BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea/jigger flea (Tunga penetrans). As poverty is the major driving force of the disease, it can be called as a poverty-associated plague. It is one of the emerging neglected diseases in Latin America, Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and India. The aim of the present scrutiny was to assess the public health impact of tungiasis, associated risk factors, and emerging opportunities to prevent and control tungiasis. Searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and online search engines (Google, AOL, and Yahoo) using keywords "parasitic skin disease," "tungiasis," "sand flea," " tungiasis-associated risk factors," "tungiasis prevention and control," and their synonyms were used as a source of references. Searches were made without time limitations. Of 167 potential articles identified by these criteria, 51 appropriate were selected for review. Tungiasis is widespread in the resource-constrained settings of low-income economies. In the tropics, it is highly prevalent among the impoverished populations, but the associated risk factors are often poorly identified and remain uncontrolled. Though it is a self-limiting disease with considerable morbidity, the parasite may cause subsequent secondary morbidity through life-threatening complications and infections like cellulitis, tetanus, and death. However, the direct and indirect sociocultural, economic, and health impact of tungiasis is often undervalued and misunderstood. A systematic assessment on disease burden is still dearth and deficient. Over the decades, tungiasis has been largely neglected by the scientific community, policy makers, and healthcare stakeholders. In the endemic regions, even tungiasis is not listed for the disease control priorities in the regional, national, and international agenda. The majority of the epidermal parasitic skin diseases particularly tungiasis needs a sustainable global scientific research and control policy. This urges intensive efforts to develop a road map that delivers a clear vision towards zero new infection by designing low-cost prevention and control strategies. Besides, there is an urgency to develop culturally appropriate communication techniques and workable collaboration on a global scale by bringing all the stakeholders of endemic countries.

背景与目标： : Tungiasis (沙蚤病) 是由雌性沙蚤/跳蚤 (Tunga penetrans) 引起的一种外部寄生虫性皮肤病。由于贫困是该疾病的主要驱动力，因此可以将其称为与贫困相关的瘟疫。它是拉丁美洲，加勒比海地区，撒哈拉以南非洲和印度新兴的被忽视的疾病之一。本次审查的目的是评估外膜病对公共卫生的影响，相关的危险因素以及预防和控制外膜病的新兴机会。搜索PubMed，Google Scholar和在线搜索引擎 (Google，AOL和Yahoo)，使用关键字 “寄生性皮肤病”，“tungiasis”，“沙蚤”，“tungiasis相关危险因素”，“tungiasis预防和控制，” 和它们的同义词被用作参考文献的来源。搜索没有时间限制。在这些标准确定的167篇潜在文章中，选择了51篇合适的文章进行审查。在低收入经济体资源受限的环境中，突尼斯病很普遍。在热带地区，它在贫困人口中非常普遍，但相关的风险因素往往无法识别，并且仍然不受控制。尽管它是一种具有相当高发病率的自限性疾病，但该寄生虫可能会通过威胁生命的并发症和感染 (如蜂窝织炎，破伤风和死亡) 引起继发疾病。但是，tungiasis对社会文化，经济和健康的直接和间接影响常常被低估和误解。对疾病负担的系统评估仍然缺乏和不足。几十年来，tungiasis在很大程度上被科学界，政策制定者和医疗保健利益相关者所忽视。在流行地区，甚至在区域，国家和国际议程中也没有将tungiasis列为疾病控制重点。大多数表皮寄生性皮肤病，尤其是tungiasis，需要可持续的全球科学研究和控制政策。这敦促加紧努力，制定路线图，通过设计低成本的预防和控制策略，实现零新感染的清晰愿景。此外，迫切需要通过吸引流行国家的所有利益攸关方，在全球范围内发展文化上适当的交流技术和可行的合作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:We evaluated the trend of end-of-life healthcare utilization and life-sustaining interventions for older adults with dementia 3 to 4 years after the change in hospice policy. DESIGN:Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:We used the National Health Insurance Research database of enrolled patients ≥65 years of age diagnosed with dementia who died in 2010-2013 (n = 2062). METHODS:Aggressive treatments, including healthcare utilization and life-sustaining interventions, were recorded within 6 months of death. Aggressive healthcare utilization included ≥1 emergency department visits, ≥1 hospitalizations, >14 days of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death in an acute care hospital. Life-sustaining interventions were enteral tube, artificial nutrition, blood transfusion, hemodialysis, invasive ventilation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. RESULTS:Compared with 2010‒2012, 2013 rates significantly decreased for all measures (P < .001). Composite scores of healthcare utilization and life-sustaining treatments in 2013 were significantly lower than for 2010‒2012, after controlling for confounding variables (both P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:Older patients with dementia had a trend of reduced healthcare utilization and fewer life-sustaining treatments near the end of life from 2010 to 2013 after a policy change.