BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:This study explores the factor structure of the Indonesian version of the GHQ-12 based on several theoretical perspectives and determines the threshold for optimum sensitivity and specificity. Through a focus group discussion, we evaluate the practicality of the GHQ-12 as a screening tool for mental health problems among adult primary care patients in Indonesia. Methods:This is a prospective study exploring the construct validity, criterion validity and reliability of the GHQ-12, conducted with 676 primary care patients attending 28 primary care clinics randomised for participation in the study. Participants' GHQ-12 scores were compared with their psychiatric diagnosis based on face-to-face clinical interviews with GPs using the CIS-R. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses determined the construct validity of the GHQ-12 in this population. The appropriate threshold score of the GHQ-12 as a screening tool in primary care was determined using the receiver operating curve. Prior to data collection, a focus group discussion was held with research assistants who piloted the screening procedure, GPs, and a psychiatrist, to evaluate the practicality of embedding screening within the routine clinic procedures. Results:Of all primary care patients attending the clinics during the recruitment period, 26.7% agreed to participate (676/2532 consecutive patients approached). Their median age was 46 (range 18-82 years); 67% were women. The median GHQ-12 score for our primary care sample was 2, with an interquartile range of 4. The internal consistency of the GHQ-12 was good (Cronbach's α = 0.76). Four factor structures were fitted on the data. The GHQ-12 was found to best fit a one-dimensional model, when response bias is taken into consideration. Results from the ROC curve indicated that the GHQ-12 is 'fairly accurate' when discriminating primary care patients with indication of mental disorders from those without, with average AUC of 0.78. The optimal threshold of the GHQ-12 was either 1/2 or 2/3 point depending on the intended utility, with a Positive Predictive Value of 0.68 to 0.73 respectively. The screening procedure was successfully embedded into routine patient flow in the 28 clinics. Conclusions:The Indonesian version of the GHQ-12 could be used to screen primary care patients at high risk of mental disorders although with significant false positives if reasonable sensitivity is to be achieved. While it involves additional administrative burden, screening may help identify future users of mental health services in primary care that the country is currently expanding.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Objective: Over the past three decades, more than 100 instruments have been developed that measure the quality of life. In order to ensure accuracy and authenticity of the measurements, it is essential to utilize the instruments that have proper psychometric properties. Therefore, this critical review study aimed at comparing the instruments that measured the life quality of cancer patients in Iranian studies. Methods: In this study, Persian articles published in Iranian databases (IranMedex, Irandoc Magiran, SID) from 2006 to 2016 were searched, using the following keywords: nursing, cancer, tools, scale, and quality of life. A total number of 159 articles were obtained, of which 33 articles complied with the inclusion criteria of this study and thereby were reviewed. Results: Sixty nine percent of the articles explored the life quality of adult females with breast cancer, and the most-commonly used instrument was a quality-of-Life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology belonging to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. More than half of the studies referred solely to Iranian studies to address psychometric properties. Though, no method was introduced in order to address the validity and reliability of instruments in the articles under consideration. Conclusion: According to the findings, the studies which explored the validity and reliability of instruments concerning the life quality of cancer patients were scarce. Therefore, the researchers should pay further attention to the validity and reliability of instruments for selection of an appropriate instrument in this area of research. Also, the researchers are encouraged to further study the psychometric properties of relevant instruments so that optimal generalizability and authenticity of their findings can be attained.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this paper is to review the methods and results of psychometric testings in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) during the past decade. Assessments of psychologic and behavioral factors have been performed for various reasons. The results are often ambiguous and comparisons troublesome. No encompassing psychologic TMD profile has been identified, but small elevations in anxiety, depression, somatization, and stress are often reported; they may be cause or effect. Subcategorization of the patients into diagnostic subgroups suggests that psychologic differences exist but may be small; myogenic patients may have more psychologic difficulties than 'joint' patients. More distinct, robust psychologic subsets of patients, unrelated to the structural diagnosis, have been identified by means of clustering techniques. Irrespective of clinical signs, a certain proportion of the patients are psychologically distressed, whereas others easily adapt to the pain and dysfunction. No single variable has been identified that can predict outcome or compliance. Several psychometric instruments are described.

