BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurately measuring parents' attitudes and beliefs regarding limiting their children's TV viewing is important to inform the design and evaluation of effective interventions. This manuscript assesses the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and construct validity of the Model of Goal Directed Behavior (MGDB) scales among parents of Latino preschoolers to characterize Latino parents' attitudes and beliefs toward limiting their preschoolers' TV viewing. METHOD:Participants included parents of Latino preschoolers in the United States, 3-5 years old (n = 186). Parents completed a socio-demographic survey and the 105-item MGDB questionnaire (Attitudes, Perceived Positive/Negative Behavioral Control, Subjective Norms, Positive and Negative Anticipated Emotions, Habits, Self-Efficacy, Desires, and Intentions surrounding their child's TV viewing) which was used to measure internal consistency reliability and construct validity. A subsample of participants completed the questionnaire twice to measure test-retest reliability. Further, parents completed a 7-day TV viewing diary for their preschooler, and a TV parenting practices questionnaire as measures of convergent validity. RESULTS:Internal consistency reliability was generally acceptable for the MGDB scales (Cronbach's alphas> 0.7), except for the Desires scale, which was revealed to have two factors and the Attitudes and Perceived Behavioral Control scales. Test-retest reliability over 2 months had negligible to moderate correlations (r's = 0.28 to 0.61). Two structural equation models were conducted. One yielded acceptable model fit (x2 (97) = 113.65, p = .119) and the other had questionable model fit (x2 (97) = 125.39; p = .028). Testing convergent validity, only two MGDB scales (Habits and Self-Efficacy) were positively correlated with the TV parenting practices questionnaire (r's = 0.33 to 0.51), and none were meaningfully correlated with preschoolers' mean daily TV viewing. CONCLUSIONS:Initial reliability and validity for some of the MGDB scales appear acceptable among parents of Latino preschoolers. Refinement of the instrument and testing among larger samples is necessary to fully evaluate psychometric properties. This instrument may be useful for characterizing Latino parents' attitudes and beliefs toward limiting their preschoolers' TV viewing and informing future TV reduction interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinical Trials NCT01216306 Registered October 6, 2010.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work was supported by NIH grant P50-AR39221. The purpose of this study was to determine intraobserver and interobserver reliability using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer for the measurement of isometric and isokinetic strength (0, 60, 180, 300 degrees /sec) and endurance (240 degrees /sec) in 20 healthy untrained females. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two testers. Intraobserver reliability coefficients for tester one and tester two ranged from 0.89 to 0.98 and 0.72 to 0.97, respectively. Interobserver reliability coefficients ranged from 0.69 to 0.95 across speeds and movements. Although the testers differed significantly in reliability (p < 0.01), no systematic differences in measured levels of performance were noted between testers one and two for the majority of the measurements. The results indicate that comparable muscular strength and endurance values can be obtained from knee extension/flexion tests at various speeds using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Comparable values were obtained whether subjects were tested by a single tester on two separate occasions or whether subjects were tested by a different tester on two separate occasions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1991;14(1):37-41.

背景与目标： : 这项工作得到了NIH赠款P50-AR39221的支持。这项研究的目的是使用Cybex II等速测力计确定观察者内和观察者间的可靠性，以测量20名未受过训练的健康女性的等速和等速强度 (0、60、180、300度/秒) 和耐力 (240度/秒)。受试者被随机分配到两个测试者之一。测试仪1和测试仪2的观察者内可靠性系数分别为0.89至0.98和0.72至0.97。观察者间可靠性系数在速度和运动之间的范围从0.69到0.95。尽管测试人员在可靠性方面存在显着差异 (p <0.01)，但对于大多数测量，测试人员1和2之间的性能测量水平没有系统差异。结果表明，使用Cybex II等速测力计，可以通过各种速度的膝盖伸展/屈曲测试获得可比的肌肉力量和耐力值。无论受试者是在两个不同的场合由单个测试者测试，还是在两个不同的场合由不同的测试者测试，都获得了可比的值。J Orthop体育物理1991;14(1):37-41。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Test-retest reliability is an important psychometric property relevant to assessment instruments typically used in neuropsychological assessment. This review presents a quantitative summary of test-retest reliability coefficients for a variety of widely used neuropsychological measures. In general, the meta-analytic test-retest reliabilities of the test scores ranged from adequate to high (i.e., r=.7 and higher). Furthermore, the reliability values were largely robust across factors such as age, clinical diagnosis, and the use of alternate forms. The values for some of the memory and executive functioning scores were lower (i.e., less than r=.7). Some of the possible reasons for these lower values include ceiling effects, practice effects, and across time variability in cognitive abilities measured by those tests. In general, neuropsychologists who use these measures in their assessments can be encouraged by the magnitude of the majority of the meta-analytic test-retest correlations obtained.

