BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Comparison of closely related species that differ in their life histories is a powerful method for studying the underlying physiological mechanisms contributing to life-history variation. I investigated whether two closely related members of the Camponotus festinatus species complex of desert carpenter ants, C. nr. festinatus Desert Light and C. nr. festinatus Desert Dark, differed in their life-history tactics with respect to fat storage. Newly mated queens were collected in the field, and colonies were reared under common conditions in the laboratory for 2 yr before sampling. I show that the two species differ in fat storage at the individual level. While the basic scaling relationship between lean mass and fat content did not differ between the two species, Dark workers and soldiers stored significantly more fat per unit lean mass than Light workers or soldiers. There were no significant demographic differences in the proportions of workers or soldiers involved in fat storage between the two species, although there was a trend toward Light colonies having a greater proportion of soldiers storing large amounts of fat. There was also no significant difference in the total amount of fat stored by the two species at the colony level. The detection of strong individual-level effects but no colony-level effects was likely due to the low statistical power of colony-level analyses. Showing that these two closely related species differ in fat storage at the individual level in a common environment demonstrates their utility as a model for understanding the physiological and behavioral mechanisms regulating life-history variation in fat storage in ants.

背景与目标： : 比较生活史不同的密切相关物种是研究导致生活史变异的潜在生理机制的有力方法。我调查了沙漠木匠蚂蚁C. nr的Camponotus festinatus物种复合体的两个密切相关的成员。festinatus沙漠光和C. nr。festinatus沙漠黑暗，在脂肪储存方面的生活史策略有所不同。在野外收集新的皇后，并在实验室的常规条件下将菌落饲养2年，然后再取样。我证明这两个物种在个体水平上的脂肪储存不同。虽然两种物种的瘦体重和脂肪含量之间的基本比例关系没有差异，但黑暗工人和士兵每单位瘦体重所存储的脂肪比轻型工人或士兵要多得多。在这两个物种之间，从事脂肪储存的工人或士兵的比例没有显着的人口统计学差异，尽管有轻殖民地的趋势，其中有更多的士兵储存大量脂肪。在菌落水平上，两种物种储存的脂肪总量也没有显着差异。由于菌落水平分析的统计能力较低，可能检测到强烈的个体水平影响，但没有菌落水平影响。表明这两个密切相关的物种在共同环境中的个体水平上的脂肪储存不同，证明了它们作为理解调节蚂蚁脂肪储存生活史变化的生理和行为机制的模型的效用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Current genomic research methods provide researchers with enormous amounts of data. Combining data from different high-throughput research technologies commonly available in biological databases can lead to novel findings and increase research efficiency. However, combining data from different heterogeneous sources is often a very arduous task. These sources can be different microarray technology platforms, genomic databases, or experiments performed on various species. Our aim was to develop a software program that could facilitate the combining of data from heterogeneous sources, and thus allow researchers to perform genomic cross-platform/cross-species studies and to use existing experimental data for compendium studies. RESULTS:We have developed a web-based software resource, called CROPPER that uses the latest genomic information concerning different data identifiers and orthologous genes from the Ensembl database. CROPPER can be used to combine genomic data from different heterogeneous sources, allowing researchers to perform cross-platform/cross-species compendium studies without the need for complex computational tools or the requirement of setting up one's own in-house database. We also present an example of a simple cross-platform/cross-species compendium study based on publicly available Parkinson's disease data derived from different sources. CONCLUSION:CROPPER is a user-friendly and freely available web-based software resource that can be successfully used for cross-species/cross-platform compendium studies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The ubiquitin-immuno-reactive protein with a molecular weight of 27,800 daltons, which is mainly present in the cap of young basidiocarp, was purified from the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. The molecular weight of the native protein was approximately 55,000 as determined by gel filtration chromatography. The isoelectric point of the protein was 4.4. The amino-terminal sequence of the protein was also determined.

