BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:A phase II trial of Photofrin-mediated i.p. photodynamic therapy shown in a previous report limited efficacy and significant acute, but not chronic, toxicity. A secondary aim of this trial and the subject of this report is to determine Photofrin uptake in tumor and normal tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:Patients received Photofrin, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., 48 hours before debulking surgery. Photofrin uptake was measured by spectroflurometric analysis of drug extracted from tumor and normal tissues removed at surgery. Differences in drug uptake among these tissues were statistically considered using mixed-effects models. RESULTS:Photofrin concentration was measured in 301 samples collected from 58 of 100 patients enrolled on the trial. In normal tissues, drug uptake significantly (P<0.0001) differed as a function of seven different tissue types. In the toxicity-limiting tissue of intestine, the model-based mean (SE) Photofrin level was 2.70 ng/mg (0.32 ng/mg) and 3.42 ng/mg (0.24 ng/mg) in full-thickness large and small intestine, respectively. In tumors, drug uptake significantly (P=0.0015) differed as a function of patient cohort: model-based mean Photofrin level was 3.32 to 5.31 ng/mg among patients with ovarian, gastric, or small bowel cancer; 2.09 to 2.45 ng/mg among patients with sarcoma and appendiceal or colon cancer; and 0.93 ng/mg in patients with pseudomyxoma. Ovarian, gastric, and small bowel cancers showed significantly higher Photofrin uptake than full-thickness large and/or small intestine. However, the ratio of mean drug level in tumor versus intestine was modest (

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a patient with temporomandibular disorder who does not respond to conservative treatment, treatment with intra-articular injection of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate can be suggested. In our study, 27 patients with nonreduced disc displacement were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The age range was from 21 to 63 years old, with a mean of 39.3 years. Two cycles of injection of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate was performed on alternative weeks. Pain intensity was measured by the visual analog scale. Maximal mouth opening, clicking joint noise, and lateral movement were measured before and after injection for more than 6 months. Reduction of pain intensity and improvement in the maximum mouth opening parameter was statistically significant. In conclusion, this intra-articular injection using high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate looks very positive for patients affected by nonreduced disc displacement and is encouraged to be used as a primary treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

背景与目标： : 对于对保守治疗无反应的颞下颌疾病患者，建议使用关节内注射高分子量透明质酸钠进行治疗。在我们的研究中，临床诊断出27例椎间盘移位未减少的患者，并通过磁共振成像证实。年龄范围为21至63岁，平均39.3岁。在其他星期进行了两个周期的高分子量透明质酸钠注射。疼痛强度通过视觉模拟量表测量。注射前后6个月以上，测量最大张口，点击关节噪声和侧向运动。疼痛强度的降低和最大张口参数的改善具有统计学意义。总之，这种使用高分子量透明质酸钠的关节内注射对于受椎间盘移位不全影响的患者看起来非常积极，并被鼓励用作颞下颌关节功能障碍的主要治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: High-dose chemotherapy often requires hematopoietic progenitor cell reinfusion, but drugs with extramedullary dose-limiting toxicity may be administered in the high-dose range by simple growth factor support. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and toxicity of a three-drug high-dose regimen supported by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). Ten patients with histologically proven malignancy were enrolled. Eight had breast cancer, one non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and one a mediastinal tumor of unknown origin. The regimen included cyclophosphamide (C) 5 g/m2, etoposide (E) 1.5 g/m2, and cisplatin (P) 150 mg/m2 (CEP), administered in a 3-day schedule followed by rhG-CSF, 300 micrograms once a day, beginning from day +5 (36 h after the end of chemotherapy). The cycle was repeated as clinically needed up to three times. After the first course, hematologic recovery was rapid and complete without documented infections, and no relevant extramyeloid toxicities were observed. Eight of 10 patients received a second course with comparably low toxicity, and three of them received a third course. We concluded that CEP therapy can be administered safely and even repeatedly, by simple growth factor support, in good performance status cancer patients.