背景与目标： : 重测信度是与神经心理学评估中通常使用的评估工具相关的重要心理测量属性。这篇综述对各种广泛使用的神经心理学测量方法的重测信度系数进行了定量总结。通常，测试分数的荟萃分析重测可靠性范围从足够到高 (即r =.7及更高)。此外，可靠性值在年龄，临床诊断和替代形式的使用等因素中均具有很大的鲁棒性。一些记忆和执行功能得分的值较低 (即，小于r =.7)。这些较低值的一些可能原因包括天花板效应，实践效应以及通过这些测试测量的认知能力的跨时间变化。通常，在评估中使用这些措施的神经心理学家可以通过获得的大多数荟萃分析测试-重测相关性的程度来鼓励他们。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although performance of rapid immunochromatographic tests (RITs) for dengue virus (DENV) serotypes 1, 2 and 3 is relatively settled, evidence on accuracy of RITs for DENV-4 are based on studies with small sample sizes and with discrepant results. OBJECTIVES:To assess accuracy and inter-observer agreement of RITs targeting dengue nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) antigen - Dengue NS1-Bioeasy™, Dengue NS1 Ag Strip-Bio-Rad™, IVB Dengue Ag NS1-Orangelife™ and Dengue NS1-K130-Bioclin™ in DENV-4 samples. METHODS:Study sample (n = 324) included adults presenting at an emergency unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with fever of ≤72 h and two or more dengue symptoms. A serum sample from each patient was tested by each RIT. A positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was considered as the reference standard for dengue diagnosis. The diagnostic parameters analyzed for each RIT were sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Each RIT was read by homogeneous (two junior nurses) or heterogeneous (one junior nurse and one senior biologist) pairs. Agreement was estimated by simple kappa with 95% confidence interval, positive (Ppos) and negative (Pneg) proportion concordance and prevalence and bias adjusted kappa, rated from poor (k < 0.0) to almost perfect (0.8 < k < 1.0), and perfect (k = 1). RESULTS:NS1 RITs for DENV-4 diagnosis showed high specificity (95.9%-99.4%), but low sensitivity (14.7%-45.4%). Bioeasy™ had the best performance, with a positive likelihood ratio of 26.0 (95% CI: 8.4;81.0). Inter-observer agreement was almost perfect for all evaluated RITs. Mismatches in confirmed dengue were more common for the Bioclin™ (Ppos 88.3-90.0 %) and Orangelife™ (Ppos 91.7-94.1 %) tests. CONCLUSIONS:For DENV-4, the tested RITs had high specificity, but lower sensitivity compared to published results for other serotypes. They should not be used for screening purposes. Different brands may have very different performances. This should be considered upon deciding of using RITs in DENV-4 outbreaks.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In large-scale epidemiological studies on endogenous sex steroids and cancer risk, direct immunoassays of circulating hormone levels have the advantage of being fast and comparatively inexpensive while requiring only small sample volumes. On the other hand, indirect assays after organic extraction and chromatographic prepurification have the advantage of reducing specific interferences and matrix effects and hence are thought to have better validity. We compared direct assays of testosterone (T, six different assays), Delta4-androstenedione (A, four assays), estrone (E(1), one assay), and 17beta-estradiol (E(2), five assays) with measurements obtained by an indirect assay in a representative subset of 20 postmenopausal women who were part of a large prospective cohort study. Within-batch reproducibilities of the subject rankings by relative hormone levels were good (intraclass correlations >0.89) for all direct assays tested. Between batches, reproducibilities generally were also acceptable (r > 0.80) to good (r > 0.90) in terms of Pearson's correlations. The between-batch reproducibility in terms of intraclass correlations was systematically lower in terms of Pearson's correlations, however, because of between-batch variations in the absolute scale of measurements. The relative validity of direct versus indirect assays in terms of the subjects' ranking by relative hormone levels was also high for most of the kits tested for T, A, and E(1) (Pearson's correlations between 0.70 and 0.89) but was high for only two kits of five tested for E(2) (correlations of 0.86 and 0.84). On an absolute scale, mean measurement values were generally higher for direct assays than for the indirect assay and, for each hormone, varied substantially, depending on the kit used. Overall, the results of this study show that, with careful selection, commercial kits for direct radioimmunoassays of steroid hormones in postmenopausal serum can be found that may allow a reliable estimation of relative risks in epidemiological studies. However, standardization of the absolute scale of assays remains problematic.