背景与目标： : 从担子菌灰质中纯化了分子量为27,800道尔顿的泛素免疫反应蛋白，该蛋白主要存在于年轻的担子果的帽中。通过凝胶过滤色谱法测定，天然蛋白质的分子量约为55,000。4.4蛋白质的等电点。还确定了蛋白质的氨基末端序列。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sixty-one strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and 47 strains of nontuberculous mycobacteria were analyzed for fatty acids and enzyme profiles. Cellular fatty acids were extracted from bacteria, methylated and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography operated either manually (Perkin-Elmer) or by the automatic Microbial Identification System. The major cellular fatty acids in all mycobacterial species were C161. Tuberculostearic acid was found in all species with the exception of Mycobacterium gordonae. The fatty acids with a carbon-length longer than 20 could be detected only by conventional gas chromatography. Strains of M.

tuberculosis had a high ratio of C260. For determination of branched-chain fatty acids, the MIS provided more definitive results. The data indicated that the fatty acid profiles could provide rapid species identification. The results of the enzyme profile analysis using API-ZYM strips showed 39 different patterns from 59 strains of M. tuberculosis, and 41 different patterns from 46 nontuberculous mycobacteria strains, suggesting that enzyme profiles can also be used for strain characterization within the same species.

背景与目标： 分析了61株结核分枝杆菌复合物和47株非结核分枝杆菌的脂肪酸和酶谱。从细菌中提取细胞脂肪酸，甲基化，并通过手动 (Perkin-Elmer) 或自动微生物识别系统操作的气相色谱法进行分析。所有分枝杆菌物种中的主要细胞脂肪酸为c161。除gordonae分枝杆菌外，所有物种中均发现了结核硬脂酸。碳长度大于20的脂肪酸只能通过常规气相色谱法检测。结核分枝杆菌菌株的c260比例很高。对于支链脂肪酸的测定，MIS提供了更明确的结果。数据表明，脂肪酸谱可以提供快速的物种鉴定。使用API-ZYM条带进行的酶谱分析结果显示，来自59株结核分枝杆菌的39种不同模式，以及来自46株非结核分枝杆菌的41种不同模式，这表明酶谱也可用于同一物种内的菌株表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of different seasons on sterol content of seafoods was investigated. There were four sterols (cholesterol, sitosterol, desmosterol and stigmasterol) identified, with cholesterol being the predominant sterol. Stigmasterol was a minor component in fish muscle, whilst sitosterol was one of the main phytosterols found in fish muscle. Cholesterol content of fish consisted of 38-100% of total sterols in fish and 54-80% of total sterols in shellfish. The highest cholesterol content of fish muscle was found in summer and the lowest in autumn, whereas season did not have any effect on cholesterol level of green tiger prawn and speckled shrimp. Total sterol content of fish muscle ranged from 49 to 110 mg/100 g, although the range of total sterols in shrimp muscle was between 62 and 91 mg/100 g. The result of the study showed that total sterols in fish were generally found at lower levels in winter compared with other seasons.

