BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fifty-eight legs were investigated by descending phlebography using a standard Valsalva maneuver in 38 patients with varicose veins who were suspected of having primary long saphenous vein incompetence on the basis of clinical examinations, tourniquet tests, and Doppler sonography. In 21 (36%) of 58 legs the clinical diagnosis was confirmed; in the rest, there was no evidence of long saphenous vein incompetence. Descending phlebography using a standard Valsalva maneuver is a reliable method of demonstrating long saphenous vein incompetence and should be performed before surgical treatment in all patients in whom there is clinical doubt about the presence or absence of this condition.

背景与目标： : 在临床检查，止血带检查和多普勒超声检查的基础上，使用标准的Valsalva手法通过下行静脉造影检查了38例静脉曲张患者的58条腿，这些患者被怀疑患有原发性长隐静脉功能不全。在58条腿中的21条 (36% 条) 中，证实了临床诊断; 在其余的情况下，没有证据表明长隐静脉功能不全。使用标准的Valsalva动作进行下行静脉造影是一种证明长隐静脉功能不全的可靠方法，对于所有对这种情况的存在或不存在有临床怀疑的患者，均应在手术治疗之前进行。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: During the last 32 months, we have used isometric contraction of the muscles of the lower extremities during saphenous phlebography for the purpose of improving the degree of opacification of the greater saphenous vein. Using this technique, acceptable visualization of the greater saphenous system may be obtained with minimal risk in over 90 per cent of the patients.

背景与目标： 在过去的32个月中，我们在隐静脉造影过程中使用了下肢肌肉的等距收缩，以改善大隐静脉的混浊程度。使用这种技术，可以在90% 以上的患者中以最小的风险获得可接受的大隐系统可视化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Popliteal phlebography by puncture of the popliteal vein anables direct opacification to be obtained of the deep venous trunks of the knee and the thigh. This simple technique can be used for precise evaluation of valvular incompetence. Normal and pathological findings after 50 popliteal phlebographies are described.

背景与目标： 通过穿刺the静脉进行pop静脉造影，可以直接对膝盖和大腿的深静脉干进行混浊。这种简单的技术可用于瓣膜功能不全的精确评估。描述了50次pop静脉造影后的正常和病理发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Comparing iohexol 240 mg I/ml, iohexol 300 mg I/ml and meglumine-Ca metrizoate 200 mg I/ml in phlebography of the leg in patients on or without anticoagulants, no sign of postphlebographic thrombosis was found using the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test and repeat phlebography. More adverse reactions occurred with metrizoate than with iohexol. Metrizoate provided significantly poorer demonstration than the two iohexol concentrations with higher iodine content.

背景与目标： : 在使用或不使用抗凝剂的患者中，在腿部静脉造影中比较碘海醇240 mg I/ml，碘海醇300 mg I/ml和甲胺钙200 mg I/ml，使用125i-纤维蛋白原摄取测试和重复静脉造影未发现静脉造影后血栓形成的迹象。甲硝唑比碘海醇发生更多的不良反应。与两个碘含量较高的碘海醇浓度相比，甲苯磺酸盐的示范效果明显较差。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Clinical evaluation of deep venous thrombosis is often unreliable. Recently it has been shown that deep venous thrombosis may be detected with colour duplex scanning which is safer than phlebography. However it is not clear how colour duplex correlates with phlebography. One hundred and twenty consecutive patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis were studied by colour duplex scanning and phlebography to compare the two methods. Both tests were positive in 102 limbs and negative in 16 limbs. In two cases of below-knee thrombosis colour duplex was negative while phlebography showed small localised thrombosis. The sensitivity of colour duplex was 98%, its specificity and positive predictive value 100% and its negative predictive value 88.8%. In conclusion colour duplex appears to be as effective as phlebography in detecting deep venous thrombosis above knee.

背景与目标： : 深静脉血栓形成的临床评估通常不可靠。最近，已经显示可以通过彩色双工扫描检测到深静脉血栓形成，这比静脉造影更安全。但是，尚不清楚颜色双工与静脉造影如何相关。通过彩色双工扫描和静脉造影研究了连续120例疑似深静脉血栓形成的患者，以比较两种方法。两项测试在102个肢体中均为阳性，在16个肢体中均为阴性。在两例膝下血栓形成的情况下，彩色双色阴性，而静脉造影显示小的局部血栓形成。98% 了彩色双色的敏感性，其特异性和阳性预测值100%，阴性预测值88.8%。总之，彩色双工在检测膝盖以上深静脉血栓形成方面似乎与静脉造影一样有效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Transumbilical and percutaneous transhepatic catheterization is performed of pancreatic veins. The normal phlebographic anatomy is reported together with the findings in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. Selective catheterization of pancreatic veins with hormone essay for tumor localization is performed in two patients with islet cell tumor of the pancreas. The authors suggest this to be a valuable method in the diagnosis of endocrine tumors of the pancreas.