背景与目标： 大剂量化疗通常需要造血祖细胞回输，但具有髓外剂量限制毒性的药物可以通过简单的生长因子支持在高剂量范围内施用。在这项研究中，我们评估了由重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子 (rhG-CSF) 支持的三药大剂量方案的可行性和毒性。纳入了10例经组织学证实为恶性肿瘤的患者。8人患有乳腺癌，1人患有非霍奇金淋巴瘤，1人患有不明原因的纵隔肿瘤。该方案包括环磷酰胺 (C) 5g/m2，依托泊苷 (E) 1.5g/m2和顺铂 (P) 150 mg/m2 (CEP)，以3天的时间表施用，然后是rhG-CSF，300微克每天一次，从第5天开始 (化疗结束后36小时)。根据临床需要重复循环多达三次。第一个疗程后，血液学恢复迅速而完整，没有记录的感染，也没有观察到相关的髓外毒性。10名患者中有8名接受了毒性相对较低的第二疗程，其中3名接受了第三疗程。我们得出的结论是，在表现良好的癌症患者中，通过简单的生长因子支持，可以安全甚至反复地进行CEP治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The outcome of sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices may be influenced by injection technique. In a previous study at our institution, sclerotherapy was associated with a high re-bleeding rate and oesophageal ulceration. Embolisation of the injection tract was introduced in an attempt to reduce injection-related complications. METHODS:To determine the outcome and effectiveness of injection tract embolisation in reducing injection-related complications, we retrospectively reviewed a series of 59 children who underwent injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices (29 for extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) and 30 for intrahepatic disease) in our centre. RESULTS:Sclerotherapy resulted in variceal eradication in only 11.8% of the children (mean follow-up duration: 38.4 months). Variceal eradication with sclerotherapy alone was achieved in 20.7% and 3.3% of EHPVO and intrahepatic disease patients, respectively. Injection tract embolisation was successful in reducing the number of complications and re-bleeding rates. Complications that arose included: transient pyrexia (16.7%); deep oesophageal ulcers (6.7%); stricture formation (3.3%); and re-bleeding before variceal sclerosis (23%). CONCLUSION:Injection sclerotherapy did not eradicate oesophageal varices in most children. Injection tract embolisation by sclerosant was associated with fewer complications and reduced re-bleeding rates.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:We investigated the impact of two different injection strategies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart in vivo in an open-label, two-period crossover study and verified changes in the surface-to-volume ratio ex vivo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Before the clinical trial, insulin aspart was injected ex vivo into explanted human abdominal skin flaps. The surface-to-volume ratio of the subcutaneous insulin depot was assessed by microfocus computed tomography that compared 1 bolus of 18 IU with 9 dispersed boluses of 2 IU. These two injection strategies were then tested in vivo, in 12 C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients in a euglycemic glucose clamp (glucose target 5.5 ± 1.1 mmol/L) for 8 h after the first insulin administration. RESULTS:The ex vivo experiment showed a 1.8-fold higher mean surface-to-volume ratio for the dispersed injection strategy. The maximum glucose infusion rates (GIR) were similar for the two strategies (10 ± 4 vs. 9 ± 4; P = 0.5); however, times to reach maximum GIR and 50% and 10% of the maximum GIR were significantly reduced by using the 9 × 2 IU strategy (68 ± 33 vs. 127 ± 93 min; P = 0.01; 38 ± 9 vs. 49 ± 16 min; P < 0.01; 23 ± 6 vs. 30 ± 10 min; P < 0.05). For 9 × 2 IU, the area under the GIR curve was greater during the first 60 min (219 ± 89 vs. 137 ± 75; P < 0.01) and halved until maximum GIR (242 ± 183 vs. 501 ± 396; P < 0.01); however, it was similar across the whole study period (1,361 ± 469 vs. 1,565 ± 527; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS:A dispersed insulin injection strategy enhanced the effect of a fast-acting insulin analog. The increased surface-to-volume ratio of the subcutaneous insulin depot can facilitate insulin absorption into the vascular system.