To confirm the local endemicity of Schistosoma haematobium on Mafia Island, Tanzania, conjoint parasitological and malacological surveys were undertaken in July 2006 with parasitological investigations supplemented with case-history questionnaires. A total of 238 children (125 girls and 113 boys, mean age of 13.9 years) across 9 primary schools were examined. The prevalence of micro-haematuria and egg-patent infection was 18.1% (CI95=9.6-33.6) and 4.2% (CI95=1.9-7.6), respectively but a strong female bias was observed for micro-haematuria (5.6F:1M) contrasting with a strong male bias for the presence of eggs (1F:4M). All egg-patent infections were of light-intensity (<10eggs/10ml). No clear associations between infection prevalence and local water-contact, by school, were found and all 10 of the egg-positive children had a travel history to the nearby mainland or Zanzibar. Inspection of community diagnostic registers at Kilindoni Hospital revealed a low proportion (<2%) of egg-patent infection for 20,306 samples tested in the 2000-2005 period. A total of 43 freshwater sites, a third of which were previously sampled in 1999 and 2002, were surveyed and 11 species of freshwater mollusc were found. Four species of Bulinus (B. nasutus, B. forskalii, B. barthi and B. sp.) were encountered across 13 sites with B. nasutus restricted to 3 of these towards the north of the island. No collected snail was observed to shed schistosome cercariae. Further characterisation of B. nasutus and S. haematobium included infection challenge on two occasions, with miracidia obtained from egg-patent children from Mafia and Unguja islands as well as DNA barcoding of snails and schistosomes. B. nasutus was shown refractory to infection. With the substantial travel to and from Mafia, the refractory nature of local snails and evidence from DNA barcoding in schistosomes and snails, we conclude that urogenital schistosomiasis is an imported infection.

译文

:为了确认坦桑尼亚黑手党岛上血吸虫血吸虫病的地方流行性,2006年7月进行了寄生虫学和乳汁病学联合调查,并进行了寄生虫学调查,并附有病例历史调查表。对9所小学的238名儿童(125名女孩和113名男孩,平均年龄13.9岁)进行了检查。微血尿和鸡蛋专利感染的患病率分别为18.1%(CI95 = 9.6-33.6)和4.2%(CI95 = 1.9-7.6),但是微血尿症的女性偏见性很强(5.6F:1M)与此相反,男性对卵的存在有强烈的偏见(1F:4M)。所有卵专利性感染均为轻度感染(<10eggs / 10ml)。在学校,没有发现感染发生率与当地水接触之间的明确关联,所有10名鸡蛋阳性的儿童都有去往附近大陆或桑给巴尔的旅行史。在Kilindoni医院检查社区诊断记录后发现,在2000年至2005年期间测试的20,306个样本中,鸡蛋专利感染的比例很低(<2%)。总共对43个淡水站点进行了调查,其中有1/3是先前在1999年和2002年采样的,对它们进行了调查,发现了11种淡水软体动物。在13个地点遇到了4种Bulinus(B。nasutus,B。forskalii,B。barthi和B. sp。),其中B. nasutus仅限于该岛北部的其中3个。没有观察到收集的蜗牛流下血吸虫尾。纳豆双歧杆菌和嗜血链球菌的进一步表征包括两次感染挑战,从黑手党和翁古雅岛的卵子专利儿童获得的水acid症,以及蜗牛和血吸虫的DNA条形码。纳豆芽孢杆菌显示对感染难治。随着往返于黑手党的大量旅行,当地蜗牛的难治性以及血吸虫和蜗牛中DNA条形码的证据,我们得出结论,泌尿生殖道血吸虫病是一种外来感染。

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