背景与目标： : 经脐和经皮经肝穿刺导管插入术是对胰腺静脉进行的。报告了正常的静脉照相解剖结构以及胰腺癌患者的发现。在两名患有胰岛细胞瘤的患者中，用激素对胰腺静脉进行选择性导管插入术以进行肿瘤定位。作者认为这是诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的有价值的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to estimate the rate of local complications of phlebography we studied a one-year series of 477 patients. Half of the patients were examined with a comparatively highly concentrated contrast medium and half with a more diluted one. Eight patients had local complications, verified by biopsy and/or thermography and plethysmography. One had a deep vein thrombosis, five had a superficial thrombosis and two had a skin necrosis. There were more complications after the use of the more concentrated medium, six against two. The frequency of clinically significant complications to phlebography is rather low, but high enough to warrant attention to the risks of the method. The concentration of the contrast medium should be as low as possible, and the time that the vessels are exposed to the chemical trauma as short as possible. A hypothesis is brought forward that skin necrosis with slow healing could be secondary to arterial thrombosis caused by extravasal contrast injection.

背景与目标： : 为了估计静脉造影的局部并发症发生率，我们研究了为期一年的477例患者。一半的患者接受了相对高浓度的造影剂检查，一半的患者接受了稀释程度更高的造影剂检查。8例患者有局部并发症，经活检和/或热成像和体积描记术证实。一个患有深静脉血栓形成，五个患有浅表血栓形成，两个患有皮肤坏死。使用浓度更高的培养基后并发症更多，六对二。静脉造影的临床显着并发症的频率相当低，但足够高，足以引起人们对该方法风险的关注。造影剂的浓度应尽可能低，并且血管暴露于化学创伤的时间应尽可能短。提出了一个假设，即愈合缓慢的皮肤坏死可能是由血管外造影剂注射引起的动脉血栓形成的继发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The thrombogenicity of polyethylene, silicone and polyurethane central venous catheters was compared in a prospective clinical, phlebographic and post-mortem study in 52 patients. The incidence of central venous thrombosis was high with polyethylene catheters (70%), but much lower with silicone (20%) and with polyurethane catheters (17%).

背景与目标： : 在52例患者的前瞻性临床，静脉造影和验尸研究中，比较了聚乙烯，硅树脂和聚氨酯中心静脉导管的血栓形成性。聚乙烯导管 (70%) 的中心静脉血栓形成发生率很高，而硅树脂 (20%) 和聚氨酯导管 (17%) 的发生率要低得多。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The technique and use of occlusion phlebography is described. The method is based on temporary occlusion of blood flow by means of a balloon catheter. Various balloon catheter systems were used and their technical properties were evaluated. The distal veins can be demonstrated by using double lumen catheters, distal and proximal veins by using a catheter with three lumina. Occlusion phlebography is a suitable method for demonstrating hepatic and renal veins; it improves the demonstration of the azygos vein, the suprarenal vein and of visceral pelvic veins, including the iliolumbar veins. It also permits demonstration of the inferior vena cava and parietal veins in the pelvis in separate stages. Occlusion phlebography is the method of choice for the direct demonstration of splenorenal shunts.

背景与目标： : 描述了闭塞静脉造影的技术和用途。该方法基于通过球囊导管暂时阻塞血流。使用了各种球囊导管系统，并评估了它们的技术性能。可以通过使用双腔导管来证明远端静脉，通过使用具有三个腔的导管来证明远端静脉和近端静脉。闭塞静脉造影是证明肝和肾静脉的合适方法; 它改善了奇静脉，肾上静脉和内脏骨盆静脉 (包括腰椎静脉) 的显示。它还允许在不同的阶段展示骨盆中的下腔静脉和顶叶静脉。闭塞静脉造影是直接显示脾肾分流的首选方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Historically varicocele is diagnosed almost exclusively on the left side. The introduction of new imaging techniques has allowed the identification and characterization of right varicocele. This study aims to compare the diagnostic accuracy of various imaging techniques to data obtained using phlebography in the diagnosis of right varicocele. Patients treated for isolated right varicocele between 1992 and 2010 were retrospectively identified. Data from clinical examination, Doppler-USS, Color-Doppler-USS and Retrograde Phlebography were collected for each patient. 133 out of 4305 patients (3.1%) presented with an isolated right varicocele. 34 of these patients (25.6%) presented with palpable right varicocele. Doppler-USS identified various degrees of type I right venous reflux in 90 patients (67.7%). Phlebography showed venous reflux in all the patients (133), although with variability in terms of internal spermatic vein anatomy. Right varicocele is characterized by predictable anatomic features. Identification and characterization of these features is useful in guiding percutaneous treatment, allowing to optimize radiological display and reducing failure rate.

