BACKGROUND & AIMS: Heart rate reactivity has been conceptualized, at least implicitly, as a unidimensional construct ranging from low to high, reflecting individual differences in adrenergic reactivity to daily stressors. However, an individual's classification as high in heart rate reactivity ignores possible individual differences in the autonomic origins of this reactivity. Sixty-eight women were exposed to orthostatic and speech stressors to determine the psychometric properties (postural stability, convergent and discriminant validity) of heart rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Results revealed that (a) basal, stress, simple reactivity (stress - baseline), and residualized change indices of heart rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were stable across postures and (b) heart rate reactivity was significantly related to preejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity, whereas the latter two measures were unrelated. Reactivity classifications may therefore be significantly improved by attention to concurrent estimates of the activity of both autonomic branches.

背景与目标： 至少隐含地将心率反应性概念化为一种从低到高的一维结构，反映了肾上腺素对日常应激源反应性的个体差异。但是，个人的心率反应性高分类忽略了该反应性的自主起源中可能存在的个体差异。68名妇女暴露于体位和言语应激源，以确定心率，射血前期和呼吸性窦性心律不齐的心理测量特性 (姿势稳定性，收敛和判别效度)。结果显示 :( a) 心率，射血前期和呼吸窦性心律失常的基础，压力，简单反应性 (压力基线) 和残留变化指数在不同姿势下均稳定; (b) 心率反应性与射血前期显着相关。和呼吸窦性心律失常的反应性，而后两种措施是不相关的。因此，通过注意同时估计两个自主分支的活性，可以显着改善反应性分类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chronic pain is a potentially stigmatizing condition. However, stigma has received limited empirical investigation in people with chronic pain. Therefore, we examined the psychometric properties of a self-report questionnaire of stigma in people with chronic pain attending interdisciplinary treatment. Secondarily, we undertook an exploratory examination of the magnitude of change in stigma associated with interdisciplinary treatment in a prospective observational cohort. Participants attending interdisciplinary treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy completed the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness 8-item version (SSCI-8; previously developed and validated in neurological samples), and measures of perceived injustice, pain acceptance, and standard pain outcomes before (n = 300) and after treatment (n = 247). A unidimensional factor structure and good internal consistency were found for the SSCI-8. Total SSCI-8 scores were correlated with pain intensity, indices of functioning, and depression in bivariate analyses. Stigma scores were uniquely associated with functioning and depression in multiple regression analyses controlling for demographic factors, pain intensity, pain acceptance, and perceived injustice at baseline. SSCI-8 total scores did not significantly improve after treatment, although an exploratory subscale analysis showed a small improvement on internalized stigma. In contrast, scores on perceived injustice, pain acceptance, and pain outcomes improved significantly. Taken together, these data support the reliability and validity of the SSCI-8 for use in samples with chronic pain. Further research is needed optimize interventions to target stigma at both the individual and societal levels. PERSPECTIVE: This study supports the use of the SSCI-8 to measure stigma in chronic pain. Stigma is uniquely associated with worse depression and pain-related disability. Research is needed to identify how to best target pain-related stigma from individual and societal perspectives.