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is becoming increasingly important for clinicians to identify a safer intramuscular (IM) injection site in the deltoid muscle because of possible complications following the vaccine administration of IM injections. We herein examined 4 original IM sites located on the perpendicular line through the mid-acromion to establish a safer IM injection site. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in this study and the distances from our 4 IM sites to some anatomical landmarks on their left arms were measured. Ultrasonography (US) was also performed to measure the thickness of the deltoid muscle and identify the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) along the course of the axillary nerve. Subcutaneous thickness was measured using 2 methods: measuring the skin thickness with caliper after pinching the skin, and with US. The results obtained revealed that the intersection between the anteroposterior axillary line (the line between the upper end of the anterior axillary line and the upper end of the posterior axillary line) and the perpendicular line from the mid-acromion was the most appropriate site for IM injections because it was distant from the axillary nerve, PCHA, and subdeltoid/subacromial brusa. At this site, depth of needle insertions was 5 mm greater than the subcutaneous thickness at a 90° angle, which was sufficient to penetrate subcutaneous tissue in both sexes. Subcutaneous thickness can be assessed with almost the same accuracy by US or measuring with calipers after pinching the skin. The results of the present study support the improved vaccine practice for safer IM injections.

背景与目标： : 对于临床医生来说，在三角肌中确定更安全的肌内 (IM) 注射部位变得越来越重要，因为在注射IM疫苗后可能会出现并发症。我们在此检查了4个通过中肩峰位于垂直线上的原始IM位点，以建立更安全的IM注射位点。30名健康志愿者参加了这项研究，并测量了从我们的4个IM站点到左臂某些解剖标志的距离。还进行了超声检查 (US) 以测量三角肌的厚度，并沿腋神经的过程识别肱骨后回旋后动脉 (PCHA)。皮下厚度的测量使用2种方法: 用卡尺测量夹住皮肤后的皮肤厚度，并使用US。获得的结果表明，前后腋窝线 (前腋窝线的上端和后腋窝线的上端之间的线) 与肩峰中部的垂直线之间的交点是最合适的部位IM注射，因为它远离腋神经，PCHA和三角肌下/肩峰下布鲁塞尔。在该部位，针插入的深度5毫米大于90 ° 角的皮下厚度，足以穿透男女皮下组织。我们可以用几乎相同的精度来评估皮下厚度，或者在捏皮肤后用卡尺进行测量。本研究的结果支持改进的疫苗实践，用于更安全的IM注射。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: An experimental system has been developed which allows the identification of intermediates in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction pathway leading to desiccation tolerance in plants. Desiccation tolerance in callus of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum is mediated via the plant hormone ABA, which induces the expression of gene products related to desiccation tolerance. Based on T-DNA activation tagging, a gene (CDT-1) was isolated which encodes a signalling molecule in the ABA transduction pathway. Constitutive overexpression of CDT-1 leads to desiccation tolerance in the absence of ABA and to the constitutive expression of characteristic transcripts. CDT-1 represents a novel gene with unusual features in its primary sequence. The CDT-1 gene resembles in several features SINE retrotransposons. Mechanisms by which CDT-1 activates the pathway could be via a regulatory RNA or via a short polypeptide.