背景与目标： 本文的目的是回顾过去十年来颞下颌疾病 (TMD) 的心理测验方法和结果。出于各种原因，已经对心理和行为因素进行了评估。结果往往模棱两可，比较麻烦。尚未发现涵盖心理的TMD概况，但经常报告焦虑，抑郁，躯体化和压力的小幅升高; 它们可能是原因或结果。将患者分为诊断亚组表明存在心理差异，但可能很小; 肌源性患者可能比 “关节” 患者有更多的心理困难。通过聚类技术，已经确定了与结构诊断无关的更独特，更健壮的患者心理子集。无论临床症状如何，一定比例的患者在心理上感到痛苦，而其他患者则容易适应疼痛和功能障碍。尚未发现可以预测结果或依从性的单个变量。描述了几种心理测量工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :When assessing agreement between experts, it is important to distinguish between disagreements that can and cannot be explained by different placing of the boundaries between categories. Cohen's kappa statistic is affected by both types of disagreement, tetrachoric correlation only by the second.

背景与目标： : 在评估专家之间的共识时，重要的是要区分可以或不能通过类别之间边界的不同位置来解释的分歧。Cohen的kappa统计受两种类型的分歧影响，四种相关性仅受第二种。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Even though Latinos have become a priority population for the promotion of physical activity in the United States, several widely used scales in physical activity promotion research have not been validated among this population, particularly in Spanish. This study aims to assess the validity and other psychometrics of the Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity scale among a sample of Spanish-speaking Latina women who participated in the Pasos Hacia La Salud intervention. We also explored alternatives for scale simplification. METHODS:Data from 205 women corresponding to baseline, 6-month, and 12-month time points were analyzed. Internal consistency was assessed. A series of Spearman correlations, t-tests, linear regressions, and logistic regressions were used to assess the concurrent and predictive validity of the Self Efficacy for Physical Activity scale against both self-report and accelerometer-measured physical activity, using both continuous and categorical outcome data. Item Response Theory and factor analysis methods were used to explore alternatives to simplify the scale. Psychometric tests were repeated with the simplified scale. RESULTS:Cronbach's alpha for the original scale was .72, .76, and .78 for baseline, 6-month, and 12-month data respectively. All concurrent validity tests conducted with 6-month and 12-month data, but not with baseline data, were statistically significant. Self-efficacy at 6 months was also predictive of physical activity at 12 months for all tests except one. Based on plots of Option Characteristic Curves, a modified version of the scale was created. Psychometric results of the modified scale were similar to those of the original scale. CONCLUSIONS:This study confirmed the scale's reliability and validity, and revealed that the scale's accuracy improves when some response items are collapsed, which is an important finding for future research among populations with low literacy levels.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article demonstrates how multinomial processing tree models can be used as assessment tools to measure cognitive deficits in clinical populations. This is illustrated with a model developed by W. H. Batchelder and D. M. Riefer (1980) that separately measures storage and retrieval processes in memory. The validity of the model is tested in 2 experiments, which show that presentation rate affects the storage of items (Experiment 1) and part-list cuing hurts item retrieval (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 examine 2 clinical populations: schizophrenics and alcoholics with organic brain damage. The model reveals that each group exhibits deficits in storage and retrieval, with the retrieval deficits being stronger and occurring more consistently over trials. Also, the alcoholics with organic brain damage show no improvement in retrieval over trials, although their storage improves at the same rate as a control group.

背景与目标： : 本文演示了多项式处理树模型如何用作评估工具来衡量临床人群的认知缺陷。W开发的模型对此进行了说明。H. Batchelder和D.M。Riefer (1980)，分别测量内存中的存储和检索过程。在2个实验中测试了该模型的有效性，表明呈现率会影响项目的存储 (实验1)，并且部分列表提示会影响项目的检索 (实验2)。实验3和4检查了2个临床人群: 患有有机脑损伤的精神分裂症和酗酒者。该模型表明，每个组在存储和检索方面都表现出缺陷，并且在试验中，检索缺陷更强且更加一致。此外，尽管有机脑损伤的酗酒者的储存速度与对照组相同，但与试验相比，其检索没有改善。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Heart rate reactivity has been conceptualized, at least implicitly, as a unidimensional construct ranging from low to high, reflecting individual differences in adrenergic reactivity to daily stressors. However, an individual's classification as high in heart rate reactivity ignores possible individual differences in the autonomic origins of this reactivity. Sixty-eight women were exposed to orthostatic and speech stressors to determine the psychometric properties (postural stability, convergent and discriminant validity) of heart rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Results revealed that (a) basal, stress, simple reactivity (stress - baseline), and residualized change indices of heart rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were stable across postures and (b) heart rate reactivity was significantly related to preejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity, whereas the latter two measures were unrelated. Reactivity classifications may therefore be significantly improved by attention to concurrent estimates of the activity of both autonomic branches.