背景与目标： : 慢性疼痛是一种潜在的污名化疾病。然而，污名在慢性疼痛患者中接受的实证研究有限。因此，我们检查了参加跨学科治疗的慢性疼痛患者的耻辱感自我报告问卷的心理测量特性。其次，我们对前瞻性观察队列中与跨学科治疗相关的污名变化幅度进行了探索性检查。参加基于接受和承诺治疗的跨学科治疗的参与者完成了慢性病的污名量表8项版本 (SSCI-8; 以前在神经系统样本中开发和验证)，以及感知的不公正，疼痛接受，治疗前 (n   =   300) 和治疗后 (n   =   247) 的标准疼痛结局。发现该SSCI-8具有一维因子结构和良好的内部一致性。在双变量分析中，总SSCI-8评分与疼痛强度，功能指数和抑郁相关。在控制人口统计学因素，疼痛强度，疼痛接受程度和基线感知不公正的多元回归分析中，污名得分与功能和抑郁唯一相关。SSCI-8总分在治疗后没有显著改善，尽管探索性子量表分析显示内在化污名有小幅改善。相比之下，感知到的不公正、疼痛接受和疼痛结果的得分显著提高。综上所述，这些数据支持用于慢性疼痛样本的SSCI-8的可靠性和有效性。需要进一步的研究优化干预措施，以针对个人和社会层面的污名。观点: 本研究支持使用该SSCI-8测量慢性疼痛的耻辱感。污名与更严重的抑郁和疼痛相关的残疾有着独特的联系。需要进行研究，以确定如何从个人和社会的角度最好地针对与疼痛相关的污名。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A quantitative ethogram was developed for the Zebra finch, using one-zero focal animal sampling on an ethologically comprehensive checklist of 52 behavioral items, and was assessed for both interobserver reliability and construct validity. Interobserver reliabilities were highly acceptable (an eta-squared of, 923 for aggregation periods of 5 minutes). Nine common factors (Singing & Parenting, Social Proximity, Social Contact, Social Submission, Social Aggression, Sex & Violence, Object Handling, Surface Foraging, and General Activity) produced highly acceptable convergent validities (high factor loadings for most behavioral items) and discriminant validities (low factor intercorrelations). Applying the quantitative methods of psychometrics thus permits the verification of ethological theory and the testing of diverse hypotheses with a high degree of sophistication.

背景与目标： : 在52个行为项目的行为学综合检查表上使用零焦点动物采样，为斑马雀开发了定量的ethogram，并评估了观察者间的可靠性和结构效度。观察者之间的可靠性是高度可接受的 (对于5分钟的聚集周期，eta的平方为923)。九个常见因素 (唱歌和育儿，社交接近，社交接触，社交屈服，社会攻击，性与暴力，物体处理，表面觅食和一般活动) 产生了高度可接受的收敛有效性 (大多数行为项目的高因子负荷) 和判别有效性 (低因子相互关系)。因此，应用心理计量学的定量方法可以验证伦理学理论，并可以高度复杂地检验各种假设。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :I myself am a prime example of the way in which ignorance of IQ leads to a distorted understanding of education (and many other matters). I have been writing on the subject of education--especially higher education, science and medical education--for about 20 years, but now believe that many of my earlier ideas were wrong for the simple reason that I did not know about IQ. Since discovering the basic facts about IQ, several of my convictions have undergone a U-turn. Just how radically my ideas were changed has been brought home by two recent books: Real Education by Charles Murray and Spent by Geoffrey Miller. Since IQ and personality are substantially hereditary and rankings (although not absolute levels) are highly stable throughout a persons adult life, this implies that differential educational attainment within a society is mostly determined by heredity and therefore not by differences in educational experience. This implies that education is about selection more than enhancement, and educational qualifications mainly serve to 'signal' or quantify a person's hereditary attributes. So education mostly functions as an extremely slow, inefficient and imprecise form of psychometric testing. It would therefore be easy to construct a modern educational system that was both more efficient and more effective than the current one. I now advocate a substantial reduction in the average amount of formal education and the proportion of the population attending higher education institutions. At the age of about sixteen each person could leave school with a set of knowledge-based examination results demonstrating their level of competence in a core knowledge curriculum; and with usefully precise and valid psychometric measurements of their general intelligence and personality (especially their age ranked degree of Conscientiousness). However, such change would result in a massive down-sizing of the educational system and this is a key underlying reason why IQ has become a taboo subject. Miller suggests that academics at the most expensive, elite, intelligence-screening universities tend to be sceptical of psychometric testing; precisely because they do not want to be undercut by cheaper, faster, more-reliable IQ and personality evaluations.