背景与目标： 已开发出一种实验系统，该系统可以鉴定脱落酸 (ABA) 信号转导途径中的中间体，从而导致植物对干燥的耐受性。复活植物Craterostigma plantagineum愈伤组织的干燥耐受性是通过植物激素ABA介导的，该激素诱导与干燥耐受性相关的基因产物的表达。基于t-dna激活标记，分离出编码ABA转导途径中的信号分子的基因 (CDT-1)。CDT-1的组成型过表达导致在不存在ABA的情况下的干燥耐受性和特征转录本的组成型表达。CDT-1代表了一种新的基因，其主要序列具有异常特征。CDT-1基因类似于正弦反转录转座子的几个特征。CDT-1激活该途径的机制可能是通过调节RNA或通过短多肽。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess if ultrasound guided autologous blood injection is an effective treatment for medial epicondylitis. METHODS:Twenty patients (13 men, 7 women) with refractory medial epicondylitis with symptom duration of 12 months underwent sonographic evaluation. Tendinosis was confirmed according to three sonographic criteria: echo texture, interstitial tears and neovascularity. The tendon was then dry needled and autologous blood was injected. Patients were reviewed at 4 weeks and at 10 months. VAS scores and modified Nirschl scores were assessed pre-procedure and post-procedure. RESULTS:There was significant reduction in VAS pain score between pre-procedure and 10 months post-procedure when it had a median (IQR) of 1.00 (1-1.75), range 0-7. The median (IQR) Nirschl score, which at pre-procedure was 6.00 (5-7), range 4-7, had decreased at 4 weeks to 4.00 (2.25-5), range 2-7, and at 10 months to 1.00 (1-1.75), range 0-7, revealing a significant decrease (z = 3.763, p<0.001). The hypo-echoic change in the flexor tendon significantly decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.45 (1.47), and at 10 months, when it was 3.85 (2.37) (p<0.001). Doppler ultrasound showed that neovascularity decreased between pre-procedure, when there was a mean (SD) of 6.10 (1.62), range 4-9, and at 10 months, when it was 3.60 (2.56), range 0-9 (p<0.001). DISCUSSION:The combined action of dry needling and autologous blood injection under ultrasound guidance appears to be an effective treatment for refractory medial epicondylitis as demonstrated by a significant decrease in VAS pain and a fall in the modified Nirschl scores.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Laparoscopy is frequently associated with postoperative shoulder pain that may last several days. We have assessed the analgesic effect of intraperitoneal local anaesthetics during day-case diagnostic laparoscopy. 80 young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups of 20 patients each: group 1, no peritoneal administration; group 2, 80 ml saline injected under direct vision in the right subdiaphragmatic area at the start of the procedure; group 3, 80 ml 0.5% lignocaine with adrenaline (320,000 dilution); group 4, 0.125% bupivacaine with adrenaline (800,000 dilution). Scapular pain was assessed with a visual analogue pain scale, and information about nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and analgesic requirements during the first 48 h was sought. Both local anaesthetics were more effective in reducing postoperative shoulder pain than either control or saline. Analgesic requirements were greater in the non-treatment groups than in the local anaesthetic groups. Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic administration during laparoscopy is both a non-invasive and an efficient method of reducing the intensity of scapular pain.