背景与目标： : 在有关内源性类固醇和癌症风险的大规模流行病学研究中，循环激素水平的直接免疫测定具有快速且相对便宜的优势，而仅需要少量样本量。另一方面，有机萃取和色谱预纯化后的间接测定具有减少特定干扰和基质效应的优势，因此被认为具有更好的有效性。我们比较了睾丸激素的直接测定 (T，六种不同的测定)，Delta4-androstenedione (A，四种测定)，雌酮 (E(1)，一种测定) 和17β-雌二醇 (E(2)，五个试验)，通过间接试验在20名绝经后妇女的代表性子集中获得测量结果，这些妇女是一项大型前瞻性队列研究的一部分。对于所有测试的直接测定，受试者按相对激素水平排名的批内再现性良好 (类内相关性> 0.89)。在批次之间，就皮尔逊相关性而言，再现性通常也是可接受的 (r > 0.80) 至良好 (r> 0.90)。就类内相关性而言，批次间的可重复性在皮尔逊相关性方面系统地较低，但是，由于测量绝对规模的批次间变化。对于大多数测试的T，A，和E(1) (0.70和0.89之间的皮尔逊相关性)，但对于仅针对E(2) 测试的五个试剂盒中的两个试剂盒 (0.86和0.84的相关性) 来说是很高的。在绝对规模上，直接测定的平均测量值通常高于间接测定的平均测量值，并且对于每种激素，根据所使用的试剂盒，其差异很大。总体而言，这项研究的结果表明，通过仔细选择，可以发现用于绝经后血清中类固醇激素直接放射免疫测定的商业试剂盒，可以在流行病学研究中可靠地估计相对风险。然而，测定绝对规模的标准化仍然存在问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS) has been proposed as an efficient questionnaire for identifying the source of reinforcement for an individual's self-injurious behavior (SIB). A previous reliability analysis of the MAS (Durand & Crimmins, 1988) reported interrater correlation coefficients ranging from .66 to .92, based on a comparison of responses provided by classroom teachers. In this study, the reliability of the MAS was reexamined with two independent groups of developmentally disabled individuals who exhibited SIB (N = 55). For the institutional sample (n = 39), the MAS was given to two staff members (a supervisor and therapy aide) who work with the individual daily. For the school sample (n = 16), the MAS was given to the teacher and teacher's aide who taught the student. The correlational analyses completed by Durand and Crimmins (1988) were repeated; in addition, a more precise analysis of interrater reliability was calculated based on the actual number of scoring agreements between the two raters. Results showed that only 16 of the 55 raters agreed on the category of reinforcement maintaining their client's or student's SIB, that only 15% of the correlation coefficients obtained were above .80, and that none of the reliability scores based on percent agreement between raters was above 80%.