背景与目标： : 我本人就是一个典型的例子，说明对智商的无知导致对教育 (以及许多其他问题) 的理解失真。我已经写了大约20年的教育，尤其是高等教育，科学和医学教育，但现在认为我以前的许多想法是错误的，原因很简单，我不知道智商。自从发现有关智商的基本事实以来，我的一些信念发生了掉头。最近的两本书使我的想法发生了多么根本的变化: 查尔斯·默里 (Charles Murray) 的《真实教育》和杰弗里·米勒 (Geoffrey Miller) 的《度过》。由于智商和个性在很大程度上是遗传性的，并且排名 (尽管不是绝对水平) 在整个成年生活中都非常稳定，这意味着社会中的不同教育程度主要取决于遗传，因此不取决于教育经验的差异。这意味着教育不仅仅是选择，而教育资格主要用于 “信号” 或量化一个人的遗传属性。因此，教育主要是一种极其缓慢，效率低下且不精确的心理测试形式。因此，构建一个比目前的教育体系更高效、更有效的现代教育体系将是容易的。我现在主张大幅减少正规教育的平均数量和就读高等教育机构的人口比例。在大约16岁时，每个人都可以带着一套基于知识的考试结果离开学校，证明他们在核心知识课程中的能力水平; 并对他们的一般智力和个性 (尤其是他们的年龄等级的尽责程度) 进行有用的精确和有效的心理测量。但是，这种变化将导致教育系统的大规模缩减，这是智商成为禁忌话题的关键根本原因。米勒认为，最昂贵，最精英，智力筛选大学的学者往往对心理测验持怀疑态度; 正是因为他们不想被更便宜，更快，更可靠的智商和个性评估所削弱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-report measures pertinent for personality disorder are widely used and many are available. Their relative merits are usually assessed on nomothetic psychometrics and acceptability to users is neglected. We report reactions of lay, patient and professional groups to the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-IV); Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III); the Borderline Syndrome Index (BSI); Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ). These were sent to 148 professionals, ex-patients and lay people for comment. Thirty-six per cent were returned. Pattern-coding by three raters revealed problematic themes across all measures, including inappropriate length, vague items and language, cultural assumptions and slang, state-bias and response-set. Measures can be depressing and upsetting for some participants (both patients and non-patients), hence administration of measures should be sensitive. Treatment may make people more self-aware, which may compromise validity for outcome research. This evaluation raises issues and concerns, which are missed in traditional psychometric evaluation.

背景与目标： : 与人格障碍相关的自我报告措施被广泛使用，并且有许多可用。它们的相对优点通常是通过精神心理测量学来评估的，而忽略了用户的可接受性。我们报告了外行，患者和专业团体对人格诊断问卷 (pdq-iv) 的反应; Millon临床多轴量表 (mcmi-iii); 临界综合征指数 (BSI); 罗森伯格的自尊量表 (RSE) 和社会功能问卷 (SFQ)。这些被发送给148专业人士，前患者和非专业人士发表评论。退还了36%。三个评价者的模式编码揭示了所有措施中存在问题的主题，包括不适当的长度，模糊的项目和语言，文化假设和语，状态偏见和响应集。对于某些参与者 (患者和非患者)，措施可能会令人沮丧和沮丧，因此措施的管理应该是敏感的。治疗可能会使人们更加自我意识，这可能会损害结果研究的有效性。该评估提出了传统心理评估中遗漏的问题和担忧。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :When measuring psychological traits, one has to consider that respondents often show content-unrelated response behavior in answering questionnaires. To disentangle the target trait and two such response styles, extreme responding and midpoint responding, Böckenholt ( 2012a ) developed an item response model based on a latent processing tree structure. We propose a theoretically motivated extension of this model to also measure acquiescence, the tendency to agree with both regular and reversed items. Substantively, our approach builds on multinomial processing tree (MPT) models that are used in cognitive psychology to disentangle qualitatively distinct processes. Accordingly, the new model for response styles assumes a mixture distribution of affirmative responses, which are either determined by the underlying target trait or by acquiescence. In order to estimate the model parameters, we rely on Bayesian hierarchical estimation of MPT models. In simulations, we show that the model provides unbiased estimates of response styles and the target trait, and we compare the new model and Böckenholt's model in a recovery study. An empirical example from personality psychology is used for illustrative purposes.

