The domestication of crops and the development of agricultural societies not only brought about major changes in human interactions with the environment but also in plants' interactions with the diseases that challenge them. We evaluated the impact of the domestication of maize from teosinte and the widespread cultivation of maize on the historical demography of Ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen of maize. To determine the evolutionary response of the pathogen's populations, we obtained multilocus genotypes for 1088 U. maydis diploid individuals from two teosinte subspecies in Mexico and from maize in Mexico and throughout the Americas. Results identified five major U. maydis populations: two in Mexico; two in South America; and one in the United States. The two populations in Mexico diverged from the other populations at times comparable to those for the domestication of maize at 6000-10000 years before present. Maize domestication and agriculture enforced sweeping changes in U. maydis populations such that the standing variation in extant pathogen populations reflects evolution only since the time of the crop's domestication.

译文

农作物的驯化和农业社会的发展不仅带来了人类与环境相互作用的重大变化,而且还带来了植物与挑战它们的疾病相互作用的重大变化。我们评估了从teosinte驯化玉米和玉米广泛种植对玉米真菌病原体Ustilago maydis历史人口统计学的影响。为了确定病原体种群的进化反应,我们从墨西哥的两个teosinte亚种以及墨西哥和整个美洲的玉米获得了1088个U. maydis二倍体个体的多基因座基因型。结果确定了五个主要的U. maydis人群: 两个在墨西哥; 两个在南美; 一个在美国。墨西哥的两个种群与其他种群的差异有时与目前6000-10000年前玉米驯化的种群相当。玉米驯化和农业强制了U. maydis种群的全面变化,因此现存病原体种群的长期变化仅反映了自作物驯化以来的进化。

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