背景与目标： : 腹腔镜检查通常与可能持续数天的术后肩部疼痛有关。我们在日间诊断性腹腔镜检查中评估了腹膜内局部麻醉剂的镇痛作用。80名年轻女性被随机分配到四组中的一组，每组20名患者: 第1组，不腹膜给药; 第2组，在手术开始时在右侧膈下区域直视下注射80毫升生理盐水; 第3组，用肾上腺素 (320,000稀释) 80毫升0.5% 利多卡因; 第4组，0.125% 布比卡因与肾上腺素 (800,000稀释)。用视觉模拟疼痛量表评估肩cap骨疼痛，并寻求有关头48小时内恶心，呕吐，腹痛和镇痛需求的信息。与对照组或生理盐水相比，两种局部麻醉剂在减轻术后肩部疼痛方面都更有效。非治疗组的镇痛需求高于局部麻醉组。腹腔镜检查过程中腹膜内局部麻醉给药既是一种非侵入性的，也是减轻肩胛骨疼痛强度的有效方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical effects of shenqi fuzheng Injection ([Chinese characters: see text]) in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced breast cancer and the effects on T-lymphocyte subsets. METHODS:During the period from 2000 to 2005, 126 patients with local advanced breast cancer were treated with the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. They were randomly divided into the following two groups: a control group of 61 cases treated by chemotherapy alone and a study group of 65 cases treated by chemotherapy plus shenqi fuzheng injection. All the cases of both groups were given the CEF (CTX 500 mg/m2, d1,8; EPI 40 mg/m2, d1, 8; and 5-Fu 500 mg/m2 d1,8) regimen. The clinical effects, the effects on T-lymphocyte subgroup and NK cells, and the toxic side effects were observed. RESULTS:All the patients completed two cycles of the chemotherapy, and the efficacy and the toxic side effects were evaluated. For the primary tumor in the breast, the total effective rate was 69.2% (45/65) in the study group and 49.2% (30/61) in the control group with a statistically significant difference in the intergroup comparison (chi2 = 5.251, P = 0.022, < 0.05). There was no progression of the disease in both the groups, and there were no grade IV toxic side effects in the two groups. The major toxic responses were myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reaction, which were milder in the study group than the control group, and with a shorter recovery course in the former than the latter. Besides, an obvious rise of the T-lymphocyte subgroup and NK cells was found in the study group after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with a very significant difference from the controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Shenqi fuzheng Injection can improve and regulate immune function of the patients with local advanced breast cancer given the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and therefore it can enhance the curative effect and reduce the side effect as well.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Interferons are used in the therapy of multiple sclerosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, hepatitis and melanoma. Their short half-life that requires frequent injections can be increased by polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. A 50-year-old patient was diagnosed as having an acrolentiginous melanoma (Breslow >5 mm, Clark level IV) and inguinal lymph node metastases. After surgical excision and lymphadenectomy, immune therapy with 6.0 microg pegylated interferon alpha(2b)/kg body weight, s.c., was started. Cutaneous ulcerations at the injection sites developed 9 months after treatment initiation. The patient also developed blurred vision and presented with binasal scotomas and pathological visually evoked potentials and electroretinogram. The cutaneous ulcerations slowly healed under local therapy and reduction of the concentration of the PEG-modified interferon from 0.86 to 0.43 mg/ml. The dosage was maintained. Two months later, the therapy was stopped due to disease progression. Vision subsequently recovered. Cutaneous reactions evolved at the sites of subcutaneous injections of PEG-modified interferon alpha(2b). Changes in vision can probably be attributed to immunotherapy.

背景与目标： : 干扰素用于治疗多发性硬化症，卡波西氏肉瘤，肝炎和黑色素瘤。需要频繁注射的短半衰期可以通过聚乙二醇 (PEG) 改性来增加。一名50岁的患者被诊断为患有A性黑色素瘤 (Breslow> 5毫米，Clark IV级) 和腹股沟淋巴结转移。在手术切除和淋巴结切除术后，开始使用6.0 microg聚乙二醇化干扰素 α (2b)/kg体重，s.C.进行免疫治疗。治疗开始后9个月，注射部位出现皮肤溃疡。患者还出现了视力模糊，并出现了双耳暗点和病理性视觉诱发电位和视网膜电图。在局部治疗和PEG修饰的干扰素浓度从0.86降低到0.43 mg/ml的情况下，皮肤溃疡缓慢愈合。维持剂量。两个月后，由于疾病进展，治疗停止。视力随后恢复。皮肤反应在皮下注射PEG修饰的干扰素 α (2b) 的部位发生。视力的变化可能归因于免疫疗法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Female entertainment workers (FEWs) in China are at increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, but correlates of their risky sexual behaviour remain poorly understood. Using data from a series of four surveys, this paper employs repeated measures analysis to identify individual and social correlates of consistent condom use among FEWs in Shanghai. Results reveal that both individual cognitive and social influence factors are statistically significant in their bivariate relationships to consistent condom use with a stable or non-stable partner; only prevention motivation and perceived self-efficacy in condom use remain significant in the multiple regressions. When individual and social correlates are examined together, only peer support for condom use remains a significant and independent correlate of consistent condom use in sex with a non-stable partner. Behavioural intervention is urgently needed and should take a multilevel approach, emphasizing individual prevention motivation and behavioural skills training and promoting peer/social support.