背景与目标： : 在测量心理特征时，必须考虑到受访者在回答问卷时经常表现出与内容无关的反应行为。为了解开目标特征和极端响应和中点响应这两种响应方式，b ö ckenholt (2012a) 开发了基于潜在处理树结构的项目响应模型。我们建议对该模型进行理论上的扩展，以衡量默认情况，即与常规项目和反向项目一致的趋势。实质上，我们的方法建立在多项处理树 (MPT) 模型的基础上，该模型在认知心理学中用于区分定性不同的过程。因此，新的响应样式模型假定肯定响应的混合分布，这由潜在的目标特征或默许决定。为了估计模型参数，我们依赖于MPT模型的贝叶斯层次估计。在模拟中，我们表明该模型提供了对响应样式和目标特征的无偏估计，并且我们在恢复研究中比较了新模型和b ö ckenholt的模型。出于说明目的，使用了来自人格心理学的经验示例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Despite a life-limiting fetal diagnosis, prenatal attachment often occurs in varying degrees resulting in role identification by an individual as a parent. Parents recognize quality care and report their satisfaction when interfacing with health care providers. OBJECTIVE:The aim was to test an instrument measuring parental satisfaction and quality indicators with parents electing to continue a pregnancy after learning of a life-limiting fetal diagnosis. METHODS:A cross sectional survey design gathered data using a computer-mediated platform. Subjects were parents (n=405) who opted to continue a pregnancy affected by a life-limiting diagnosis. Factor analysis using principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was used to validate the instrument, evaluate components, and summarize the explained variance achieved among quality indicator items. The Prenatal Scale was reduced to 37 items with a three-component solution explaining 66.19% of the variance and internal consistency reliability of 0.98. The Intrapartum Scale included 37 items with a four-component solution explaining 66.93% of the variance and a Cronbach α of 0.977. The Postnatal Scale was reduced to 44 items with a six-component solution explaining 67.48% of the variance. Internal consistency reliability was 0.975. RESULTS:The Parental Satisfaction and Quality Indicators of Perinatal Palliative Care Instrument is a valid and reliable measure for parent-reported quality care and satisfaction. CONCLUSION:Use of this instrument will enable clinicians and researchers to measure quality indicators and parental satisfaction. The instrument is useful for assessing, analyzing, and reporting data on quality for care delivered during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Social problem-solving deficits characterise individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and poor social problem solving interferes with daily functioning and productive lifestyles. Therefore, it is of vital importance to use the appropriate instrument to identify deficits in social problem solving for individuals with TBI. This study investigates factor structure and item-level psychometrics of the Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised: Short Form (SPSI-R:S), for adults with moderate and severe TBI. Secondary analysis of 90 adults with moderate and severe TBI who completed the SPSI-R:S was performed. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA), principal components analysis (PCA) and Rasch analysis examined the factor structure and item-level psychometrics of the SPSI-R:S. The EFA showed three dominant factors, with positively worded items represented as the most definite factor. The other two factors are negative problem-solving orientation and skills; and negative problem-solving emotion. Rasch analyses confirmed the three factors are each unidimensional constructs. It was concluded that the total score interpretability of the SPSI-R:S may be challenging due to the multidimensional structure of the total measure. Instead, we propose using three separate SPSI-R:S subscores to measure social problem solving for the TBI population.

背景与目标： : 社会问题解决缺陷是创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 个体的特征，而社会问题解决不良会干扰日常功能和生产性生活方式。因此，使用适当的工具来确定患有TBI的人在解决社会问题方面的缺陷至关重要。本研究调查了中度和重度TBI成年人的社会问题解决清单修订: 简短形式 (spsi-r: S) 的因素结构和项目水平心理计量学。对完成spsi-r: S的90例中度和重度TBI成年人进行了二次分析。探索性因素分析 (EFA)，主成分分析 (PCA) 和Rasch分析检查了spsi-r: S的因素结构和项目水平的心理计量学。全民教育显示了三个主要因素，措辞积极的项目是最明确的因素。另外两个因素是消极的问题解决方向和技能; 和消极的问题解决情绪。Rasch分析证实了这三个因素都是一维结构。结论是，由于总度量的多维结构，spsi-r: S的总分可解释性可能具有挑战性。相反，我们建议使用三个单独的spsi-r: S子分数来衡量TBI人群的社会问题解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A step-wise description of a self-report instrument to measure interpersonal conflict between marital partners illustrates the primary aspects of the development of a psychometric tool. Definition of the construct to be measured, formulation and classification of items, and appropriate methods to establish validity and reliability are discussed. Indications are considered for alternate forms of a scale, which include repeated measurement over time for the purpose of identifying patterns in human behavior in interaction within the family system. The procedure for constructing alternate forms of equal reliability is outlined.