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:This paper is a report of an exploration of the concept of service user involvement in mental health nursing using a discourse analysis approach. BACKGROUND:Service user involvement has come to be expected in mental health nursing policy and practice. This concept, however, is often applied somewhat ambiguously and some writers call for a clearer understanding of what service users actually want. METHOD:A Foucauldian discourse analysis was conducted in 2005, examining literature and health policies published by the United Kingdom government and service users. The discursive perspectives of both were explored and conceptual themes were generated from the data. FINDINGS:Concepts occurring within government discourse include language relating to service users, the notion of service user involvement and power. Concepts from the service user discourse include power, change and control, theory, policy and practice, and experiential expertise. Differences in perspectives were found within these themes which distinguished government from service user discourses. Greater flexibility in ideas and perspectives was demonstrated by service users, with a seemingly greater range of theoretical underpinnings. CONCLUSION:Greater awareness is needed of the significance of language, of how subtle inferences may be drawn from the rhetorical language of policies, of how these might affect the involvement of service users, and of the implications for the role of mental health nurses. Nurses need to be aware of these tensions and conflicts in managing their practice and in creating a mental health nursing philosophy of 'involvement'. If true 'involvement' is to ensue, nurses may also need to consider the transfer of power to service users.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sheila Leatherman has broad experience in health management, public policy, and academic research. She has held positions in federal and state healthcare agencies and served as CEO of a large HMO and as an executive of one of the largest managed care companies in the United States. Ms. Leatherman's time is currently devoted to healthcare research, both in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, she is founder and chair of the Center for Health Care Policy Evaluation, an independent private-sector research institute, and adjunct professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina. In the United Kingdom, she is a senior adviser to The Nuffield Trust, which commissioned her to evaluate the National Health Service strategy for quality of care management (1997-1998 and 2002-2003), and in which she is involved in an ongoing policy and research program in quality evaluation. She is a Senior Associate at the Judge Institute of Management Studies and Distinguished Associate at Darwin College, both at Cambridge University. Her areas of research are quality of care, health policy, and managed care, and she has written more than 25 articles, which have been published in such prestigious journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association, Health Affairs, Medical Care, and the International Journal of Quality.

背景与目标： : Sheila Leatherman在健康管理，公共政策和学术研究方面拥有丰富的经验。她曾在联邦和州医疗机构任职，并担任大型HMO的首席执行官，以及美国最大的管理式医疗公司之一的高管。Leatherman女士的时间目前致力于美国和英国的医疗保健研究。在美国，她是独立的私营部门研究机构卫生保健政策评估中心的创始人和主席，也是北卡罗来纳大学公共卫生学院卫生政策与管理系的兼职教授。在英国，她是Nuffield Trust的高级顾问，该信托委托她评估《国家医疗服务质量管理战略》 (1997-1998和2002-2003)，并参与了正在进行的政策和质量评估研究计划。她是剑桥大学法官管理研究所的高级助理和达尔文学院的杰出助理。她的研究领域是护理质量，卫生政策和管理式护理，她撰写了25篇以上的文章，这些文章发表在《美国医学协会杂志》，《健康事务》，《医疗保健》等著名期刊上。和国际质量杂志。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Antisocial behavior persists as a preeminent public policy issue in the United States. A more critical assessment of both the policies and the programs designed to address this problem is necessary, and new risk factors for antisocial behavior need to be investigated. Sufficient evidence exists to hypothesize that exposure to neurotoxins may be a risk factor for antisocial behavior. Neurotoxins such as lead have been demonstrated to affect the cognitive development of children, and impaired cognition is accepted as a risk factor for antisocial behavior. Little consideration has been given, however, to the possible link between neurotoxins and human behavior. This paper presents a biologically and socially plausible justification for this association, reviews the supporting evidence, and emphasizes the need for additional investigation of the phenomenon. Elucidation of this risk factor may lead to new strategies for preventing or mitigating antisocial behaviors among youth and adults.