背景与目标： 至少隐含地将心率反应性概念化为一种从低到高的一维结构，反映了肾上腺素对日常应激源反应性的个体差异。但是，个人的心率反应性高分类忽略了该反应性的自主起源中可能存在的个体差异。68名妇女暴露于体位和言语应激源，以确定心率，射血前期和呼吸性窦性心律不齐的心理测量特性 (姿势稳定性，收敛和判别效度)。结果显示 :( a) 心率，射血前期和呼吸窦性心律失常的基础，压力，简单反应性 (压力基线) 和残留变化指数在不同姿势下均稳定; (b) 心率反应性与射血前期显着相关。和呼吸窦性心律失常的反应性，而后两种措施是不相关的。因此，通过注意同时估计两个自主分支的活性，可以显着改善反应性分类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chronic pain is a potentially stigmatizing condition. However, stigma has received limited empirical investigation in people with chronic pain. Therefore, we examined the psychometric properties of a self-report questionnaire of stigma in people with chronic pain attending interdisciplinary treatment. Secondarily, we undertook an exploratory examination of the magnitude of change in stigma associated with interdisciplinary treatment in a prospective observational cohort. Participants attending interdisciplinary treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy completed the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness 8-item version (SSCI-8; previously developed and validated in neurological samples), and measures of perceived injustice, pain acceptance, and standard pain outcomes before (n = 300) and after treatment (n = 247). A unidimensional factor structure and good internal consistency were found for the SSCI-8. Total SSCI-8 scores were correlated with pain intensity, indices of functioning, and depression in bivariate analyses. Stigma scores were uniquely associated with functioning and depression in multiple regression analyses controlling for demographic factors, pain intensity, pain acceptance, and perceived injustice at baseline. SSCI-8 total scores did not significantly improve after treatment, although an exploratory subscale analysis showed a small improvement on internalized stigma. In contrast, scores on perceived injustice, pain acceptance, and pain outcomes improved significantly. Taken together, these data support the reliability and validity of the SSCI-8 for use in samples with chronic pain. Further research is needed optimize interventions to target stigma at both the individual and societal levels. PERSPECTIVE: This study supports the use of the SSCI-8 to measure stigma in chronic pain. Stigma is uniquely associated with worse depression and pain-related disability. Research is needed to identify how to best target pain-related stigma from individual and societal perspectives.

背景与目标： : 慢性疼痛是一种潜在的污名化疾病。然而，污名在慢性疼痛患者中接受的实证研究有限。因此，我们检查了参加跨学科治疗的慢性疼痛患者的耻辱感自我报告问卷的心理测量特性。其次，我们对前瞻性观察队列中与跨学科治疗相关的污名变化幅度进行了探索性检查。参加基于接受和承诺治疗的跨学科治疗的参与者完成了慢性病的污名量表8项版本 (SSCI-8; 以前在神经系统样本中开发和验证)，以及感知的不公正，疼痛接受，治疗前 (n   =   300) 和治疗后 (n   =   247) 的标准疼痛结局。发现该SSCI-8具有一维因子结构和良好的内部一致性。在双变量分析中，总SSCI-8评分与疼痛强度，功能指数和抑郁相关。在控制人口统计学因素，疼痛强度，疼痛接受程度和基线感知不公正的多元回归分析中，污名得分与功能和抑郁唯一相关。SSCI-8总分在治疗后没有显著改善，尽管探索性子量表分析显示内在化污名有小幅改善。相比之下，感知到的不公正、疼痛接受和疼痛结果的得分显著提高。综上所述，这些数据支持用于慢性疼痛样本的SSCI-8的可靠性和有效性。需要进一步的研究优化干预措施，以针对个人和社会层面的污名。观点: 本研究支持使用该SSCI-8测量慢性疼痛的耻辱感。污名与更严重的抑郁和疼痛相关的残疾有着独特的联系。需要进行研究，以确定如何从个人和社会的角度最好地针对与疼痛相关的污名。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A quantitative ethogram was developed for the Zebra finch, using one-zero focal animal sampling on an ethologically comprehensive checklist of 52 behavioral items, and was assessed for both interobserver reliability and construct validity. Interobserver reliabilities were highly acceptable (an eta-squared of, 923 for aggregation periods of 5 minutes). Nine common factors (Singing & Parenting, Social Proximity, Social Contact, Social Submission, Social Aggression, Sex & Violence, Object Handling, Surface Foraging, and General Activity) produced highly acceptable convergent validities (high factor loadings for most behavioral items) and discriminant validities (low factor intercorrelations). Applying the quantitative methods of psychometrics thus permits the verification of ethological theory and the testing of diverse hypotheses with a high degree of sophistication.