背景与目标： : 对衡量婚姻伴侣之间人际冲突的自我报告工具的逐步描述说明了心理测量工具开发的主要方面。讨论了要测量的结构的定义，项目的制定和分类，以及建立有效性和可靠性的适当方法。指示被认为是量表的替代形式，其中包括随着时间的推移进行重复测量，以识别家庭系统内相互作用中的人类行为模式。概述了构造相等可靠性的替代形式的过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Quality of life (QoL) is a central focus of care in advanced cancer. Specialized instruments, such as the Quality of Life at the End of Life-Cancer (QUAL-EC), may be useful to assess psychosocial issues associated with QoL unique to this population. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the measurement of the psychosocial dimensions of QoL using the German translation of the QUAL-EC-Psychosocial (QUAL-EC-P) questionnaire, including factor structure and psychometrics. METHODS:About 183 patients with advanced cancer from the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and University Medical Center Leipzig completed the QUAL-EC-P questionnaire. We conducted exploratory factor analysis as well as item and reliability analysis. We examined convergent validity with correlations between the scale and relevant psychological constructs. RESULTS:The sample was 60% female with mean age of 57.7 (SD = 11.7). We extracted three factors accounting for 44% of the variance aligning with the structure of the instrument. The QUAL-EC-P questionnaire showed good to acceptable internal consistency for the QoL-psychosocial total score (α = 0.77), the Life completion subscale (α = 0.77), and the Relationship with health care provider subscale (α = 0.81). The Preparation for end of life subscale had adequate albeit low internal consistency (α = 0.64) because concerns about family were less associated with financial worry and fear of death than expected. The psychosocial dimensions of QoL correlated negatively with depression (r = -0.27, P ≤ 0.001), anxiety (r = -0.32, P ≤ 0.001), demoralization (r = -0.63, P ≤ 0.001), and attachment insecurity (r = -0.51, P ≤ 0.001) and positively with spiritual well-being (r = 0.63, P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION:The QUAL-EC-P questionnaire may be used to assess the psychosocial aspects of QoL and promote their clinical discussion in patients with advanced cancer.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/AIMS:While substantial prior research has evaluated the psychometric properties of the 12-item Concise Health Risk Tracking-Self Report (CHRT-SR12), a measure of suicide propensity and suicidal thoughts, no prior research has investigated its factor structure, sensitivity to change over time, and other psychometric properties in a placebo-controlled trial of antidepressant medication, nor determined whether symptoms change throughout treatment. METHODS:Participants in the multi-site Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinical Care (EMBARC) study ( n=278) provided data to evaluate the factor structure and sensitivity to change over time of the CHRT-SR12 through eight weeks of a clinical trial in which participants received either placebo or antidepressant medication (sertraline). RESULTS/OUTCOMES:Factor analysis confirmed two factors: propensity (comprised of first-order factors including pessimism, helplessness, social support, and despair) and suicidal thoughts. Internal consistency (α's ranged from 0.69-0.92) and external validity were both acceptable, with the total score and propensity factor scores significantly correlated with total scores and single-item suicidal-thoughts scores on the self-report Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and the clinician-rated 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Through analyzing CHRT-SR12 changes over eight treatment weeks, the total score and both the factors decreased regardless of baseline suicidal thoughts. Change in clinician-rated suicidal thoughts was reflected by change in both the total score and propensity factor score. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION:These results confirm the reliability, validity, and applicability of the CHRT-SR12 to a placebo-controlled clinical trial of depressed outpatients receiving antidepressant medication.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A psychometrics study. OBJECTIVES:To determine intra and inter-observer reliability of Allen Ferguson system (AF) and sub-axial injury classification and severity scale (SLIC), two sub axial cervical spine injury (SACI) classification systems. SETTING:Online multi-national study METHODS: Clinico-radiological data of 34 random patients with traumatic SACI were distributed as power point presentations to 13 spine surgeons of the Spine Trauma Study Group of ISCoS from seven different institutions. They were advised to classify patients using AF and SLIC systems. A reference guide of the two systems had been mailed to them earlier. After 6 weeks, the same cases were re-presented to them in a different order for classification using both systems. Intra and inter-observer reliability scores were calculated and analysed with Fleiss Kappa coefficient (k value) for both the systems and Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) for the SLIC. RESULTS:Allen Ferguson system displayed a uniformly moderate inter and intra-observer reliability. SLIC showed slight to fair inter-observer reliability and fair to substantial intra-observer reliability. AF mechanistic types showed better inter-observer reliability than the SLIC morphological types. Within SLIC, the total SLIC had the least inter-observer agreement and the SLIC neurology had the highest intra-observer agreement. CONCLUSION:This first external reliability study shows a better reliability for AF as compared to SLIC system. Among the SLIC variables, the DLC status and the total SLIC had least agreement. Low-reliability highlights the need for improving the existing classification systems or coming out with newer ones that consider limitations of the existing ones.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The term "clinimetrics" was introduced by Feinstein to describe an approach to scale development that ostensibly is different from the more traditional "psychometrics." I argue that, for a number of reasons, it is time for this term to retire from the scene. I show that the clinimetric approach is neither new nor unique, but is rather a subset of psychometrics. Further, because the majority of new developments in scale construction (e.g., new variations of the intraclass correlation, item response theory, structural equation modeling, and cognitive theories) are reported in the psychometric literature, use of the term "clinimetric," especially among people not exposed to traditional test theory, cuts them off from a rich source of information.