背景与目标： : 动机评估量表 (MAS) 已被提议作为一种有效的问卷，用于确定个人自残行为 (SIB) 的强化来源。先前对MAS的可靠性分析 (Durand & Crimmins，1988) 报告的评分者之间的相关系数范围为0.66至0.92，这是基于对课堂老师提供的响应的比较。在这项研究中，对两组独立的发育障碍者表现出SIB (N = 55)，重新检查了MAS的可靠性。对于机构样本 (n = 39)，将MAS分配给每天与个人一起工作的两名工作人员 (一名主管和治疗助手)。对于学校样本 (n = 16)，MAS被授予教学生的老师和老师的助手。重复了由Durand和Crimmins (1988) 完成的相关分析; 此外，根据两个评分者之间的评分协议的实际数量，计算了评分者间可靠性的更精确分析。结果表明，在55个评分者中，只有16个同意维持其客户或学生的SIB的强化类别，获得的相关系数中只有15% 高于.80，并且基于评分者之间的百分比一致性的可靠性得分均不高于80%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Assessing prognostic and predictive factors like the Ki67 labelling index (Ki67-LI) in breast cancer core needle biopsies (CNB) may be hampered by undersampling. Our aim was to arrive at a representative assessment of Ki67-LI in CNB of luminal breast cancers by defining optimal cutoffs and establishing the minimum CNB volume needed for highest concordance of Ki67-LI between CNB and subsequent surgical excision biopsy (SEB). METHODS:We assessed the Ki67-LI in CNB and subsequent SEB of 170 luminal breast cancers according to two counting methods recommended by the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group and applied the cutoffs to distinguish low and high proliferation given by the St Gallen 2013 and 2015 consensus, respectively. We then compared CNB volume characteristics for cases with concordant and discordant Ki67-LI between CNB versus SEB. RESULTS:Highest concordance (75%, κ = 0.44) between CNB and SEB was achieved using the method that assesses the average tumor Ki67-LI and a cutoff of 20%. No significant differences were found between cases with concordant and discordant Ki67-LI in CNB versus SEB for number of biopsy cores, total core length, tumor tissue length, or total CNB or tumor tissue area size in the CNB for two various cutoffs. CONCLUSIONS:A concordance of 75% between CNB and SEB can be achieved for the Ki67-LI using a method assessing average Ki67-LI at the threshold of 20%. Increasing CNB volume did not result in improved agreement rates, indicating that reliability of Ki67 levels in CNB of luminal breast cancers is unaffected by CNB volume.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness 8-items (SSCI-8) and then assess its reliability and construct validity among patients with neurological conditions. METHOD:Patients diagnosed with stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were recruited. Reliability was assessed for internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to extract potential factors of Korean SSCI-8. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating scores on the Korean SSCI-8 with scores for depression using the Beck Depression Inventory, anxiety using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and functional ability using the Korean modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), respectively. RESULTS:Of the total 202 patients enrolled in this study, 119 (58.9 %) were recruited with stroke, 33 (16.3 %) with Parkinson's disease, and 29 (14.4 %) with epilepsy. The Korean SSCI-8 had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90). The Korean SSCI-8 retrieved one factor from eight items by the EFA, and all factor loading scores were above 0.70 (0.71-0.84). The Korean SSCI-8 was correlated positively with depression (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), and negatively with the K-MBI (r = -0.48, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION:This study shows that the Korean SSCI-8 is a unidimensional model, even though it includes items of both enacted and internalized stigma. It is both reliable and valid for assessing stigma among Korean patients with neurological disease.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Upper airway analysis is an often-cited use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging in orthodontics. However, the reliability of this process in a clinical setting is largely unknown. Objective:Our objective was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the reliability of upper pharyngeal airway assessment using dental CBCT. Search methods:MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched through June 2015. Selection criteria:Human studies that measured reliability of upper airway assessment in patients using CBCT as part of the study protocol were considered. Data collection and analysis:The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was followed. Data were collected on overall study characteristics and measurements, CBCT unit and machine settings used, and examination characteristics of the included studies. Methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. Results:Forty-two studies were evaluated, representing the CBCT scans of 956 patients. Studies included a wide variety of patients and CBCT machines with various scan settings. Only five studies were deemed high quality. The available evidence indicates that under specific restricted conditions there is moderate to excellent intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Airway volume demonstrated greater intra- and inter-examiner reliability than did minimum cross-sectional area. However, significant methodological limitations of the current literature, most importantly a lack of manual orientation of the images and selection of threshold sensitivity in study protocols, suggest that reliability has not been adequately established. Conclusions:The current literature reports moderate to excellent reliability, with airway volume having higher reliability than minimum cross-sectional area. However, only limited aspects of the process of airway analysis have been evaluated, indicating that further research is required to adequately establish the reliability of upper pharyngeal airway assessment of patients using dental CBCT. Registration:None.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Beard, A, Ashby, J, Chambers, R, Millet, GP, and Brocherie, F. Wales Anaerobic Test (WAT): Reliability and fitness profiles of international rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-To provide strength and conditioning coaches a practical and evidence-based test for repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in rugby union players, this study assessed the relative and absolute test-retest reliability of the Wales Anaerobic Test (WAT) and its position-specific association with other fitness performance indices. Thirty-four players (forwards: n = 19; backs: n = 15) of the Welsh rugby union male senior national team performed the WAT (10 × 50-m distance, 25-30 seconds of passive recovery) twice within 4 days. Time for each repetition was recorded, with the best (WATBest) and total time (WATTT) retained for analysis. Relative (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and absolute (SEM) reliability of the WAT indices were quantified. Furthermore, association (Pearson's product-moment correlations and stepwise backward elimination procedure) with other fitness performance indices (10- and 40-m sprinting times, 30-15 intermittent fitness test [30-15IFT] and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 [YYIR2]) was investigated. Pooled values revealed "moderate" to "high" ICCs for WATBest (ICC = 0.89, p = 0.626) and WATTT (ICC = 0.95, p = 0.342). Good test sensitivity was reported for forwards and backs' WATTT (p > 0.101). Both WATBest and WATTT correlated with 10-m and 40-m sprinting times (r > 0.69, p < 0.001) as well as with 30-15IFT (r < -0.77, p < 0.001) and YYIR2 (r < -0.68, p < 0.001) for pooled values. The WAT proved to be a reliable and sensitive test to assess the rugby union specific RSA-related fitness of international players.