背景与目标： : 在52个行为项目的行为学综合检查表上使用零焦点动物采样，为斑马雀开发了定量的ethogram，并评估了观察者间的可靠性和结构效度。观察者之间的可靠性是高度可接受的 (对于5分钟的聚集周期，eta的平方为923)。九个常见因素 (唱歌和育儿，社交接近，社交接触，社交屈服，社会攻击，性与暴力，物体处理，表面觅食和一般活动) 产生了高度可接受的收敛有效性 (大多数行为项目的高因子负荷) 和判别有效性 (低因子相互关系)。因此，应用心理计量学的定量方法可以验证伦理学理论，并可以高度复杂地检验各种假设。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :I myself am a prime example of the way in which ignorance of IQ leads to a distorted understanding of education (and many other matters). I have been writing on the subject of education--especially higher education, science and medical education--for about 20 years, but now believe that many of my earlier ideas were wrong for the simple reason that I did not know about IQ. Since discovering the basic facts about IQ, several of my convictions have undergone a U-turn. Just how radically my ideas were changed has been brought home by two recent books: Real Education by Charles Murray and Spent by Geoffrey Miller. Since IQ and personality are substantially hereditary and rankings (although not absolute levels) are highly stable throughout a persons adult life, this implies that differential educational attainment within a society is mostly determined by heredity and therefore not by differences in educational experience. This implies that education is about selection more than enhancement, and educational qualifications mainly serve to 'signal' or quantify a person's hereditary attributes. So education mostly functions as an extremely slow, inefficient and imprecise form of psychometric testing. It would therefore be easy to construct a modern educational system that was both more efficient and more effective than the current one. I now advocate a substantial reduction in the average amount of formal education and the proportion of the population attending higher education institutions. At the age of about sixteen each person could leave school with a set of knowledge-based examination results demonstrating their level of competence in a core knowledge curriculum; and with usefully precise and valid psychometric measurements of their general intelligence and personality (especially their age ranked degree of Conscientiousness). However, such change would result in a massive down-sizing of the educational system and this is a key underlying reason why IQ has become a taboo subject. Miller suggests that academics at the most expensive, elite, intelligence-screening universities tend to be sceptical of psychometric testing; precisely because they do not want to be undercut by cheaper, faster, more-reliable IQ and personality evaluations.

