BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phosphorus MRS was evaluated as a monitor of tumour therapeutic response to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy paradigm. In vivo 31P spectra were obtained from subcutaneous rat C6 gliomas constitutively expressing the HSVtk gene post treatment with ganciclovir (GCV, 15 mg/kg i.p., twice-daily). Significant regression (p < 0.1) of tumour volume was observed 10 days after beginning GCV administration. However, no changes in tumour pH or energy metabolites from pre-treatment values were observed. High-resolution 31P spectra of tumour extracts revealed a statistically significant reduction in the phosphocholine to phosphoethanolamine ratio six days post-GCV administration. These results indicate that the HSVtk/GCV-induced killing of tumours is not associated with corresponding changes in 31P MRS-observable energy metabolites and pH. The observed reduction in the PE/PC ratio may provide a non-invasive in vivo indicator of therapeutic efficacy.

背景与目标： : 磷MRS被评估为对单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶自杀基因治疗范例的肿瘤治疗反应的监测仪。体内31p光谱是从用更昔洛韦治疗后组成性表达HSVtk基因的皮下大鼠C6神经胶质瘤获得的 (GCV，15 mg/kg i.P.，每天两次)。在开始GCV给药10天后观察到肿瘤体积的显著回归 (p <0.1)。然而，未观察到肿瘤pH或能量代谢物与治疗前值的变化。肿瘤提取物的高分辨率31p光谱显示，GCV给药六天后，磷酸胆碱与磷酸乙醇胺的比率在统计学上显着降低。这些结果表明，HSVtk/GCV诱导的肿瘤杀伤与31P MRS可观察到的能量代谢产物和pH的相应变化无关。观察到的PE/PC比率的降低可能提供治疗功效的非侵入性体内指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) using paramagnetic annexin V-conjugated microbeads eliminates spermatozoa with externalized phosphatidylserine, which is considered one of the features of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate sperm recovery following the use of MACS as a sperm preparation technique. Mature spermatozoa were separated and divided into two fractions: the first was prepared by density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and MACS, while the second was prepared by DGC only. Following MACS, the percentage of cells collected in the annexin-negative fraction was significantly higher than the annexin-positive fraction and the sperm recovery rate was 73.8 +/- 12.1%. In conclusion, the integration of MACS with DGC can be considered as an effective sperm preparation technique that does not lead to significant cell loss. Separating a distinctive population of non-apoptotic spermatozoa with intact membranes may optimize the outcome of assisted reproduction.

背景与目标： : 使用顺磁性膜联蛋白V偶联微珠的磁激活细胞分选 (MACS) 消除了具有外化磷脂酰丝氨酸的精子，这被认为是凋亡的特征之一。这项研究的目的是评估使用MACS作为精子制备技术后的精子恢复情况。将成熟的精子分离并分为两个部分: 第一个部分通过密度梯度离心 (DGC) 和MACS制备，而第二个部分仅通过DGC制备。在MACS之后，在膜联蛋白阴性部分中收集的细胞百分比显著高于膜联蛋白阳性部分，并且精子治愈率为73.8 +/- 12.1%。总之，MACS与DGC的整合可以被认为是一种有效的精子制备技术，不会导致细胞大量丢失。分离具有完整膜的独特的非凋亡精子群体可能会优化辅助生殖的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Management Academy for Public Health is a team-based training program jointly offered by the School of Public Health and the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This 9-month program teaches public health managers how to better manage people, information, and finances. Participants learn how to work in teams with community partners, and how to think and behave as social entrepreneurs. To practice and blend their new skills, teams develop a business plan that addresses a local public health issue. This article describes the program and explains the findings of the process evaluation, which has examined how best to structure and deploy a team-based method to create more effective, more entrepreneurial public health managers. Findings indicate that recruitment and retention are strong, program elements are relevant to learners' needs, and learners are satisfied with and value the program. Several specific benefits of the program model are identified, as well as several elements that support business plan success and skills' application on the job. On the basis of these findings, four success factors critical for developing similar programs are identified.