背景与目标： : Feinstein引入了 “clinimetrics” 一词，以描述一种规模开发的方法，该方法表面上与更传统的 “心理计量学” 不同。我认为，出于多种原因，现在是这个学期退出现场的时候了。我证明了clininmetric方法既不是新的也不是唯一的，而是心理计量学的一个子集。此外，由于在心理计量学文献中报道了规模构建的大多数新发展 (例如，类内相关性，项目反应理论，结构方程建模和认知理论的新变型)，因此使用术语 “clininmetric，“ 尤其是在那些没有接触传统测试理论的人中，他们从丰富的信息来源中切断了联系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Social support could be a powerful weight-loss treatment moderator or mediator but is rarely assessed. We assessed the psychometric properties, initial levels, and predictive validity of a measure of perceived social support and sabotage from friends and family for healthy eating and physical activity (eight subscales). Overweight/obese women randomized to one of two 6-month, group-based behavioral weight-loss programs (N = 267; mean BMI 32.1 ± 3.5; 66.3% White) completed subscales at baseline, and weight loss was assessed at 6 months. Internal consistency, discriminant validity, and content validity were excellent for support subscales and adequate for sabotage subscales; qualitative responses revealed novel deliberate instances not reflected in current sabotage items. Most women (>75%) "never" or "rarely" experienced support from friends or family. Using nonparametric classification methods, we identified two subscales-support from friends for healthy eating and support from family for physical activity-that predicted three clinically meaningful subgroups who ranged in likelihood of losing ≥5% of initial weight at 6 months. Women who "never" experienced family support were least likely to lose weight (45.7% lost weight) whereas women who experienced both frequent friend and family support were more likely to lose weight (71.6% lost weight). Paradoxically, women who "never" experienced friend support were most likely to lose weight (80.0% lost weight), perhaps because the group-based programs provided support lacking from friendships. Psychometrics for support subscales were excellent; initial support was rare; and the differential roles of friend vs. family support could inform future targeted weight-loss interventions to subgroups at risk.

