面研究表明，活跃的人比久坐的人更苗条。本文的目的是确定这是由于自我选择偏见所致，特别是针对最初较苗条的男性和女性，他们选择运动时间更长，强度更大。
方法：比较20353名女性和5174名男性的步行量（每周距离）和强度（速度）与当前体重指数（BMI）（BMI（当前））和步行开始时（BMI（开始））的BMI。平均分别定期锻炼7.2年和10.6年。
结果：BMI（电流）和BMI（起始）与距离和强度的关系均为非线性（凸）关系。平均而言，女性的BMI（开始）解释了> 70％的BMI（强度）与强度之间的关系，而男性和女性的BMI（当前）与距离的相关性分别为40％和17％。尽管较胖的个体的BMI（当前）随距离和强度的下降幅度更大，而较瘦的个体更显着，但无论肥胖程度，可归因于BMI（起始）的部分都保持相对恒定。因此，随着步行强度的增加，自我选择偏见是BMI下降的主要因素，而随着距离的减小，自我选择的偏见也较小，尽管幅度很大。
结论：虽然步行强度和步行距离都与较高的瘦度密切相关，但强度与倾斜的因果关系远比距离小，因此应鼓励后者以逆转或防止体重增加。
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