背景与目标： : 公共卫生管理学院是由公共卫生学院和北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的Kenan-Flagler商学院联合提供的基于团队的培训计划。这个为期9个月的计划教公共卫生经理如何更好地管理人员，信息和财务。参与者将学习如何与社区合作伙伴一起团队合作，以及如何作为社会企业家进行思考和行为。为了实践和融合他们的新技能，团队制定了解决当地公共卫生问题的商业计划。本文介绍了该计划并解释了过程评估的结果，该评估研究了如何最好地构建和部署基于团队的方法，以创建更有效，更具企业家精神的公共卫生经理。研究结果表明，招聘和保留能力很强，课程要素与学习者的需求相关，并且学习者对课程感到满意并重视。确定了计划模型的几个特定好处，以及支持业务计划成功和技能在工作中的应用的几个要素。根据这些发现，确定了开发类似计划的四个成功因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this paper we describe a biological indicator which can be used to study the behavior of Vibrio vulnificus, an important molluscan shellfish-associated human pathogen. A V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 derivative that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) and kanamycin resistance was constructed using conjugation. Strain validation was performed by comparing the GFP-expressing strain (Vv-GFP) and the wild-type strain (Vv-WT) with respect to growth characteristics, heat tolerance (45 degrees C), freeze-thaw tolerance (-20(o) and -80 degrees C), acid tolerance (pH 5.0, 4.0, and 3.5), cold storage tolerance (5 degrees C), cold adaptation (15 degrees C), and response to starvation. Levels of recovery were evaluated using nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar containing 2% NaCl) with and without sodium pyruvate. The indicator strain was subsequently used to evaluate the survival of V. vulnificus in oysters exposed to organic acids (citric and acetic acids) and various cooling regimens. In most cases, Vv-GFP was comparable to Vv-WT with respect to growth and survival upon exposure to various biological stressors; when differences between the GFP-expressing and parent strains occurred, they usually disappeared when sodium pyruvate was added to media. When V. vulnificus was inoculated into shellstock oysters, the counts dropped 2 log(10) after 11 to 12 days of refrigerated storage, regardless of the way in which the oysters were initially cooled. Steeper population declines after 12 days of refrigerated storage were observed for both iced and refrigerated products than for slowly cooled product and product held under conservative harvest conditions. By the end of the refrigeration storage study (22 days), the counts of Vv-GFP in iced and refrigerated oysters had reached the limit of detection (10(2) CFU/oyster), but slowly cooled oysters and oysters stored under conservative harvest conditions still contained approximately 10(3) and >10(4) CFU V. vulnificus/oyster by day 22, respectively. The Vv-GFP levels in the oyster meat remained stable for up to 24 h when the meat was exposed to acidic conditions at various pH values. Ease of detection and comparability to the wild-type parent make Vv-GFP a good candidate for use in studying the behavior of V. vulnificus upon exposure to sublethal stressors that might be encountered during postharvest handling of molluscan shellfish.