背景与目标： : 我本人就是一个典型的例子，说明对智商的无知导致对教育 (以及许多其他问题) 的理解失真。我已经写了大约20年的教育，尤其是高等教育，科学和医学教育，但现在认为我以前的许多想法是错误的，原因很简单，我不知道智商。自从发现有关智商的基本事实以来，我的一些信念发生了掉头。最近的两本书使我的想法发生了多么根本的变化: 查尔斯·默里 (Charles Murray) 的《真实教育》和杰弗里·米勒 (Geoffrey Miller) 的《度过》。由于智商和个性在很大程度上是遗传性的，并且排名 (尽管不是绝对水平) 在整个成年生活中都非常稳定，这意味着社会中的不同教育程度主要取决于遗传，因此不取决于教育经验的差异。这意味着教育不仅仅是选择，而教育资格主要用于 “信号” 或量化一个人的遗传属性。因此，教育主要是一种极其缓慢，效率低下且不精确的心理测试形式。因此，构建一个比目前的教育体系更高效、更有效的现代教育体系将是容易的。我现在主张大幅减少正规教育的平均数量和就读高等教育机构的人口比例。在大约16岁时，每个人都可以带着一套基于知识的考试结果离开学校，证明他们在核心知识课程中的能力水平; 并对他们的一般智力和个性 (尤其是他们的年龄等级的尽责程度) 进行有用的精确和有效的心理测量。但是，这种变化将导致教育系统的大规模缩减，这是智商成为禁忌话题的关键根本原因。米勒认为，最昂贵，最精英，智力筛选大学的学者往往对心理测验持怀疑态度; 正是因为他们不想被更便宜，更快，更可靠的智商和个性评估所削弱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-report measures pertinent for personality disorder are widely used and many are available. Their relative merits are usually assessed on nomothetic psychometrics and acceptability to users is neglected. We report reactions of lay, patient and professional groups to the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-IV); Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III); the Borderline Syndrome Index (BSI); Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ). These were sent to 148 professionals, ex-patients and lay people for comment. Thirty-six per cent were returned. Pattern-coding by three raters revealed problematic themes across all measures, including inappropriate length, vague items and language, cultural assumptions and slang, state-bias and response-set. Measures can be depressing and upsetting for some participants (both patients and non-patients), hence administration of measures should be sensitive. Treatment may make people more self-aware, which may compromise validity for outcome research. This evaluation raises issues and concerns, which are missed in traditional psychometric evaluation.

背景与目标： : 与人格障碍相关的自我报告措施被广泛使用，并且有许多可用。它们的相对优点通常是通过精神心理测量学来评估的，而忽略了用户的可接受性。我们报告了外行，患者和专业团体对人格诊断问卷 (pdq-iv) 的反应; Millon临床多轴量表 (mcmi-iii); 临界综合征指数 (BSI); 罗森伯格的自尊量表 (RSE) 和社会功能问卷 (SFQ)。这些被发送给148专业人士，前患者和非专业人士发表评论。退还了36%。三个评价者的模式编码揭示了所有措施中存在问题的主题，包括不适当的长度，模糊的项目和语言，文化假设和语，状态偏见和响应集。对于某些参与者 (患者和非患者)，措施可能会令人沮丧和沮丧，因此措施的管理应该是敏感的。治疗可能会使人们更加自我意识，这可能会损害结果研究的有效性。该评估提出了传统心理评估中遗漏的问题和担忧。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :When measuring psychological traits, one has to consider that respondents often show content-unrelated response behavior in answering questionnaires. To disentangle the target trait and two such response styles, extreme responding and midpoint responding, Böckenholt ( 2012a ) developed an item response model based on a latent processing tree structure. We propose a theoretically motivated extension of this model to also measure acquiescence, the tendency to agree with both regular and reversed items. Substantively, our approach builds on multinomial processing tree (MPT) models that are used in cognitive psychology to disentangle qualitatively distinct processes. Accordingly, the new model for response styles assumes a mixture distribution of affirmative responses, which are either determined by the underlying target trait or by acquiescence. In order to estimate the model parameters, we rely on Bayesian hierarchical estimation of MPT models. In simulations, we show that the model provides unbiased estimates of response styles and the target trait, and we compare the new model and Böckenholt's model in a recovery study. An empirical example from personality psychology is used for illustrative purposes.