背景与目标： : Beard，A，Ashby，J，Chambers，R，Millet，GP和Brocherie，F. Wales厌氧测试 (WAT): 国际橄榄球联盟球员的可靠性和适应性。J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000,2019-为力量和训练教练提供针对橄榄球联盟球员的重复冲刺能力 (RSA) 的实用且基于证据的测试，这项研究评估了威尔士厌氧测试 (WAT) 的相对和绝对重测可靠性，以及其与其他健身性能指标的特定位置关联。威尔士橄榄球联盟男子高级国家队的34名球员 (前锋: n = 19; 后卫: n = 15) 在4天内两次进行了WAT (10 × 50-m距离，25-30秒的被动恢复) 天。记录每次重复的时间，保留最佳 (WATBest) 和总时间 (WATTT) 进行分析。量化了WAT指数的相对 (类内相关系数 [ICC]) 和绝对 (SEM) 可靠性。此外，还研究了与其他健身性能指标 (10-和40-m冲刺时间，30-15间歇性健身测试 [30-15IFT] 和溜溜球间歇性恢复测试水平2 [YYIR2]) 的关联 (Pearson乘积矩相关性和逐步向后消除程序)。对于WATBest (ICC = 0.89，p = 0.626) 和WATTT (ICC = 0.95，p = 0.342)，合并值显示出 “中度” 至 “高” ICC。报告了对前锋和后卫的瓦特的良好测试灵敏度 (p> 0.101)。WATBest和WATTT均与10-m和40-m冲刺时间 (r> 0.69，p <0.001) 以及30-15ift (r <-0.77，p <0.001) 和YYIR2 (r <-0.68，p <0.001) 相关。事实证明，该WAT是评估橄榄球联盟特定的RSA相关国际球员适应性的可靠且敏感的测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Assessing ethical endorsement is crucial to the study of professional performance and moral conduct. There are no specific instruments that verify patients and professional experiences of ethical practice in the specific area of primary health care (PHC). OBJECTIVE:To study the psychometric properties of two questionnaires to identify professional and patient endorsement of normative ethics. METHODS:A methodological study conducted in PHC centres from an urban area (Barcelona). A group of items from an ethical code were generated using a qualitative study with focus groups. Items underwent expert validation, item refinement and test-retest reliability. Two groups of items for PHC professionals and patients were validated. The structure of the constructs and the internal consistency were studied after participants completed the questionnaires. Principal component analysis with supplementary variables showed the utility of the validated questionnaires. RESULTS:The patients' questionnaire consisted of 17 general items plus 11 additional items on specific conditions, and the health professional's contained 24 general and 9 specific items. The construct of the questionnaires comprised a three-factor solution for patients and a five-factor solution for professionals. Principal component analysis with supplementary variables showed that patients with higher scores on ethical perception were associated with better opinions on health care quality and more confidence in professionals. In PHC professionals, higher scores were associated with effective knowledge of the code. CONCLUSIONS:Both questionnaires showed good psychometric properties and are valid to screen ethical attitudes. The instrument warrants further testing and use with culturally diverse patients and PHC professionals.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A wide range of intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the trochanteric prominence angle test (TPAT) has been reported. We introduced the transcondylar angle test (TCAT) as an alternative to the TPAT and using a smartphone as a reliable measurement tool for femoral neck anteversion (FNA) measurement. The reliabilities of the TPAT and the TCAT, the reliability of using a smartphone as a clinical measurement tool, and the correlation between the difference value of medial knee joint space (KJS) between rest and tested positions and the difference value between the TPAT and TCAT were assessed. Two physical therapists independently determined the reliabilities of the TPAT with a digital inclinometer, the TCAT with a digital inclinometer, and the TCAT with a smartphone in 19 hips of 10 healthy subjects (5 male and 5 female, 22.2 ± 1.69 years). The medial KJS in rest and the tested position were assessed using a sonography. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for the intra-rater reliabilities of TPAT with a digital inclinometer (ICC = 0.92), TCAT with a digital inclinometer (ICC = 0.94) and a smartphone (ICC = 0.95) in both testers were substantial. The inter-rater reliability of TPAT with a digital inclinometer was fair (ICC = 0.48) while TCAT with a digital inclinometer (ICC = 0.89) and a smartphone (ICC = 0.85) were substantial. The correlation between the difference value of medial KJS between rest and tested positions and the difference value between TPAT and TCAT was low and statistically non-significant (r = 0.114; p = 0.325). The TCAT would be more reliable than the TPAT in inter-rater test. Using a smartphone is a clinically comparable measuring tool to a digital inclinometer.