背景与目标： : 在本文中，我们描述了一种生物学指标，可用于研究创伤弧菌 (一种与软体动物贝类相关的重要人类病原体) 的行为。使用缀合物构建表达绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP) 和卡那霉素抗性的创伤弧菌ATCC 27562衍生物。通过比较表达GFP的菌株 (vv-gfp) 和野生型菌株 (vv-wt) 在生长特性，耐热性 (45 ℃)，冻融耐受性 (-20(o) 和-80 ℃) 方面进行菌株验证，耐酸性 (pH 5.0、4.0和3.5) 、耐冷性 (5 ℃) 、冷适应 (15 ℃) 和对饥饿的响应。使用含和不含丙酮酸钠的非选择性培养基 (含2% NaCl的胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂) 评估回收率水平。随后使用指示菌株评估暴露于有机酸 (柠檬酸和乙酸) 和各种冷却方案的牡蛎中vulnificus的存活率。在大多数情况下，Vv-GFP在暴露于各种生物应激源后的生长和存活方面与Vv-WT相当; 当表达GFP的菌株和亲本菌株之间发生差异时，当向培养基中添加丙酮酸钠时，它们通常消失。当将vulnificus接种到贝壳类牡蛎中时，冷藏储存11至12天后，计数下降了2 log(10)，而与最初冷却牡蛎的方式无关。冷藏和冷藏产品在冷藏12天后的种群数量下降幅度均大于缓慢冷却的产品和在保守收获条件下保存的产品。到冷藏储存研究结束时 (22天)，冰镇牡蛎和冷藏牡蛎中Vv-GFP的计数已达到检测极限 (10(2) CFU/牡蛎)，但是缓慢冷却的牡蛎和在保守收获条件下储存的牡蛎到第22天仍然分别含有大约10(3) 和> 10(4) CFU V. vulnificus/牡蛎。当将肉暴露于各种ph值的酸性条件下时，牡蛎肉中的Vv-GFP水平保持稳定长达24小时。易于检测和与野生型亲本的可比性使vv-gfp成为研究暴露于软体动物贝类收获后可能遇到的亚致死性应激源时的创伤弧菌行为的良好候选者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Etoposide produces reversible inhibition of topoisomerase II, leading to cleavage of DNA, and thereby has an antitumor effect. This mechanism suggests that the longer treatment is continued, the greater the antitumor effect will be. In the present study, both therapeutic and adverse effects of long-term treatment with low-dose oral etoposide were studied in 29 patients aged > or = 65 years with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) for whom standard chemotherapy was not effective or refractory. These patients received etoposide at a dose of 50 mg/d for as long as possible. Treatment was continued until white blood cell count decreased to < or = 2,000/microL or the platelet count decreased to < or = 5 x 10(4)/microL. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of therapeutic effects, 6 (20.7%) of the 29 patients achieved complete remission and 13 patients (44.8%) had partial remission, for a response rate of 65.5%. Adverse effects of > or = grade 3 included leukopenia in 24 patients (82.8%) and anemia in 7 (24.1%). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was given in combination with etoposide to eight patients because of leukopenia (granulocyte count < or = 1,000/microL). In view of the excellent subjective tolerance, low incidence of serious adverse effects, and good activity, single agent oral etoposide given continuously over prolonged periods represents a useful treatment for elderly patients with NHL.

背景与目标： 依托泊苷产生拓扑异构酶II的可逆抑制，导致DNA裂解，从而具有抗肿瘤作用。这种机制表明，持续治疗的时间越长，抗肿瘤作用就越大。在本研究中，对29例年龄> 或 = 65岁的非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (NHL) 患者进行了低剂量口服依托泊苷长期治疗的治疗和不良反应的研究，这些患者的标准化疗无效或难治性。这些患者尽可能长时间地接受依托泊苷50 mg/d的剂量。继续治疗直到白细胞计数降低至 <或 = 2,000/microL或血小板计数降低至 <或 = 5 × 10(4)/microL。根据治疗效果的世卫组织标准，29例患者中有6例 (20.7% 例) 完全缓解，13例 (44.8% 例) 部分缓解，缓解率为65.5%。> or = 3级的不良反应包括白细胞减少24例 (82.8%) 和贫血7例 (24.1%)。由于白细胞减少 (粒细胞计数 <或 = 1,000/microL)，将八名患者与依托泊苷联合给予粒细胞集落刺激因子 (g-csf)。鉴于其良好的主观耐受性，低的严重不良反应发生率和良好的活性，长期连续给予单药口服依托泊苷代表了对老年NHL患者的有用治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Use of the image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy has facilitated the diagnosis of previously inaccessible lesions with both safety and reliability. However, few studies have assessed the diagnostic yield of frozen section evaluation of the initial stereotactic target (FS-0). We describe our experience with 188 stereotactic brain biopsies in order to evaluate the diagnostic yield of FS-0.

DESIGN:Retrospective study of 188 stereotactic brain biopsies from 185 patients.

SETTING:Tertiary referral center with a high volume of neurosurgical cases including image-guided stereotactic brain biopsies.

PATIENTS:One hundred eighty-five patients who underwent imaged-guided stereotactic brain biopsy over a 58-month period.

RESULTS:The patients studied included 107 males and 78 females (mean age 48 years). Eleven (6%) biopsies were nondiagnostic. Diagnoses from FS-0 included a neoplastic condition in 96 (73%) of 131 cases and a nonneoplastic condition in 23 (50%) of 46 cases. In 119 (67%) of 177 cases, a diagnosis was reached at FS-0. A correct diagnosis was made on subsequent frozen section in 28 (16%) of cases, including 21 (16%) of 131 neoplasms and 7 (15%) of nonneoplastic conditions. In 15 (54%) of 28 cases, the correct diagnosis was made on the second frozen section; in 25 (89%) of 28, the correct diagnosis was made by the fourth frozen section. In 14 (11%) of 131 neoplastic cases, a sampling error relative to the lesion resulted in an inaccurate diagnosis at FS-0. A significant error in diagnosis occurred in three cases (1.7%).

CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that (1) because 58 (33%) of 177 diagnosed cases in our series would have been potentially misdiagnosed if only one biopsy had been taken at the stereotactic target, frozen section evaluation or cytologic examination of material at the time of surgery should be performed routinely to ensure that adequate tissue has been obtained for purposes of diagnosis; (2) taking up to four biopsies increases the diagnostic yield (from 67% to 89% in this series); and (3) neoplastic lesions are more likely to be definitively diagnosed at FS-0 than non-neoplastic lesions.

背景与目标： 目标 : 使用图像引导的立体定向脑活检有助于安全可靠地诊断先前无法接近的病变。然而，很少有研究评估初始立体定向目标 (FS-0) 的冷冻切片评估的诊断产量。我们描述了188例立体定向脑活检的经验，以评估FS-0的诊断性。
设计 : 对185例患者的188例立体定向脑活检进行回顾性研究。
设置 : 三级转诊中心，提供大量神经外科手术病例，包括图像引导的立体定向脑活检。
患者 : 在58个月内接受了图像引导的立体定向脑活检的一百八十五例患者。
结果 : 研究的患者包括107名男性和78名女性 (平均年龄48岁)。11例 (6% 例) 活检无诊断性。FS-0的诊断包括131例中的96例 (73% 例) 的肿瘤状况和46例中的23例 (50% 例) 的非肿瘤状况。在177例中的119例 (67% 例) 中，在FS-0时达到诊断。对28例 (16% 例) 的随后冷冻切片进行了正确诊断，其中包括21例 (16% 例) 的131肿瘤和7例 (15% 例) 的非肿瘤性疾病。28例中的15例 (54% 例) 在第二冷冻切片上做出正确诊断; 28例中的25例 (89% 例) 在第四冷冻切片上做出正确诊断。在131例肿瘤病例中的14例 (11% 例) 中，相对于病变的采样误差导致FS-0时诊断不准确。在三例 (1.7%) 中发生了明显的诊断错误。
结论 : 我们得出的结论是 :( 1) 因为如果仅在立体定向目标处进行了一次活检，那么我们系列中的177例中有58例 (33% 例) 可能会被误诊，在手术时，应常规进行冷冻切片评估或材料的细胞学检查，以确保已获得足够的组织以进行诊断; (2) 最多进行四次活检可提高诊断率 (从本系列的67% 增加到89%); (3) 肿瘤性病变比非肿瘤性病变更有可能在FS-0时被明确诊断。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Parents play an important role in the sexual health of their adolescent children. Based on previous research, formative research, and theories of behavioral change, we developed Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, an intervention designed to help parents improve communication with their adolescent children, promote healthy adolescent sexual development, and reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors. We conduct the parenting program at worksites to facilitate recruitment and retention of participants. The program consists of 8 weekly 1-hour sessions during the lunch hour. In this article, we review the literature that identifies parental influences on adolescent sexual behavior, summarize our formative research, present the theoretical framework we used to develop Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, describe the program's components and intervention strategies, and offer recommendations based on our experiences developing the program. By targeting parents at their worksites, this program represents an innovative approach to promoting adolescent sexual health. This article is intended to be helpful to health educators and clinicians designing programs for parents, employers implementing health-related programs, and researchers who may consider designing and evaluating such worksite-based programs.