背景与目标： : 从历史上看，精索静脉曲张几乎只在左侧被诊断。引入新的成像技术可以识别和表征右精索静脉曲张。本研究旨在比较各种成像技术与使用静脉造影术在诊断右精索静脉曲张中获得的数据的诊断准确性。回顾性确定了接受单独的右精索静脉曲张1992年和2010的患者。收集每位患者的临床检查，多普勒超声，彩色多普勒超声和逆行静脉造影的数据。4305例患者中有133例 (3.1% 例) 出现了孤立的右精索静脉曲张。这些患者中有34例 (25.6% 例) 出现可触及的右精索静脉曲张。Doppler-USS在90例患者 (67.7% 例) 中识别出不同程度的I型右静脉反流。静脉造影显示所有患者 (133) 的静脉反流，尽管精索内静脉解剖结构存在差异。右精索静脉曲张的特征是可预测的解剖特征。这些特征的识别和表征可用于指导经皮治疗，从而优化放射学显示并降低失败率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During a 2-year period the diagnostic value of 99mTc-labelled-plasmin test was evaluated in 63 patients admitted with clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In comparison with a conventional phlebography the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the plasmin test was 0.97 and 0.55, respectively. The predictive value in positive cases was 0.79 and in negative 0.92. The sensitivity was highest for thrombosis in the calf and popliteal regions, while the specificity was higher for thrombosis in the femoral veins. It is concluded that the 99mTc-labelled-plasmin test is suitable for DVT-screening in groups of high-risk patients and is simple and rapid. In positive cases the DVT diagnosis must be verified by phlebography.

背景与目标： : 在2年的时间里，在63例患有深静脉血栓形成 (DVT) 临床体征的患者中评估了99mtc-labelled-plasmin测试的诊断价值。与常规静脉造影相比，纤溶酶试验的诊断敏感性和特异性分别为0.97和0.55。阳性病例的预测值为0.79，阴性0.92。小腿和The区域血栓形成的敏感性最高，而股静脉血栓形成的特异性更高。结论99mtc-labelled-plasmin试验适用于高危患者组的DVT筛查，并且简单，快速。在阳性病例中，DVT诊断必须通过静脉造影进行验证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The anterior approach of the L4-L5 disc requires a perfect knowledge of the venous anatomy. Some configurations make this approach hazardous. The purpose of this study is to classify configurations of the iliocava junction and the iliolumbar vein relative to L4-L5 and to analyze vascular complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The preoperative phlebographies of 63 patients (30 men, 33 women, mean age 42years) undergoing a L4-L5 disc replacement were reviewed. The height of the iliocava junction was calculated as a ratio of the distance between the discs L4-L5 and L5-S1. The position of the left iliac vein was classified into three thirds across the width of L5. The number of branches of the iliolumbar vein was noted. Surgical reports were reviewed for complications. RESULTS:The height of the iliocava junction was very high in six, high in 25, low in 26 and very low in six patients. The position of the left iliac vein was medial in 20, intermediate in 28 and lateral in 15 patients. The iliolumbar vein had one branch in 37, two in 20, three in three patients. It was not visualized in three cases. Variants of the venous anatomy included eight duplications of the left iliac vein, four wide diameters and one iliolumbar vein network pattern. Intraoperatively, three lacerations of iliolumbar veins occurred. CONCLUSION:The iliocava anatomy is very variable: the safety of an anterior approach to the L4-L5 disc depends on it. The information of preoperative phlebography can help to plan a more accessible antero-lateral approach or to switch on a posterior fusion if the anatomical situation is deemed too dangerous, such as duplicated left iliac veins. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Level IV. Diagnostic study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2