背景与目标： : 据报道，转子突出角测试 (TPAT) 的评分者内和评分者之间的可靠性范围很广。我们引入了跨con角测试 (TCAT) 作为TPAT的替代方法，并使用智能手机作为股骨颈前倾角 (FNA) 测量的可靠测量工具。评估了TPAT和TCAT的可靠性，使用智能手机作为临床测量工具的可靠性，以及静息和测试位置之间的膝关节内侧间隙 (KJS) 差值与TPAT和TCAT差值之间的相关性。两名物理治疗师在10名健康受试者的19髋 (5名男性和5名女性，22.2 ± 1.69岁) 中独立确定了带有数字测斜仪的TPAT，带有数字测斜仪的TCAT和带有智能手机的TCAT的可靠性。使用超声检查评估静止的内侧kj和测试位置。在两个测试人员中，具有数字测斜仪 (ICC = 0.92) 的TPAT，具有数字测斜仪 (ICC = 0.94) 的TCAT和智能手机 (ICC = 0.95) 的评分机内可靠性的类内相关系数 (ICC) 是相当大的。带有数字测斜仪的TPAT的评分者间可靠性是公平的 (ICC = 0.48)，而带有数字测斜仪 (ICC = 0.89) 和智能手机 (ICC = 0.85) 的TCAT是相当高的。休息和测试位置之间的内侧KJS差异值与TPAT和TCAT之间的差异值之间的相关性较低，并且在统计学上不显着 (r = 0.114; p = 0.325)。在评分者间测试中，TCAT比TPAT更可靠。使用智能手机是一种与数字测斜仪具有临床可比性的测量工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Bonded lingual retainers have become increasingly popular, but there is little information on their long-term reliability. OBJECTIVES:The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the reliability of bonded upper and lower lingual retainers and the factors contributing to their failure. METHODS:The study group were 149 patients who returned between 2002 and 2005 with failed upper and/or lower fixed lingual retainers. Approximately 230 patients were debonded each year and approximately 1150 patients were covered annually by a 5-year guarantee of replacement or repair of failed retainers. The retainers were made from 0.018 inch round stainless steel heat-treated orthodontic wire. The upper retainers had loops opposite the embrasures and the lower retainers had loops between the lateral incisors and canines. The following details were recorded: teeth involved, patient gender, the likely cause of any damage and the time taken for each repair. RESULTS:Between 35 and 40 patients required repair/replacement of their retainers each year. Multiple bond failures occurred in approximately 9 per cent of these patients. Male patients had twice the fracture rate of female patients. Extra-oral trauma was the most frequent cause of failure followed by intra-oral trauma, operator error and wire fracture. The central incisors in both arches were the most frequent sites of failure. Single tooth repairs required approximately 12 minutes of the orthodontist's chair-side time. CONCLUSIONS:Bonded lingual retainers are a reliable form of retention after orthodontic treatment.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess test-retest reliability of the Listening in Spatialised Noise - Universal test (LiSN-U). DESIGN:Test-retest reliability study. Participants completed the LiSN-U twice, four to eight weeks apart. Study sample: Test-retest reliability was analysed for 23 adults and 109 children. RESULTS:ANOVA showed significant group average score improvement on LiSN-U spatially-separated and co-located conditions on retest (by 1.3 and 0.9 dB, respectively), but not on the difference between them (spatial advantage). Critical difference scores for children were -3.6 dB for the spatially-separated condition, -5.8 dB for the co-located condition, and 5.5 dB for spatial advantage. Critical difference scores for adults were -2.0 dB for the spatially-separated condition, -4.9 dB for the co-located condition, and 5.4 dB