背景与目标： : 父母在青春期孩子的性健康中起着重要作用。基于先前的研究，形成性研究和行为改变理论，我们开发了会说话的父母，健康的青少年，这种干预措施旨在帮助父母改善与青春期孩子的沟通，促进健康的青春期性发展，并减少青春期的性风险行为。我们在工作场所开展育儿计划，以促进招募和留住参与者。该计划包括午餐时间每周8个1小时的课程。在本文中，我们回顾了确定父母对青少年性行为的影响的文献，总结了我们的形成性研究，提出了我们用来培养会说话的父母，健康的青少年的理论框架，描述了该计划的组成部分和干预策略，并根据我们的经验提供了建议开发该计划。通过针对工作场所的父母，该计划代表了一种促进青少年性健康的创新方法。本文旨在帮助健康教育者和临床医生为父母，实施健康相关计划的雇主以及可能考虑设计和评估此类基于工作现场的计划的研究人员设计计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Sweden and to investigate possible modifications of the present screening guidelines. METHODS:Infants in Sweden with a gestational age (GA) of 31 weeks + 6 days or less are screened for ROP. Data from the Swedish national register for ROP (SWEDROP) during 2008 and 2009 were extracted and compared with a national perinatal quality register. RESULTS:In SWEDROP, there were 1791 infants born before a GA of 32 weeks from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2009. Another 70 infants were registered in the perinatal quality register but not in SWEDROP (dropout rate, 3.8% [70 of 1861 infants]). Seven infants died before termination of screening. In the final study cohort (1784 infants), 15.6% had mild ROP and 8.5% had severe ROP. Treatment was performed in 4.4% of the infants, none of whom had a GA at birth of more than 28 weeks. Nine infants with a GA of more than 28 weeks at birth developed stage 3 ROP, which regressed spontaneously. The total number of examinations was 9286 (964 in infants with a GA of 31 weeks), and the mean (range) number of examinations of each infant was 5.2 (1-30). CONCLUSIONS:The SWEDROP, a quality register for ROP, has a national coverage (ie, participation) of 96%. Data from 2008 to 2009 show that it seems possible to reduce the upper limit for screening in Sweden by 1 week, including only infants with a GA of 30 weeks + 6 days or less. However, such a change should be combined with a strong recommendation to neonatologists to refer also severely ill and more "mature" infants.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :New hydrazone derivatives were synthesized via the nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction of 2-[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)]acetohydrazide with aromatic aldehydes/ketones. The compounds were tested in vitro against various Candida species and compared with ketoconazole. Genotoxicity of the most effective anticandidal compounds was evaluated by umuC and Ames assays. All compounds were also investigated for their cytotoxic effects on NIH3T3 and A549 cell lines. Compound 8 was the most effective antifungal derivative against C. albicans (ATCC-90028) with a MIC value of 0.05 mg/mL. Compound 5 can be identified as the most promising anticancer agent against A549 cancer cell lines due to its inhibitory effect on A549 cell lines and low toxicity to NIH3T3 cells.