背景与目标： : 研究了不同季节对海鲜中固醇含量的影响。鉴定出四种固醇 (胆固醇，谷甾醇，去甾醇和豆甾醇)，其中胆固醇是主要的固醇。豆甾醇是鱼类肌肉中的次要成分，而谷甾醇是鱼类肌肉中发现的主要植物甾醇之一。鱼的胆固醇含量由鱼中38-100% 的总甾醇和贝类中54-80% 的总甾醇组成。夏季发现鱼肌肉中胆固醇含量最高，秋季最低，而季节对绿虎虾和斑点虾的胆固醇水平没有任何影响。鱼肌肉的总固醇含量范围为49至110 mg/100g，尽管虾肌肉中的总固醇含量范围为62至91 mg/100g。研究结果表明，与其他季节相比，冬季鱼中的总固醇含量通常较低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) remains the gold standard surrogate for tissue oxygen extraction in paediatric cardiac surgery. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for regional oxygen saturation. The aim was to compare regional oxygen saturation measured by NIRS with ScvO2 in postoperative paediatric cardiac patients. METHODS:In this prospective study, we included newborns and infants younger than 45 days undergoing heart surgery. We recorded continuous ScvO2 and NIRS regional saturation placed on the forehead (B) and right flank (S) for 48 h postoperatively. A Bland-Altman's analysis was used to assess the agreement between these measurements. RESULTS:A total of 23 patients were included with a median age of 12 days (2-46) and median weight of 3.1 kg (2.3-4.47). The mean difference (MD) ScvO2- B NIRS was 10.45% with limits of agreement (LOA) -17.23 to 38.13% and ScvO2- S NIRS MD 7.16% with LOA: -25.51 to 39.84%. The single ventricle ScvO2- S NIRS subgroup had MD within ± 5%; however, wide LOA was observed. The remaining subgroups showed MD nearly above ± 5%, with wide LOA. CONCLUSIONS:The regional oxygen saturation of brain and kidney did not match ScvO2 as estimation of global tissue perfusion. Nevertheless, NIRS may still provide information regarding regional circulation that may help in the management of neonatal cardiac surgery patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, whose conformational change and aggregation have been closely linked to the pathology of Parkingson's disease (PD), is highly populated at the presynaptic termini and remains there in the α-helical conformation. In this study, circular dichroism confirmed that natively unstructured α-syn in aqueous solution was transformed to its α-helical conformation upon addition of trifluoroethanol (TFE). Electrochemical and UV-visible spectroscopic experiments reveal that both Cu (I) and Cu (II) are stabilized, with the former being stabilized by about two orders of magnitude. Compared to unstructured α-syn (Binolfi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 194-196), α-helical α-syn stabilizes Cu (I) by more than three orders of magnitude. Through the measurements of H(2)O(2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in solutions containing different forms of Cu (II) (free and complexed by unstructured or α-helical α-syn), we demonstrate that the significantly enhanced Cu (I) binding affinity helps inhibit the production of highly toxic reactive oxygen species, especially the hydroxyl radicals. Our study provides strong evidence that, as a possible means to prevent neuronal cell damage, conversion of the natively unstructured α-syn to its α-helical conformation in vivo could significantly attenuate the copper-modulated ROS production.

背景与目标： : 细胞内 α-突触核蛋白 (α-syn) 蛋白的构象变化和聚集与Parkingson病 (PD) 的病理密切相关，在突触前末端高度聚集，并保留在 α-螺旋构象中。在这项研究中，圆二色性证实，加入三氟乙醇 (TFE) 后，水溶液中的原生非结构化 α-syn转化为其 α-螺旋构象。电化学和紫外可见光谱实验表明，Cu (I) 和Cu (II) 都是稳定的，前者稳定了大约两个数量级。与非结构化 α-syn (Binolfi等人，J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 194-196) 相比，α-螺旋 α-syn使Cu (I) 稳定超过三个数量级。通过测量含有不同形式的Cu (II) (游离并通过非结构化或 α-螺旋 α-syn络合) 的溶液中的H(2)O(2) 和羟基自由基 (OH)，我们证明了显着增强的Cu (I) 结合亲和力有助于抑制高毒性活性氧的产生，尤其是羟基自由基。我们的研究提供了有力的证据，表明作为防止神经元细胞损伤的一种可能手段，在体内将非结构化的 α-syn转化为其 α-螺旋构象可以显着减弱铜调节的ROS的产生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eight patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and pulmonary hypertension were given an infusion of a calcium antagonist, felodipine, during ongoing, long-term oxygen treatment (LTOT). The effects on central haemodynamics and ventilation-perfusion matching were studied. At rest pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (PVR and SVR) were reduced by 18% (NS) and 26% (p less than 0.05), respectively. Cardiac output increased by 23%. There was a tendency to increased perfusion of low alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) areas (VA/Q less than 0.1) and to increased shunt compared to pretreatment values. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) fell by 0.7 kPa (p less than 0.001) but total oxygen transport increased by 23% (p less than 0.001). After treatment with oral felodipine (7.5-15 mg.day-1) for a mean time of 14 wks, PVR and SVR were reduced by 16% (p less than 0.05) and 7% (NS), respectively, as compared to pretreatment values at rest. Cardiac output rose by 13%. The VA/Q ratios and the PaO2 returned towards pretreatment values. The total oxygen transport increased by 11% (p less than 0.05) at rest and increased by 19% (p less than 0.05) during exercise as compared to the pretreatment value. The positive effect on central haemodynamics indicates that felodipine may be a valuable adjunct to ongoing LTOT.