背景与目标： : 反社会行为在美国一直是一个突出的公共政策问题。有必要对旨在解决此问题的政策和计划进行更严格的评估，并且需要调查反社会行为的新风险因素。有足够的证据可以假设暴露于神经毒素可能是反社会行为的危险因素。神经毒素 (例如铅) 已被证明会影响儿童的认知发展，并且认知受损被认为是反社会行为的危险因素。然而，人们很少考虑神经毒素与人类行为之间的可能联系。本文为这种关联提供了生物学和社会上合理的理由，审查了支持证据，并强调了对该现象进行进一步调查的必要性。阐明这一危险因素可能会导致预防或减轻青年和成年人反社会行为的新策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Health policies are specified in documents that contain values, objectives, strategies, and interventions to be implemented. The objective of our study was to analyse health policy documents of six European cities and one county council published around 2010 to determine (i) how cities conceptualize health inequalities, and (ii) what strategies are proposed to reduce them. We performed a qualitative document analysis. We selected Health or Health Inequalities policy documents and analysed the following aspects: general characteristics of the document, inclusion and definition of health inequalities, promotion of good governance and participation, number of objectives, and evaluation. We also described specific objectives. Rotterdam, London, and Stockholm use a conceptual framework. Two of them define health inequalities as a social gradient. Intersectoral action, participation, and evaluation are included in most documents. Interventions focus mainly on the socioeconomic context.

背景与目标： : 在包含要实施的价值观，目标，策略和干预措施的文件中指定了健康政策。我们研究的目的是分析2010年左右发布的六个欧洲城市和一个县议会的卫生政策文件，以确定 (i) 城市如何概念化健康不平等现象，以及 (ii) 提出了哪些减少不平等现象的策略。我们进行了定性文件分析。我们选择了健康或健康不平等政策文件，并分析了以下几个方面: 文件的一般特征，健康不平等的纳入和定义，促进善治和参与，目标数量和评估。我们还描述了具体目标。鹿特丹、伦敦和斯德哥尔摩使用概念框架。其中两个将健康不平等定义为社会梯度。大多数文件都包含部门间行动、参与和评估。干预主要集中在社会经济背景上。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The development of "targeted biologics" as cancer therapy has made the field ripe for investment from the private sector and is changing the face of cancer medicine, while also raising important policy concerns about price, profit, and continued innovation. In this interview Barbara Culliton talks with Thomas Roberts, who sees this world from a unique perspective. Roberts, an oncologist, has practiced at the Massachusetts General Hospital and is currently thinking about innovation as a hedge fund manager.

背景与目标： : 作为癌症治疗的 “靶向生物制剂” 的发展使该领域已经成熟，可以从私营部门投资，并正在改变癌症医学的面貌，同时也引起了对价格，利润和持续创新的重要政策关注。在这次采访中，芭芭拉·库利顿 (Barbara Culliton) 与托马斯·罗伯茨 (Thomas Roberts) 进行了交谈，后者从独特的角度看待这个世界。罗伯茨是一名肿瘤学家，曾在马萨诸塞州总医院执业，目前正在考虑作为对冲基金经理进行创新。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The primary purpose of this study was to describe tobacco control policy in secondary schools in South Carolina, and sanctions imposed on students for violation of these policies; and to explore potential associations between policies and sanctions. A secondary purpose was to explore the use of tobacco education curricula in the state. This study employed a cross-sectional design in which two surveys were mailed to all secondary schools in South Carolina (n = 437): the School Principal Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Lead Health Education Teacher Questionnaire (LHETQ). The SPQ elicited information about tobacco control policies and the sanctions imposed on violators of such policies. The LHETQ was sent to lead health education teachers to elicit information about use of packaged curricula addressing tobacco use and prevention. Over 95% of respondents reported having school policies that prohibited use of tobacco inside buildings, and explicitly prohibited the use of cigarettes for students anywhere on school grounds. Sanctions imposed for violation of tobacco policy were severe. For a second offense, nearly 68% of students were suspended out-of-school or expelled, and for a third offense, almost 28% of students were expelled. There is some evidence to suggest that more stringent policies were associated with more severe sanctions. Cessation from tobacco programs were rarely used as a sanction, and in fact, tobacco education curricula were rarely used by health education teachers. In South Carolina secondary schools, tobacco policies are prevalent. Student violators of such policies are punished by means that potentially detract from their educational experience (e.g., out-of-school suspension, expulsion). It is recommended that school administrators and school health education teachers implement tobacco cessation programs as part of appropriate sanctions for violations of school tobacco use policy.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的主要目的是描述南卡罗来纳州中学的烟草控制政策，以及因违反这些政策而对学生实施的制裁; 并探索政策与制裁之间的潜在联系。第二个目的是探索该州烟草教育课程的使用。这项研究采用了横断面设计，其中将两项调查邮寄给南卡罗来纳州的所有中学 (n = 437): 学校校长问卷 (SPQ) 和首席健康教育教师问卷 (LHETQ)。SPQ提供了有关烟草控制政策以及对违反此类政策的制裁的信息。