for spatial advantage. A correlation analysis was run to determine the relationship between test and retest speech reception thresholds. The correlation was r = 0.63, p < 0.001 for the spatially-separated condition, r = 0.50, p < 0.001 for the co-located condition, and r = 0.37, p < 0.001 for the spatial advantage measure. CONCLUSIONS:The LiSN-U, which is potentially useable for speakers of any language, shows mean test-retest difference and test-retest reliability comparable to other tests that have proven useful in clinical practice.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present paper focuses on evaluating the interobserver reliability of the 'Welfare Quality(®) Animal Welfare Assessment Protocol for Growing Pigs'. The protocol for growing pigs mainly consists of a Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA), direct behaviour observations (BO) carried out by instantaneous scan sampling and checks for different individual parameters (IP), e.g. presence of tail biting, wounds and bursitis. Three trained observers collected the data by performing 29 combined assessments, which were done at the same time and on the same animals; but they were carried out completely independent of each other. The findings were compared by the calculation of Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients (RS), Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), Smallest Detectable Changes (SDC) and Limits of Agreements (LoA). There was no agreement found concerning the adjectives belonging to the QBA (e.g. active: RS: 0.50, ICC: 0.30, SDC: 0.38, LoA: -0.05 to 0.45; fearful: RS: 0.06, ICC: 0.0, SDC: 0.26, LoA: -0.20 to 0.30). In contrast, the BO showed good agreement (e.g. social behaviour: RS: 0.45, ICC: 0.50, SDC: 0.09, LoA: -0.09 to 0.03 use of enrichment material: RS: 0.75, ICC: 0.68, SDC: 0.06, LoA: -0.03 to 0.03). Overall, observers agreed well in the IP, e.g. tail biting (RS: 0.52, ICC: 0.88; SDC: 0.05, LoA: -0.01 to 0.02) and wounds (RS: 0.43, ICC: 0.59, SDC: 0.10, LoA: -0.09 to 0.10). The parameter bursitis showed great differences (RS: 0.10, ICC: 0.0, SDC: 0.35, LoA: -0.37 to 0.40), which can be explained by difficulties in the assessment when the animals moved around quickly or their legs were soiled. In conclusion, the interobserver reliability was good in the BO and most IP, but not for the parameter bursitis and the QBA.

背景与目标： : 本文的重点是评估 “福利质量 (®) 种猪动物福利评估协议。生长猪的方案主要包括定性行为评估 (QBA)，通过瞬时扫描采样进行的直接行为观察 (BO)，并检查不同的个体参数 (IP)，例如是否存在咬尾，伤口和滑囊炎。三名训练有素的观察员通过执行29项综合评估来收集数据，这些评估是在同一时间对同一只动物进行的; 但是它们是完全独立地进行的。通过计算Spearman等级相关系数 (RS)，类内相关系数 (ICC)，最小可检测变化 (SDC) 和协议限制 (LoA) 来比较研究结果。关于QBA的形容词没有达成一致意见 (例如，主动: RS: 0.50，ICC: 0.30，SDC: 0.38，LoA: -0.05至0.45; 恐惧: RS: 0.06，ICC: 0.0，SDC: 0.26，LoA: -0.20至0.30)。相比之下，BO表现出良好的一致性 (例如社会行为: RS: 0.45，ICC: 0.50，SDC: 0.09，LoA: -0.09 0.03使用浓缩材料: RS: 0.75，ICC: 0.68，SDC: 0.06，LoA: -0.03至0.03)。总体而言，观察员在知识产权方面非常同意，例如咬尾 (RS: 0.52，ICC: 0.88; SDC: 0.05，LoA: -0.01至0.02) 和伤口 (RS: 0.43，ICC: 0.59，SDC: 0.10，LoA: -0.09至0.10)。参数滑囊炎显示出很大的差异 (RS: 0.10，ICC: 0.0，SDC: 0.35，LoA: -0.37至0.40)，这可以用动物快速移动或腿部被弄脏时评估中的困难来解释。总之，观察者间的可靠性在BO和大多数IP中是良好的，但对于参数滑囊炎和QBA则不是。