背景与目标： : 在正在进行的长期氧气治疗 (LTOT) 期间，对8名患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COLD) 和肺动脉高压的患者进行了钙拮抗剂非洛地平的输注。研究了对中心血流动力学和通气-灌注匹配的影响。静止时，肺和全身血管阻力 (PVR和SVR) 分别降低了18% (NS) 和26% (p小于0.05)。心输出量增加23%。与预处理值相比，低肺泡通气-灌注比 (VA/Q) 区域的灌注增加 (VA/Q小于0.1) 和分流增加的趋势。动脉血氧张力 (PaO2) 下降了0.7 kPa (p小于0.001)，但总输氧增加了23% (p小于0.001)。在用口服非洛地平 (7.5-15 mg.day-1) 治疗14 wks的平均时间后，与休息时的预处理值相比，PVR和SVR分别降低了16% (p小于0.05) 和7% (NS)。心输出量上升了13%。VA/Q比和PaO2返回预处理值。与预处理值相比，总氧传输在静止时增加11% (p小于0.05)，在运动期间增加19% (p小于0.05)。对中枢血流动力学的积极影响表明，非洛地平可能是正在进行的LTOT的有价值的辅助手段。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tricholoma matsutake, known widely as "matsutake," has great commercial and cultural significance in Japan. Because Japanese production is insufficient to meet the high domestic demand, morphologically similar mushrooms, thought by many to belong to T. magnivelare, are imported from western North America. However, molecular data produced since the early 2000s have indicated that more than one species of matsutake occur in North America and this raises the question of correct naming for the different species. To address this question, we assessed the phylogenetic diversity within North American matsutake based on nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer [ITS] barcode) sequences, including newly obtained sequences from the type collections for Agaricus ponderosus and Armillaria arenicola, and morphological characters. Our results agree with earlier indications that three matsutake species occur in North America and allow us to clarify the correct application of names-T. magnivelare from the eastern USA and Canada, T. murrillianum from the western USA and Canada, and T. mesoamericanum from Mexico, newly described here. The existence of the three North American species is further supported by the results of evolutionary divergence analysis, geographical distributions, and morphological characters.

背景与目标： : 松茸，被广泛称为 “松茸”，在日本具有重大的商业和文化意义。由于日本的产量不足以满足国内的高需求，因此从北美西部进口了许多形态相似的蘑菇，这些蘑菇被许多人认为属于T.Magnivelart。然而，自21世纪00年代初以来产生的分子数据表明，北美存在一种以上的松茸，这就提出了为不同物种正确命名的问题。为了解决这个问题，我们根据nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (内部转录间隔区 [ITS] 条形码) 序列评估了北美松茸内部的系统发育多样性，包括从黄松茸和arenicola的类型集合中新获得的序列，以及形态特征。我们的结果与先前的迹象一致，即北美有三种松茸物种，这使我们能够阐明名称的正确应用-美国东部和加拿大的T.Magnivelale，美国西部和加拿大的T.Murrilianum以及墨西哥的T. mesoamericanum，在此处新描述。进化差异分析，地理分布和形态特征的结果进一步支持了这三个北美物种的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most of the so-called "lower hypostomes", nassophorean ciliates in the most recent classifications of the phylum Ciliophora, have been little studied in modern times (e.g., employing methods of silver impregnation, a technique widely considered indispensable in comparative taxonomic work on these protists today). In this paper, we present descriptions of two species, a new strain of Nassulopsis elegans (Ehr., 1833) and Zosterodasys derouxi n.sp., based primarily on use of the pyridinated silver carbonate method of Fernández-Galiano. From our own data, especially on the oral hypostomial frange of the first organism and the true somatic synhymenium of the second, and review of the relevant literature, we suggest that the phylogenetic affinities of these forms need to be reassessed. We also tentatively propose some changes in the suprafamilial classification of the ciliate groups involved. While recognizing the need for additional information that can be supplied only by future ultrastructural studies and comparative morphogenetic investigations, we briefly offer the following two speculative ideas at this time: (1) that Nassulopsis be removed from the order Synhymeniida and be considered an evolutionarily primitive genus of the "higher" order Nassulida; and (2) that Zosterodasys be considered a "pivotal" primitive nassophorean that may have given rise, phylogenetically, not only to the more evolved groups of its own class (the Nassophorea) but also to the (primitive groups of the) entire neighboring class Phyllopharyngea.