背景与目标： : 通过2-[(1-甲基-1h-四唑-5-基) 硫代)] 乙酰酰肼与芳族醛/酮的亲核加成消除反应合成了新的腙衍生物。对化合物进行了针对各种念珠菌的体外测试，并与酮康唑进行了比较。通过umuC和Ames分析评估了最有效的抗癌症化合物的遗传毒性。还研究了所有化合物对NIH3T3和A549细胞系的细胞毒性作用。化合物8是对白色念珠菌 (ATCC-90028) 最有效的抗真菌衍生物，MIC值为0.05 mg/ml。化合物5由于对A549细胞系的抑制作用和对NIH3T3细胞的低毒性，可被确定为最有前途的抗A549癌细胞系的抗癌剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to compare preferred facial profiles rated by different age groups. An average profile of each gender was constructed from subjects with normal occlusions. Each average profile was located in the centre, and then the lips were protruded or retruded in six 1mm increments in each direction. 70 lay people were divided into 3 groups: young adult (20-39 years); middle-aged (40-54 years); and senior (55-70 years). They were asked to rank their 3 most preferred profiles for each gender. The distribution of the most pleasing profile was compared according to age groups by the Kruskal-Wallis test and according to the rater's gender by the Mann-Whitney U-test. There was a significant difference between the three age groups regarding the preferred male and female profiles (P<0.001). Both the middle-aged and the senior groups tended to select a slightly more retruded lip/flat profile than the young adult group. There was no gender dimorphism in the selection of the preferred profile. The young adult group preferred the straight profile while the middle-aged and senior groups favoured the slightly retruded profile. This may provide useful information for treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是比较不同年龄段的首选面部特征。从正常闭塞的受试者中构建每个性别的平均特征。每个平均轮廓位于中心，然后在每个方向上以六个1毫米的增量突出或重放嘴唇。70名外行人分为3组: 年轻人 (20-39岁); 中年 (40-54岁); 和老年人 (55-70岁)。他们被要求对每个性别的3个最喜欢的个人资料进行排名。通过Kruskal-Wallis测试根据年龄组比较了最令人愉悦的个人资料的分布，并通过Mann-Whitney u- test根据评估者的性别进行了比较。三个年龄组在首选男性和女性特征方面存在显着差异 (P<0.001)。与年轻的成年组相比，中老年组和老年组都倾向于选择略胜一筹的嘴唇/扁平轮廓。在选择首选特征时没有性别二态性。年轻的成年组更喜欢直率的轮廓，而中老年组则更喜欢略微被重述的轮廓。这可能为正畸和正颌手术的治疗计划提供有用的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:We aimed to determine whether there is an association between dietary zinc intake (DZI) and prevalent kidney stone disease defined as self-report of any previous episode of kidney stone. METHODS:We examined The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a large US population-based cross-sectional study, and used logistic regression analyses to determine the independent association between DZI and prevalent kidney stone disease. RESULTS:A total of 15,444 men and women over 18 years of age were eligible for analysis. Among them, 710 participants reported a history of kidney stones. Stone formers tended to have higher DZI than non-stone formers among NHANES III participants, though this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). Multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that higher DZI (log transformed) was associated with a significantly increased risk of kidney stone disease (odds ratio, OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.10-1.81, p = 0.01). After categorizing zinc intake into three groups, those with highest DZI (>15 mg/day) were also associated with a significantly increased risk of kidney stone disease, compared to those with lower DZI (<7 mg/day; OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.13-2.57, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Our study suggests that higher DZI is associated with increased risk of kidney stone disease. Future prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between zinc intake and kidney stone formation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Active surveillance and diagnosis of the influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) have played a critical role in the effective control and prevention of the pandemic in China. Although several commercially available real-time PCR kits for pH1N1 virus have been used in diagnostic laboratories in Beijing, little has been known about the performance of these kits for detecting pH1N1 virus. In this study, the performance of two commercial real-time PCR kits in Beijing was evaluated. Analysis of clinical samples showed that the positive detection rate for the AgPath-ID™ kit (38.2%) was significantly higher than that for the Da An H1N1 kit (30.0%) (McNemar's chi-square test, P=0.000). The limit of detection (LOD) of the AgPath-ID™ kit was 10(2), 10(2), and 10(3) copies/reaction for the Influenza A (set 1), H1N1 Influenza A (set 2) and H1N1 Influenza A Sub H1 (set 3) genes, respectively, whereas the LOD of the Da An kit was 10(3) copies/reaction for both H1 and N1 genes. Although the AgPath-ID™ kit exhibited a significantly higher detection rate for pH1N1 than the Da An kit, cross-reactivity to A/PR8/34 was found for the AgPath-ID™ kit for H1N1 Influenza A (set 2).

背景与目标： : 对流感大流行 (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) 的积极监测和诊断在有效控制和预防中国大流行方面发挥了关键作用。尽管北京的诊断实验室已经使用了几种市售的pH1N1病毒实时PCR试剂盒，但对这些试剂盒检测pH1N1病毒的性能知之甚少。在这项研究中，评估了北京两种商用实时PCR试剂盒的性能。临床样本分析表明，AgPath-ID的阳性检出率™试剂盒 (38.2%) 显着高于Da H1N1试剂盒 (30.0%) (McNemar卡方检验，P = 0.000)。AgPath-ID的检测极限 (LOD)™试剂盒分别为甲型流感 (第1组) 、甲型H1N1流感 (第2组) 和甲型H1N1流感亚H1 (第3组) 基因的10(2) 、10(2) 和10(3) 拷贝/反应，而Da An试剂盒的LOD对于H1和N1基因均为10(3) 个拷贝/反应。虽然AgPath-ID™试剂盒对pH1N1的检出率明显高于Da一试剂盒，发现AgPath-ID对a/PR8/34的交叉反应性™甲型H1N1流感试剂盒 (第2套)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals at 50% risk of Huntington's disease (HD) who prefer not to know their carrier status, might opt for exclusion prenatal diagnosis (ePND) or exclusion preimplantation genetic diagnosis (ePGD). This study aims to provide a better understanding of couples' motives for choosing ePND or ePND, and surveys couples' experiences in order to make recommendations for the improvement of counselling for exclusion testing. This qualitative retrospective interview study focussed on couples who underwent ePND or ePGD for HD in the period 1996-2010. Seventeen couples were included of which 13 had experienced ePND and 6 ePGD. Mean time-interval since exclusion-testing was 3.9 years. Couples' moral reservations regarding termination of pregnancy (TOP) or discarding healthy embryos were counterbalanced by the wish to protect their future child against HD. Seven couples had terminated a total of 11 pregnancies with a 50% HD risk, none showed regret. ePGD was used by couples who wanted to avoid (another) TOP. ePND and ePGD are acceptable reproductive options for a specific group of counsellees. To guarantee sound standards of care, it is imperative that candidate couples be given in-depth non-directive counselling about all possible scenarios, and adequate professional and psychological support prior to, during and after ePND/ePGD.

