BACKGROUND:Advances in technology have resulted in increasing survival rates even for extremely premature infants. While sophisticated medical management is vital to infant survival, research has found that social factors and care giving processes are important predictors of infants' later outcome. Consequently, evidence is accumulating to demonstrate the fundamental role of mothers and families to the optimal developmental outcome of premature infants. AIM:The aim of the work reported here was to undertake an historical overview of premature infant care practices to increase neonatal nurse's knowledge of the crucial role of mothers and families in the care of their premature infants. Understanding past practice and current trends can provide neonatal nurses with critical insight which will assist in formulating current and future care. METHOD:Research and historical articles focusing on maternal involvement in preterm infant care from the development of the incubator to the present time were examined. A search of the literature between 1960 and 2002 was conducted using the MEDLINE, CINAHL and PSYCLIT databases. The search terms were premature infant, neonatal intensive care, history, and maternal care. FINDINGS:Three major themes were identified which reflect the development of neonatal care. Firstly, over the last century advances in medical and public health practice saw a decline in mortality rates for mothers and infants. Secondly, the application of this new knowledge resulted in the institutionalization and professionalization of obstetric and neonatal care which, in turn, resulted in the isolation of infants from their mothers. Finally, concurrent advances in infant research emphasized the importance of mother-infant relationships to infants' developmental outcome, resulting in greater flexibility in hospital practices regarding parental contact with their infants. CONCLUSION:As biomedical advances in technology continue to help smaller, sicker premature infants to survive, neonatal nurses are strategically placed to promote positive outcomes for infants and their families through the integration of social science and behavioural research into nursing practice.

译文

背景:技术的进步已导致甚至对于极早产儿的存活率也有所提高。尽管先进的医疗管理对婴儿的生存至关重要,但研究发现,社会因素和护理过程是婴儿后期结局的重要预测指标。因此,越来越多的证据表明母亲和家庭对于早产儿的最佳发育结果具有根本的作用。
目的:此处报道的工作目的是对婴儿早产护理做法进行历史回顾,以提高新生儿护士对母亲和家庭在婴儿早产护理中的关键作用的了解。了解过去的做法和当前趋势可以为新生儿护士提供重要的见识,这将有助于制定当前和将来的护理方案。
方法:研究和历史文章侧重于从孵化器发展到现在的产妇参与早产婴儿护理。使用MEDLINE,CINAHL和PSYCLIT数据库对1960年至2002年之间的文献进行了检索。搜索词是早产儿,新生儿重症监护,病史和孕产妇保健。
结果:确定了三个主要主题,它们反映了新生儿护理的发展。首先,在上个世纪,医学和公共卫生实践的进步使母亲和婴儿的死亡率下降。其次,这种新知识的应用导致了产科和新生儿保健的制度化和专业化,进而导致婴儿与母亲隔离。最后,婴儿研究的同时进展强调了母婴关系对婴儿发育结局的重要性,因此在父母与婴儿接触方面的医院实践中具有更大的灵活性。
结论:随着生物医学技术的不断发展,帮助身材矮小的,病态的早产儿得以生存,新生儿护士在战略上处于有利地位,通过将社会科学和行为研究整合到护理实践中,为婴儿及其家庭带来积极的成果。

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