LHETQ被派去领导健康教育老师，以获取有关使用针对烟草使用和预防的包装课程的信息。超过95% 的受访者报告说，学校政策禁止在建筑物内使用烟草，并明确禁止在校园内任何地方的学生使用香烟。对违反烟草政策的制裁是严厉的。对于第二次犯罪，将近68% 的学生被停学或开除，对于第三次犯罪，将近28% 的学生被开除。有证据表明，更严格的政策与更严厉的制裁有关。戒烟计划很少被用作制裁，实际上，健康教育老师很少使用烟草教育课程。在南卡罗来纳州的中学，烟草政策盛行。违反此类政策的学生将受到可能损害其教育经验的手段的惩罚 (例如，校外停学，开除)。建议学校管理人员和学校健康教育教师实施戒烟计划，作为对违反学校烟草使用政策的适当制裁的一部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Medicaid sterilization policy, which includes a mandatory 30-day waiting period between consent and the sterilization procedure, poses significant logistical barriers for many women who desire publicly funded sterilization. Our goal was to estimate the number of unintended pregnancies and the associated costs resulting from unfulfilled sterilization requests due to Medicaid policy barriers. STUDY DESIGN:We constructed a cost-effectiveness model from the health care payer perspective to determine the incremental cost over a 1-year time horizon of the current Medicaid sterilization policy compared to a hypothetical, revised policy in which women who desire a postpartum sterilization would face significantly reduced barriers. Probability estimates for potential outcomes in the model were based on published sources; costs of Medicaid-funded sterilizations and Medicaid-covered births were based on data from the Medicaid Statistical Information System and The Guttmacher Institute, respectively. RESULTS:With the implementation of a revised Medicaid sterilization policy, we estimated that the number of fulfilled sterilization requests would increase by 45%, from 53.3% of all women having their sterilization requests fulfilled to 77.5%. Annually, this increase could potentially lead to over 29,000 unintended pregnancies averted and $215 million saved. CONCLUSION:A revised Medicaid sterilization policy could potentially honor women's reproductive decisions, reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and save a significant amount of public funds. IMPLICATION:Compared to the current federal Medicaid sterilization policy, a hypothetical, revised policy that reduces logistical barriers for women who desire publicly funded, postpartum sterilization could potentially avert over 29,000 unintended pregnancies annually and therefore lead to cost savings of $215 million each year.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ISSUE ADDRESSED:Policy and environmental approaches can reduce the accessibility and purchasing of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), potentially reducing overweight and obesity. This study examined the impact of a state-wide policy on removal of SSBs from sale in NSW public hospitals (launched July 2017), and explored consumer awareness and support. METHODS:A convenience sample of 81 food outlets in 26 hospitals were audited for SSB availability before and after the target date for SSB removal (31 December 2017). An interviewer-administered intercept survey in 10 randomly selected hospitals (March-May 2018), assessed staff and visitors' awareness of and support for SSB removal. Descriptive and χ2 analyses assessed differences in: SSB availability; staff and visitor awareness and support. Open-ended survey responses were thematically analysed. RESULTS:The proportion of outlets that removed SSBs increased from 58.0% to 96.3% (P < .001). The majority (79.5%) of the 2394 surveyed supported SSB removal, with nearly half (48.4%) reporting it would improve people's health. A minority (13.4%) did not support SSB removal, more than half (61.4%) of those said individuals should have free choice. More staff than visitors were aware of the change (61.9% vs 31.2%; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS:Availability of SSBs in NSW hospitals was significantly reduced after implementation of a policy to remove them from sale. There was strong staff and visitor support for the initiative. SO WHAT?: This study provides clear evidence that a policy designed to provide a healthy hospital retail drink environment can be successfully implemented at scale with high levels of support from staff and visitors. SUMMARY:A state-wide policy initiative to remove SSBs from sale in NSW hospital food outlets in 2017 was successfully implemented, with a sample of outlets having nearly 100% compliance. The majority of staff and visitors (80%) supported the removal of SSBs, mostly because they believed it would improve individual and population health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Physical activity is an important component of strategies for health promotion and prevention of noncommunicable diseases. It is also associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese adults and children. This article addresses the initial description of a physical activity intervention for children attending public elementary schools in Mexico. The objective was to develop a replicable model based on a strategic public, private, academic, and social partnership that would have a short-term impact on the metabolic health of children and be useful for building effective public policy. Forty-nine schools (20 000 students) participated, and 5 schools were selected for evaluation. The intervention included a 30-minute supervised middle-effort interchangeable routine, 5 days a week for a complete school year, adapted for different school conditions and students of different ages. Evaluation included anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers. Actual prevalence of combined overweight and obesity in these children was 31.9%. The intervention was successfully implemented in all schools. No change in body mass index, waist circumference, or other anthropometric indicators was found. However, changes in biochemical markers showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and cholesterol-low-density lipoproteins, reflecting a positive effect on cardiovascular health indicators.

背景与目标： 体育活动是促进健康和预防非传染性疾病战略的重要组成部分。它还与超重和肥胖的成年人和儿童患心血管疾病的风险降低有关。本文介绍了对在墨西哥公立小学上学的儿童进行体育锻炼干预的初步描述。目标是基于战略性的公共，私人，学术和社会伙伴关系开发可复制的模型，该模型将对儿童的代谢健康产生短期影响，并有助于制定有效的公共政策。有49所学校 (2万名学生) 参加，并选择了5所学校进行评估。干预措施包括一个30分钟的有监督的中等努力可互换程序，整个学年每周5天，适合不同的学校条件和不同年龄的学生。评估包括人体测量和生化标记。31.9% 了这些儿童超重和肥胖的实际患病率。该干预措施已在所有学校成功实施。没有发现体重指数，腰围或其他人体测量指标的变化。然而，生化标志物的变化显示血糖，总胆固醇和胆固醇低密度脂蛋白显着下降，反映出对心血管健康指标的积极影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Neuropsychological research conducted so far on treatment factors in phenylketonuria suggests that dietary cessation at age 6 is too early. However, continuation of diet until age 10 appears to provide protection against subsequent hyperphenylalaninaemia in the domains of perception, memory and motor skill if concentrations remain at least below 1200 mumol/l thereafter. Levels in the range 360 mumol/l to 600 mumol/l appear to constitute a hazard for executive skill during the pre-school period but in the primary school years the risk diminishes. Levels above 900 mumol/l in early adolescence and adulthood may affect executive abilities adversely and the question remains whether such effects are reversible. CONCLUSION:Though scant, neuropsychological evidence does not seriously contradict current British and German recommendations for dietary control in phenylketonuria.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Health disparities, defined as a significant difference in health between populations, are more common for diseases of the respiratory system than for those of other organ systems, because of the environmental influence on breathing and the variation of the environment among different segments of the population. The lowest social groups are up to 14 times more likely to have respiratory diseases than are the highest. Tobacco smoke, air pollution, environmental exposures, and occupational hazards affect the lungs more than other organs and occur disproportionately in ethnic minorities and those with lower socioeconomic status. Lack of access to quality healthcare contributes to disparities. The executive committees of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) established a writing committee to develop a policy on health disparities. The document was reviewed, edited, and approved by their full executive committees and boards of directors of the societies. This document expresses a policy to address health disparities by promoting scientific inquiry and training, disseminating medical information and best practices, and monitoring and advocating for public respiratory health. The ERS and the ATS have strong international commitments and work with leaders from governments, academia, and other organisational bodies to address and reduce avoidable health inequalities. Their training initiatives improve the function of healthcare systems and health equality. Both the ATS and the ERS support all aspects of this document, confer regularly, and act together when possible, but the activities to bring about change may vary because of the differences in the continents where the two organisations carry out most of their activities. The ATS and ERS pledge to frame their actions to reduce respiratory health disparities. The vision of the ATS and ERS is that all persons attain better and sustained respiratory health. They call on all their members and other societies to join in this commitment.