背景与目标： : 50% 亨廷顿舞蹈病 (HD) 风险的人不愿知道自己的携带者状态，可能会选择排除产前诊断 (ePND) 或排除植入前遗传学诊断 (ePGD)。本研究旨在更好地了解夫妻选择ePND或ePND的动机，并调查夫妻的经历，以便为改进排除测试的咨询提出建议。这项定性回顾性访谈研究的重点是在1996-2010年期间接受过ePND或ePGD治疗HD的夫妇。包括17对夫妇，其中13对经历过ePND和6对ePGD。自排除测试以来的平均时间间隔为3.9年。夫妻在终止妊娠 (TOP) 或丢弃健康胚胎方面的道德保留被保护其未来的孩子免受HD侵害的愿望所抵消。七对夫妇终止了11例怀孕，HD风险50%，没有人感到遗憾。想要避免 (另一个) 上衣的夫妇使用ePGD。ePND和ePGD是一组特定顾问可接受的生殖选择。为了保证合理的护理标准，必须在ePND/ePGD之前，之中和之后为候选夫妇提供有关所有可能情况的深入的非指导性咨询，并提供足够的专业和心理支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemorrhage is the most preventable cause of posttraumatic death. Many cases are potentially anatomically salvageable, yet remain lethal without logistics or trained personnel to deliver diagnosis or resuscitative surgery in austere environments. Revolutions in technology for remote mentoring of ultrasound and surgery may enhance capabilities to utilize the skill sets of non-physicians. Thus, our research collaborative explored remote mentoring to empower non-physicians to address junctional and torso hemorrhage control in austere environments. Major studies involved using remote-telementored ultrasound (RTMUS) to identify torso and junctional exsanguination, remotely mentoring resuscitative surgery for torso hemorrhage control, understanding and mitigating physiological stress during such tasks, and the technical practicalities of conducting damage control surgery (DCS) in austere environments. Iterative projects involved randomized guiding of firefighters to identify torso (RCT) and junctional (pilot) hemorrhage using RTMUS, randomized remote mentoring of MedTechs conducting resuscitative surgery for torso exsanguination in an anatomically realistic surgical trainer ("Cut Suit") including physiological monitoring, and trained surgeons conducting a comparative randomized study for torso hemorrhage control in normal (1g) versus weightlessness (0g). This work demonstrated that firefighters could be remotely mentored to perform just-in-time torso RTMUS on a simulator. Both firefighters and mentors were confident in their abilities, the ultrasounds being 97% accurate. An ultrasound-naive firefighter in Memphis could also be remotely mentored from Hawaii to identify and subsequently tamponade an arterial junctional hemorrhage using RTMUS in a live tissue model. Thereafter, both mentored and unmentored MedTechs and trained surgeons completed resuscitative surgery for hemorrhage control on the Cut-Suit, demonstrating practicality for all involved. While remote mentoring did not decrease blood loss among MedTechs, it increased procedural confidence and decreased physiologic stress. Therefore, remote mentoring may increase the feasibility of non-physicians conducting a psychologically daunting task. Finally, DCS in weightlessness was feasible without fundamental differences from 1g. Overall, the collective evidence suggests that remote mentoring supports diagnosis, noninvasive therapy, and ultimately resuscitative surgery to potentially rescue those exsanguinating in austere environments and should be more rigorously studied.