背景与目标： : 在测量心理特征时，必须考虑到受访者在回答问卷时经常表现出与内容无关的反应行为。为了解开目标特征和极端响应和中点响应这两种响应方式，b ö ckenholt (2012a) 开发了基于潜在处理树结构的项目响应模型。我们建议对该模型进行理论上的扩展，以衡量默认情况，即与常规项目和反向项目一致的趋势。实质上，我们的方法建立在多项处理树 (MPT) 模型的基础上，该模型在认知心理学中用于区分定性不同的过程。因此，新的响应样式模型假定肯定响应的混合分布，这由潜在的目标特征或默许决定。为了估计模型参数，我们依赖于MPT模型的贝叶斯层次估计。在模拟中，我们表明该模型提供了对响应样式和目标特征的无偏估计，并且我们在恢复研究中比较了新模型和b ö ckenholt的模型。出于说明目的，使用了来自人格心理学的经验示例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Despite a life-limiting fetal diagnosis, prenatal attachment often occurs in varying degrees resulting in role identification by an individual as a parent. Parents recognize quality care and report their satisfaction when interfacing with health care providers. OBJECTIVE:The aim was to test an instrument measuring parental satisfaction and quality indicators with parents electing to continue a pregnancy after learning of a life-limiting fetal diagnosis. METHODS:A cross sectional survey design gathered data using a computer-mediated platform. Subjects were parents (n=405) who opted to continue a pregnancy affected by a life-limiting diagnosis. Factor analysis using principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was used to validate the instrument, evaluate components, and summarize the explained variance achieved among quality indicator items. The Prenatal Scale was reduced to 37 items with a three-component solution explaining 66.19% of the variance and internal consistency reliability of 0.98. The Intrapartum Scale included 37 items with a four-component solution explaining 66.93% of the variance and a Cronbach α of 0.977. The Postnatal Scale was reduced to 44 items with a six-component solution explaining 67.48% of the variance. Internal consistency reliability was 0.975. RESULTS:The Parental Satisfaction and Quality Indicators of Perinatal Palliative Care Instrument is a valid and reliable measure for parent-reported quality care and satisfaction. CONCLUSION:Use of this instrument will enable clinicians and researchers to measure quality indicators and parental satisfaction. The instrument is useful for assessing, analyzing, and reporting data on quality for care delivered during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Social problem-solving deficits characterise individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and poor social problem solving interferes with daily functioning and productive lifestyles. Therefore, it is of vital importance to use the appropriate instrument to identify deficits in social problem solving for individuals with TBI. This study investigates factor structure and item-level psychometrics of the Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised: Short Form (SPSI-R:S), for adults with moderate and severe TBI. Secondary analysis of 90 adults with moderate and severe TBI who completed the SPSI-R:S was performed. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA), principal components analysis (PCA) and Rasch analysis examined the factor structure and item-level psychometrics of the SPSI-R:S. The EFA showed three dominant factors, with positively worded items represented as the most definite factor. The other two factors are negative problem-solving orientation and skills; and negative problem-solving emotion. Rasch analyses confirmed the three factors are each unidimensional constructs. It was concluded that the total score interpretability of the SPSI-R:S may be challenging due to the multidimensional structure of the total measure. Instead, we propose using three separate SPSI-R:S subscores to measure social problem solving for the TBI population.

背景与目标： : 社会问题解决缺陷是创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 个体的特征，而社会问题解决不良会干扰日常功能和生产性生活方式。因此，使用适当的工具来确定患有TBI的人在解决社会问题方面的缺陷至关重要。本研究调查了中度和重度TBI成年人的社会问题解决清单修订: 简短形式 (spsi-r: S) 的因素结构和项目水平心理计量学。对完成spsi-r: S的90例中度和重度TBI成年人进行了二次分析。探索性因素分析 (EFA)，主成分分析 (PCA) 和Rasch分析检查了spsi-r: S的因素结构和项目水平的心理计量学。全民教育显示了三个主要因素，措辞积极的项目是最明确的因素。另外两个因素是消极的问题解决方向和技能; 和消极的问题解决情绪。Rasch分析证实了这三个因素都是一维结构。结论是，由于总度量的多维结构，spsi-r: S的总分可解释性可能具有挑战性。相反，我们建议使用三个单独的spsi-r: S子分数来衡量TBI人群的社会问题解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A step-wise description of a self-report instrument to measure interpersonal conflict between marital partners illustrates the primary aspects of the development of a psychometric tool. Definition of the construct to be measured, formulation and classification of items, and appropriate methods to establish validity and reliability are discussed. Indications are considered for alternate forms of a scale, which include repeated measurement over time for the purpose of identifying patterns in human behavior in interaction within the family system. The procedure for constructing alternate forms of equal reliability is outlined.

背景与目标： : 对衡量婚姻伴侣之间人际冲突的自我报告工具的逐步描述说明了心理测量工具开发的主要方面。讨论了要测量的结构的定义，项目的制定和分类，以及建立有效性和可靠性的适当方法。指示被认为是量表的替代形式，其中包括随着时间的推移进行重复测量，以识别家庭系统内相互作用中的人类行为模式。概述了构造相等可靠性的替代形式的过程。