背景与目标： : 由于环境对呼吸的影响以及不同人群之间环境的变化，呼吸系统疾病比其他器官系统疾病更常见，健康差异定义为人群之间健康的显着差异。最低的社会群体患呼吸系统疾病的可能性是最高群体的14倍。与其他器官相比，烟草烟雾，空气污染，环境暴露和职业危害对肺部的影响更大，并且在少数民族和社会经济地位较低的人群中不成比例地发生。缺乏获得高质量医疗保健的机会导致了差距。美国胸科学会 (ATS) 和欧洲呼吸学会 (ERS) 的执行委员会成立了一个写作委员会，以制定有关健康差异的政策。该文件由各协会的全体执行委员会和董事会审查、编辑和批准。该文件表达了一项政策，通过促进科学调查和培训、传播医疗信息和最佳做法以及监测和倡导公共呼吸健康来解决健康差距。ERS和ATS具有强有力的国际承诺，并与政府，学术界和其他组织机构的领导人合作，以解决和减少可避免的健康不平等现象。他们的培训计划改善了医疗保健系统和健康平等的功能。ATS和ERS都支持本文件的所有方面，定期进行磋商，并在可能的情况下共同采取行动，但是由于两个组织开展大部分活动的大洲的差异，带来变革的活动可能会有所不同。ATS和ERS承诺制定行动以减少呼吸健康差异。ATS和ERS的愿景是所有人都能获得更好和持续的呼吸健康。他们呼吁所有成员和其他社会加入这一承诺。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent years, unaccompanied minors have been journeying to the United States (U.S.)-Mexico border in great numbers in order to escape violence, poverty and exploitation in their home countries. Yet, unaccompanied children attempting to cross the United States border face treatment at the hands of government representatives which violates their inherent rights as children. The result is a human rights crisis that has severe health consequences for the children. Their rights as children are clearly delineated in various, international human rights documents which merit increased understanding of and recognition by the U.S. government. This paper calls for the improvement of policies and procedures for addressing the rights of unaccompanied immigrant children; it provides specific, rights-based recommendations which work together to safeguard the rights of the child at the U.S. southwestern border.

背景与目标： : 近年来，无人陪伴的未成年人大量前往美国-墨西哥边境，以逃避其本国的暴力，贫困和剥削。然而，试图越过美国边境的无人陪伴儿童面临政府代表的待遇，这侵犯了他们作为儿童的固有权利。其结果是一场人权危机，给儿童带来了严重的健康后果。在各种国际人权文件中都明确规定了他们作为儿童的权利，这值得美国政府加深理解和认可。本文呼吁改善解决无人陪伴移民儿童权利的政策和程序; 它提供了基于权利的具体建议，这些建议共同努力维护美国西南边境儿童的权利。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper elucidates the challenges surrounding the economics of some popular obesity-related policy proposals. Solid economic justifications for anti-obesity policies are often lacking, and evidence suggests policies like fat and soda taxes or restrictions on food stamp spending are unlikely to substantively affect obesity prevalence. In short, many of the same factors that make obesity such a complicated and multifaceted issue extend to the economic analysis of public health policies.

背景与目标： : 本文阐明了一些流行的与肥胖相关的政策建议在经济学上面临的挑战。通常缺乏针对肥胖政策的可靠经济依据，并且有证据表明，诸如脂肪和苏打水税或限制食品券支出之类的政策不太可能对肥胖患病率产生实质性影响。简而言之，使肥胖成为如此复杂和多方面问题的许多相同因素扩展到公共卫生政策的经济分析。