背景与目标： : 社会支持可能是一种强大的减肥治疗主持人或调解人，但很少被评估。我们评估了朋友和家人对健康饮食和体育锻炼的感知社会支持和破坏行为的心理测量特性，初始水平和预测有效性 (八个子量表)。超重/肥胖妇女随机分配到两个6个月的基于组的行为减肥计划之一 (N = 267; 平均BMI 32.1 ± 3.5; 66.3% 白色) 在基线时完成了子量表，并在6个月时评估了体重减轻。内部一致性，判别效度和内容效度对于支持子量表非常好，对于破坏子量表则足够; 定性反应揭示了当前破坏项目中未反映的新颖故意实例。大多数女性 (>75%) “从未” 或 “很少” 经历过朋友或家人的支持。使用非参数分类方法，我们确定了两个分量表-朋友对健康饮食的支持和家人对体育锻炼的支持-预测了三个临床上有意义的亚组，这些亚组在6个月时失去 ≥ 5% 的初始体重的可能性范围。“从未” 经历过家庭支持的女性最不可能减肥 (45.7% 减肥)，而经历过频繁的朋友和家庭支持的女性更可能减肥 (71.6% 减肥)。矛盾的是，“从未” 经历过朋友支持的女性最有可能减肥 (80.0% 减肥)，这可能是因为基于团体的计划提供了缺乏友谊的支持。支持分量表的心理计量学非常出色; 最初的支持很少; 朋友与家人支持的不同作用可以为将来针对有风险的亚组提供针对性的减肥干预措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To use a three-phase process to develop and validate new self-report measures of diabetes-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for adults with type 1 diabetes. We report on four versions of the Type 1 Diabetes and Life (T1DAL) measure for people age 18-25, 26-45, 46-60, and over 60 years.

METHODS:We first conducted qualitative interviews to guide measure creation, then piloted the draft measures. We evaluated psychometric properties at six T1D Exchange Clinic Network sites via completion of T1DAL and validated measures of related constructs. Participants completed the T1DAL again in 4-6 weeks. We used psychometric data to reduce each measure to 23-27 items in length. Finally, we obtained participant feedback on the final measures.

RESULTS:The T1DAL-Adult measures demonstrated good internal consistency (α=0.85-0.88) and test-retest reliability (r=0.77-0.87). Significant correlations with measures of general quality of life, generic and diabetes-specific HRQOL, diabetes burden, self-management, and glycemic control demonstrated validity. Factor analyses yielded 4-5 subscales per measure. Participants were satisfied with the final measures and reported they took 5-10 minutes to complete.

CONCLUSIONS:The strong psychometric properties of the newly developed self-report T1DAL measures for adults with type 1 diabetes make them appropriate for use in clinical research and care.

背景与目标： 目标 : 使用三个阶段的过程来开发和验证针对1型糖尿病成年人的糖尿病特定健康相关生活质量 (HRQOL) 的新的自我报告指标。我们报告了针对18-25岁、26-45岁、46-60岁和60岁以上人群的四种1型糖尿病和生命 (T1DAL) 测量方法。
方法 : 我们首先进行了定性访谈以指导措施的制定，然后对措施草案进行了试点。通过完成T1DAL并验证相关结构的测量，我们评估了六个T1D交换诊所网络站点的心理测量特性。参与者在4-6周内再次完成T1DAL。我们使用心理测量数据将每个测量的长度减少到23-27个项目。最后，我们获得了有关最终措施的参与者反馈。
结果 : T1DAL-Adult措施表现出良好的内部一致性 (α = 0.85-0.88) 和重测可靠性 (r = 0.77-0.87)。与一般生活质量，普通和糖尿病特异性HRQOL，糖尿病负担，自我管理和血糖控制的指标显着相关，证明了有效性。因子分析得出每项指标4-5个子量表。参与者对最终措施感到满意，并报告他们花了5-10分钟才能完成。
结论 : 新开发的针对1型糖尿病成年人的自我报告T1DAL措施具有强大的心理测量特性，使其适合用于临床研究和护理。