背景与目标： : 中国的女性娱乐工作者 (few) 感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染的风险增加，但对其危险性行为的相关性仍知之甚少。本文利用四项调查的数据，采用重复措施分析，以识别上海few中持续使用安全套的个人和社会相关性。结果表明，个体认知和社会影响因素在与稳定或非稳定伴侣一致使用安全套的双变量关系中具有统计学意义; 在多元回归中，只有预防动机和安全套使用中的自我效能感仍然显着。当将个人和社会相关性一起检查时，只有同伴对避孕套使用的支持仍然是与不稳定伴侣在性行为中一致使用避孕套的重要且独立的相关性。迫切需要行为干预，并应采取多层次的方法，强调个人预防动机和行为技能培训，并促进同伴/社会支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is little research on injecting drug use in Nigeria. We investigated the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male injection drug users (IDUs) in Lagos. Male IDUs (N = 328) were recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Participants completed an interview about their sexual and injecting risk behaviours and were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBV), hepatitis C antibody (HCV), HIV and syphilis, as well as genital chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections. Three-quarters of IDUs (74%) reported injecting drugs in the past one month although most did not share needles (92%) and the majority obtained sterile needles from pharmacists (87%). Estimated HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalences were 7.8%, 7.7%, 0.9%, 1.9%, 0.0%, and 3.7%, respectively. The burden of HIV is presently low among IDUs in Lagos. Changes in accessibility to sterile needles at pharmacists would likely have a deleterious effect on IDUs' health. HBV vaccination and HCV prevention programmes for IDUs are urgently needed.

背景与目标： : 尼日利亚关于注射吸毒的研究很少。我们调查了拉各斯男性注射吸毒者 (idu) 中HIV，乙型和丙型肝炎以及性传播感染 (STIs) 的患病率。通过受访者驱动的抽样招募男性注射吸毒者 (N = 328)。参与者完成了关于他们的性和注射风险行为的访谈，并测试了乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBV)，丙型肝炎抗体 (HCV)，艾滋病毒和梅毒，以及生殖器衣原体和淋病感染。四分之三的注射吸毒者 (74%) 报告在过去一个月注射毒品，尽管大多数人不共用针头 (92%)，大多数人从药剂师那里获得无菌针头 (87%)。估计的HBV，HCV，HIV，梅毒，淋病和衣原体患病率分别为7.8%，7.7%，0.9%，1.9%，0.0% 和3.7%。目前，拉各斯注射吸毒者的艾滋病毒负担很低。药剂师对无菌针头的可及性发生变化可能会对idus的健康产生有害影响。迫切需要针对注射吸毒者的HBV疫苗接种和HCV预防计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four types of neutral glycosphingolipids (LacCer, Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer, and IV3αGalNAc-Gb4Cer; 10 pmol each) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight (ESI-QIT-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) with a repeated high-speed polarity and MSn switching system. This system can provide six types of mass spectra, including positive and negative ion MS, MS2, and MS3 spectra, within 1 s per cycle. Using HPLC with a normal-phase column, information on the molecular weights of major molecular species of four neutral glycosphingolipids was obtained by detecting [M+Na]+ in the positive ion mode mass spectra and [M−H]− in the negative ion mode mass spectra. Sequences of glycosphingolipid oligosaccharide were obtained in the negative ion MS2 spectra. In addition, information on the ceramide structures was clearly obtained in the negative ion MS3 mass spectra. GlcCer molecular species were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QIT-TOF MS with a reversed-phase column using 1 pmole of GlcCer. The structures of the seven molecular species of GlcCer, namely, d18:1-C16:0, d18:1-C18:0, d18:1-C20:0, d18:1-C22:0, d18:1-C23:0, d18:1-C24:1, and d18:1-C24:0, were characterized using positive ion MS and negative ion MS, MS2, and MS3. The established HPLC-ESI-QIT-TOF MS with MSn switching and a normal phase column has been successfully applied to the structural characterization of LacCer and Gb4Cer in a crude mixture prepared from human erythrocytes.