背景与目标： : 出血是创伤后死亡最可预防的原因。许多病例在解剖学上可能是可挽救的，但如果没有后勤人员或训练有素的人员在严峻的环境中进行诊断或复苏手术，则仍然致命。超声波和外科手术远程指导技术的革命可能会增强利用非医生技能的能力。因此，我们的研究合作探索了远程指导，以使非医生能够在严峻的环境中解决交界处和躯干出血控制问题。主要研究包括使用远程远程超声 (RTMUS) 识别躯干和交界性放血，远程指导复苏手术以控制躯干出血，理解和减轻此类任务期间的生理压力，以及在严峻环境中进行损伤控制手术 (DCS) 的技术实用性。迭代项目包括随机指导消防员使用RTMUS识别躯干 (RCT) 和交界 (pilot) 出血，随机远程指导MedTechs在解剖学上逼真的外科训练器 (“切割服”) 中进行躯干放血的复苏手术，包括生理监测，和训练有素的外科医生进行了一项比较随机研究，以正常 (1g) 与失重 (0g) 的躯干出血控制。这项工作表明，可以远程指导消防员在模拟器上执行及时的躯干RTMUS。消防员和导师都对自己的能力充满信心，超声波97% 准确。孟菲斯的一名未经超声检查的消防员也可以从夏威夷进行远程指导，以识别并随后在活组织模型中使用RTMUS填塞动脉交界性出血。此后，经过指导和未经指导的MedTechs和训练有素的外科医生都完成了复苏手术，以控制剪裁服上的出血，这证明了所有参与者的实用性。虽然远程指导并没有减少MedTechs的失血，但它增加了程序信心并减少了生理压力。因此，远程指导可能会增加非医生执行心理艰巨任务的可行性。最后，失重的dc是可行的，与1g没有根本差异。总体而言，集体证据表明，远程指导支持诊断，无创治疗以及最终的复苏手术，以潜在地挽救那些在严峻环境中放血的人，因此应进行更严格的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) family. CDK5 is involved in numerous neuronal diseases (including Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury), pain signaling and cell migration. In the present Letter, we describe syntheses and biological evaluations of new 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines, structurally related to roscovitine, a promising CDK inhibitor currently in clinical trials (CDK1/Cyclin B, IC(50)=350 nM; CDK5/p25, IC(50)=200 nM). These new molecules were synthesized using an original Buchwald-Hartwig catalytic procedure; several compounds (3j, 3k, 3l, 3e, 4k, 6b, 6c) displayed potent kinase inhibitory potencies against CDK5 (IC(50) values ranging from 17 to 50 nM) and showed significant cell death inducing activities (IC(50) values ranging from 2 to 9 μM on SH-SY5Y). The docking of the inhibitors into the ATP binding domain of the CDK5 catalytic site highlighted the discriminatory effect of a hydrogen bond involving the CDK5 Lys-89. In addition, the calculated final energy balances for complexation measured for several inhibitors is consistent with the ranking of the IC(50) values. Lastly, we observed that several compounds exhibit submicromolar activities against DYRK1A (dual specificity, tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A), a kinase involved in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease (3g, 3h, 4m; IC(50) values ranging from 300 to 400 nM).

背景与目标： : 细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶5 (CDK5) 是属于细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶 (CDK) 家族的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶。CDK5参与多种神经元疾病 (包括阿尔茨海默病或帕金森氏病，中风，创伤性脑损伤)，疼痛信号传导和细胞迁移。在本信中，我们描述了新的2,6，9-三取代嘌呤的合成和生物学评估，这些嘌呤在结构上与roscovitine有关，roscovitine是目前在临床试验中有希望的CDK抑制剂 (CDK1/Cyclin B，IC(50)= 350 nM; CDK5/p25，IC(50)= 200 nM)。这些新分子是使用原始的Buchwald-Hartwig催化程序合成的; 几种化合物 (3j，3k，3l，3e，4k，6b，6c) 显示出针对CDK5的有效激酶抑制能力 (IC(50) 值范围为17至50 nm)，并显示出显着的细胞死亡诱导活性 (IC(50) 值范围为2至9μm的SH-SY5Y)。抑制剂与CDK5催化位点的ATP结合结构域的对接突出了涉及CDK5 Lys-89的氢键的区分作用。此外，针对几种抑制剂测量的用于络合的计算的最终能量平衡与IC(50) 值的排名一致。最后，我们观察到几种化合物表现出对DYRK1A (双重特异性，酪氨酸磷酸化调节激酶1A) 的亚微摩尔活性，DYRK1A是一种与唐氏综合症和阿尔茨海默氏病有关的激酶 (3g，3h，4m; IC(50) 值范围从300到400 nM)。