背景与目标： : 在最近的Ciliophora门分类中，大多数所谓的 “下段体” (nassophorean纤毛虫) 在现代都很少被研究 (例如，采用银浸渍的方法，这种技术被广泛认为是不可或缺的比较分类学工作今天在这些原生生物上)。在本文中，我们主要基于使用Fernández-Galiano的吡啶化碳酸银方法，介绍了两个物种，一种新的Nassulopsis elegans (Ehr。，1833) 和Zosterodasys derouxi n.sp.。根据我们自己的数据，尤其是关于第一种生物的口腔次生殖和第二种生物的真正体细胞合用膜，以及对相关文献的回顾，我们建议需要重新评估这些形式的系统发育亲和力。我们还初步提出了涉及纤毛虫组的超家族分类的一些变化。在认识到需要仅通过未来的超微结构研究和比较形态发生研究可以提供的其他信息的同时，我们暂时提供了以下两种推测的观点 :( 1) 将Nassulopsis从Synhymeniida中删除，并被认为是进化上原始的 “高级” Nassulida属; (2) Zosterodasys被认为是 “关键的” 原始nassophorean，在系统发育上，它不仅引起了自己阶级的较进化群体 (Nassophorea)，而且引起了 (原始群体) 整个相邻的Phyllopharyngea。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus species from chickens and pigs in Beijing and Shandong Province, China. METHODS AND RESULTS:Swab samples were collected from four farms in Beijing and two in Shandong Province in 2009 and tested for Enterococcus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents were determined using broth microdilution or agar screening methods. A total of 453 Enterococcus isolates were recovered, belonging to six different Enterococcus species. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to tetracycline (92.5%), amikacin (89.4%), erythromycin (72.8%) and rifampin (58.1%), and high-level streptomycin resistance (HLSR, 50.3%) were prevalent, while resistance to penicillins (7.9% to penicillin and 4.2% to ampicillin) was rare. The resistance rates to phenicols (chloramphenicol and florfenicol) and enrofloxacin, and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) were approximately 30%. The vast majority of the Enterococcus isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant organisms. CONCLUSIONS:Resistance of Enterococcus sp. to most antimicrobials was more prevalent in China than in European or other Asian countries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:Our findings reveal a high level of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates from food animals in China and underline the need for prudent use of antibiotics in chicken and pig production to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Many brain areas participate to supraspinal control of nociception. In these regions, few studies have investigated the role of glial cells in supraspinal plasticity and the effect of 7-day intrathecal nerve growth factor-like (BB14®, Blueprint Biotech, Milano, Italy) treatment. METHODS:In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry the morphological and molecular rearrangement of neuroglial network occurring in several supraspinal brain regions involved in pain processing following spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve. In particular, the medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala (Amy), the nucleus accumbens (Acb), the thalamus and the periaqueductal gray were analysed. RESULTS:Despite the modifications occurring in the dorsal horn of spinal cord following SNI, no significant changes in the Iba1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression were detected in all the analysed supraspinal regions, except for the Amy, showing a remarkable GFAP increase. Interestingly, neuropathic rats also displayed a significant increase of glial transporters (GTs) in all the supraspinal regions. Finally, the analysis of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLUT1) and vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (vGAT) expression revealed a significant enhancement of glutamatergic/GABAergic ratio in all selected brain regions of SNI animals, except for Acb. Both glial activation in the Amy and alteration of GTs and vGLUT/vGAT levels observed in neuropathic animals were largely reversed by BB14® treatment. CONCLUSIONS:All together, these data strengthen the role of supraspinal neuroglial network plasticity in the establishment of neuropathic pain syndrome. The hallmark is represented by the divergence between glial reaction confined to Amy and the widespread changes in the GT distribution and glutamate/GABA ratio detected in the other supraspinal region.