背景与目标： : 四种类型的中性鞘糖脂 (LacCer，Gb3Cer，Gb4Cer和IV3αGalNAc-Gb4Cer; 使用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)-电喷雾电离四极杆离子阱飞行时间 (ESI-qit-tof) 质谱 (MS) 分析，并具有重复的高速极性和MSn切换系统。该系统可以在每个周期1 s内提供六种类型的质谱，包括正负离子MS，MS2和MS3光谱。使用带有正相色谱柱的HPLC，通过在正离子模式质谱中检测 [M Na] 和在负离子模式质谱中检测 [M-h]-，获得了有关四种中性鞘糖脂的主要分子种类的分子量的信息。在负离子MS2光谱中获得了鞘糖脂寡糖序列。此外，在负离子MS3质谱中清楚地获得了有关神经酰胺结构的信息。GlcCer分子种类通过hplc-esi-QIT-TOF MS用反相色谱柱使用1 pmole的GlcCer进行分析。GlcCer的七个分子物种的结构，即d18:1-C16:0，d18:1-C18:0，d18:1-C20:0，d18:1-C22:0，d18:1-C23:0，d18:1-C24:1和d18:1-C24:0，使用正离子MS和负离子MS，MS2和ms3进行表征。建立的具有MSn切换和正相柱的hplc-esi-QIT-TOF MS已成功应用于由人红细胞制备的粗混合物中LacCer和Gb4Cer的结构表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To identify determinants of HIV seroconversion among injection drug users (IDUs) during a period of rising prevalence, a case-control investigation was conducted. Cases were IDUs with a new positive test after 1 January 1994, and a negative test within the prior 18 months. Controls required 2 negative tests during the same period. Subjects completed a questionnaire on demographic, psychosocial, and behavioural factors. Eighty-nine cases and 192 controls were similar with respect to gender, age, ethnicity and inter-test interval. Multivariate analyses of events during the inter-test interval showed borrowing syringes (adj. OR = 2.96; P < 0.006), unstable housing (adj. OR = 2.01; P = 0.03) and injecting > or = 4 times daily (adj. OR = 1.71; P = 0.06) to be independently associated with seroconversion. Protective associations were demonstrated for sex with opposite gender (adj. OR = 0.36; P = 0.001) and tetrahydrocannabinol use (adj. OR = 0.41; P = 0.001). There is a need to evaluate programmes dealing with addiction, housing and the social underpinnings of risk behaviours in this population.

背景与目标： : 为了确定在流行率上升期间注射吸毒者 (idu) 中HIV血清转化的决定因素，进行了病例对照调查。病例为注射吸毒者，1994年1月1日后新的阳性试验，而前18个月内的阴性试验。在同一时期，对照需要进行2次阴性测试。受试者完成了有关人口统计学，社会心理和行为因素的问卷调查。89例病例和192对照在性别，年龄，种族和测试间间隔方面相似。对测试间间隔期间事件的多变量分析显示，借用注射器 (adj. OR = 2.96; P <0.006)，不稳定的住房 (adj. OR = 2.01; P = 0.03) 和每天注射> or = 4次 (adj. OR = 1.71; P = 0.06) 与血清转化独立相关。证明了异性性别 (adj. OR = 0.36; P = 0.001) 和四氢大麻酚使用 (adj. OR = 0.41; P = 0.001) 的保护性关联。有必要评估有关该人群成瘾，住房和风险行为的社会基础的计划。