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between serum c-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and the metabolic syndrome (MS) using the International Diabetes Federation Metabolic Syndrome Guidelines (April, 2005) definition in an older Chinese population. METHODS:Three thousand and fourteen men and 7275 women aged 50-85 years were recruited and received a full medical check-up including measurement of blood pressure, obesity indices, fasting total, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and c-reactive protein. Data describing socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was also collected. RESULTS:Vascular risk factors including waist circumference, weight gain and waist gain since the age of 18, body mass index, waist-hip-ratio, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were positively associated with CRP in both men and women (p from <0.001 to 0.016). Compared to those without MS components, adjusted odds ratios for having elevated CRP increased in those with the MS or its components compared those without MS or components (all p<0.001), except for the low HDL-cholesterol in both genders and raised fasting glucose in men. Similarly, the risk of elevated CRP increased with escalating MS components even after adjustment of a range of potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS:There is a strong relationship between CRP and the constellation of MS components and associated vascular risk in this older Chinese population.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Seedlings of Acanthocarpus preissii are needed for coastal sand dune restoration in Western Australia. However, seeds of this Western Australian endemic have proven to be very difficult to germinate. The aims of this study were to define a dormancy-breaking protocol, identify time of suitable conditions for dormancy-break in the field and classify the type of seed dormancy in this species. METHODS:Viability, water-uptake (imbibition) and seed and embryo characteristics were assessed for seeds collected in 2003 and in 2004 from two locations. The effects of GA(3), smoke-water, GA(3) + smoke-water and warm stratification were tested on seed dormancy-break. In a field study, soil temperature and the moisture content of soil and buried seeds were monitored for 1 year. KEY RESULTS:Viability of fresh seeds was >90 %, and they had a fully developed, curved-linear embryo. Fresh seeds imbibed water readily, with mass increasing approx. 52 % in 4 d. Non-treated fresh seeds and those exposed to 1000 ppm GA(3), 1 : 10 (v/v) smoke-water/water or 1000 ppm GA(3) + 1 : 10 (v/v) smoke-water/water germinated <8 %. Fresh seeds germinated to >80 % when warm-stratified for at least 7 weeks at 18/33 degrees C and then moved to 7/18 degrees C, whereas seeds incubated continuously at 7/18 degrees C germinated to <20 %. CONCLUSIONS:Seeds of A. preisii have non-deep physiological dormancy that is released by a period of warm stratification. Autumn (March/April) is the most likely time for warm stratification of seeds of this species in the field. This is the first report of the requirement for warm stratification for dormancy release in seeds of an Australian species.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three strains of rumen treponemes were isolated and partially characterized. The strains differed significantly one from another in morphology, fermentation characteristics and plasmid profiles. Their genetic variability was assayed using DNA-based molecular approaches. Easily differentiated ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) patterns indicated that the strains represent different bacterial species.

背景与目标： : 分离出3株瘤胃螺旋体并进行了部分鉴定。菌株在形态，发酵特性和质粒谱方面彼此之间存在显着差异。使用基于DNA的分子方法分析了它们的遗传变异性。易于分化的ARDRA (扩增的核糖体DNA限制性分析) 模式表明该菌株代表不同的细菌种类。