BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of helical CT phlebography of the superior vena cava (SVC) and to evaluate the role of this imaging technique in the diagnosis and treatment of SVC obstruction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Twenty-three helical CT phlebograms were obtained of patients with clinical findings that were suggestive of SVC obstruction (n = 19) and of patients undergoing posttherapeutic evaluation for SVC obstruction (n = 4). CT examinations consisted of helical acquisitions obtained in the craniocaudal direction with simultaneous bilateral antecubital vein injection of 2 x 90 ml of 12% iodinated contrast material at 2 ml/sec. Combined analysis of axial, multiplanar, and maximum-intensity-projection reformatted images was used for all patients. Image quality, venous stenosis or obstruction, intraluminal thrombus, and collateral pathways were evaluated. Comparison with digital phlebographic data was available for 16 patients; this comparison was performed in a nonblinded manner. RESULTS:CT phlebograms were considered technically optimal in 91% of the patients. In all these patients, helical CT phlebograms showed the venous obstruction: the site, extent, cause, and collateral pathways. CT phlebography appeared to be well correlated with digital phlebography in 16 patients regarding the degree of obstruction, the presence of collateral pathways, and the presence of thrombus. CONCLUSION:Helical CT phlebography may be a useful technique for imaging the SVC and its tributaries. This imaging technique is simple to perform and can provide all the information necessary to diagnose and treat SVC obstruction.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 67 patients were transferred to a traumatology centre within a mean period of 8 days following an accident in order to envisage treatment of their fractures. Routine pre-operative phlebography was undertaken in 37 patients. It detected the presence of thromboses in 46% of cases. Anticoagulant treatment was started immediately and the date of orthopaedic surgery delayed because of the risk of pulmonary embolism.

背景与目标： 事故发生后平均8天内，有67名患者被转移到创伤中心，以设想对其骨折进行治疗。对37例患者进行了常规的术前静脉造影。它在46% 情况下检测到血栓形成的存在。由于存在肺栓塞的风险，立即开始抗凝治疗并延迟了骨科手术的日期。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The authors describe the technique employed for selective catheterization of the main mediastinal trunks and the veins of the brachiocephalic and cervicocephalic regions by means of the subclavian approach. The importance and advantages of this procedure as an alternative to the femoral approach, especially if this is contra-indicated, are emphasized.

背景与目标： 作者描述了通过锁骨下入路对主要纵隔干以及头臂和颈头区域的静脉进行选择性导管插入的技术。强调了此方法作为股骨入路替代方法的重要性和优势，尤其是在相反的情况下。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fifty-eight legs were investigated by descending phlebography using a standard Valsalva maneuver in 38 patients with varicose veins who were suspected of having primary long saphenous vein incompetence on the basis of clinical examinations, tourniquet tests, and Doppler sonography. In 21 (36%) of 58 legs the clinical diagnosis was confirmed; in the rest, there was no evidence of long saphenous vein incompetence. Descending phlebography using a standard Valsalva maneuver is a reliable method of demonstrating long saphenous vein incompetence and should be performed before surgical treatment in all patients in whom there is clinical doubt about the presence or absence of this condition.

背景与目标： : 在临床检查，止血带检查和多普勒超声检查的基础上，使用标准的Valsalva手法通过下行静脉造影检查了38例静脉曲张患者的58条腿，这些患者被怀疑患有原发性长隐静脉功能不全。在58条腿中的21条 (36% 条) 中，证实了临床诊断; 在其余的情况下，没有证据表明长隐静脉功能不全。使用标准的Valsalva动作进行下行静脉造影是一种证明长隐静脉功能不全的可靠方法，对于所有对这种情况的存在或不存在有临床怀疑的患者，均应在手术治疗之前进行。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: During the last 32 months, we have used isometric contraction of the muscles of the lower extremities during saphenous phlebography for the purpose of improving the degree of opacification of the greater saphenous vein. Using this technique, acceptable visualization of the greater saphenous system may be obtained with minimal risk in over 90 per cent of the patients.

背景与目标： 在过去的32个月中，我们在隐静脉造影过程中使用了下肢肌肉的等距收缩，以改善大隐静脉的混浊程度。使用这种技术，可以在90% 以上的患者中以最小的风险获得可接受的大隐系统可视化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Popliteal phlebography by puncture of the popliteal vein anables direct opacification to be obtained of the deep venous trunks of the knee and the thigh. This simple technique can be used for precise evaluation of valvular incompetence. Normal and pathological findings after 50 popliteal phlebographies are described.

背景与目标： 通过穿刺the静脉进行pop静脉造影，可以直接对膝盖和大腿的深静脉干进行混浊。这种简单的技术可用于瓣膜功能不全的精确评估。描述了50次pop静脉造影后的正常和病理发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Comparing iohexol 240 mg I/ml, iohexol 300 mg I/ml and meglumine-Ca metrizoate 200 mg I/ml in phlebography of the leg in patients on or without anticoagulants, no sign of postphlebographic thrombosis was found using the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test and repeat phlebography. More adverse reactions occurred with metrizoate than with iohexol. Metrizoate provided significantly poorer demonstration than the two iohexol concentrations with higher iodine content.

背景与目标： : 在使用或不使用抗凝剂的患者中，在腿部静脉造影中比较碘海醇240 mg I/ml，碘海醇300 mg I/ml和甲胺钙200 mg I/ml，使用125i-纤维蛋白原摄取测试和重复静脉造影未发现静脉造影后血栓形成的迹象。甲硝唑比碘海醇发生更多的不良反应。与两个碘含量较高的碘海醇浓度相比，甲苯磺酸盐的示范效果明显较差。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Clinical evaluation of deep venous thrombosis is often unreliable. Recently it has been shown that deep venous thrombosis may be detected with colour duplex scanning which is safer than phlebography. However it is not clear how colour duplex correlates with phlebography. One hundred and twenty consecutive patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis were studied by colour duplex scanning and phlebography to compare the two methods. Both tests were positive in 102 limbs and negative in 16 limbs. In two cases of below-knee thrombosis colour duplex was negative while phlebography showed small localised thrombosis. The sensitivity of colour duplex was 98%, its specificity and positive predictive value 100% and its negative predictive value 88.8%. In conclusion colour duplex appears to be as effective as phlebography in detecting deep venous thrombosis above knee.

背景与目标： : 深静脉血栓形成的临床评估通常不可靠。最近，已经显示可以通过彩色双工扫描检测到深静脉血栓形成，这比静脉造影更安全。但是，尚不清楚颜色双工与静脉造影如何相关。通过彩色双工扫描和静脉造影研究了连续120例疑似深静脉血栓形成的患者，以比较两种方法。两项测试在102个肢体中均为阳性，在16个肢体中均为阴性。在两例膝下血栓形成的情况下，彩色双色阴性，而静脉造影显示小的局部血栓形成。98% 了彩色双色的敏感性，其特异性和阳性预测值100%，阴性预测值88.8%。总之，彩色双工在检测膝盖以上深静脉血栓形成方面似乎与静脉造影一样有效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Transumbilical and percutaneous transhepatic catheterization is performed of pancreatic veins. The normal phlebographic anatomy is reported together with the findings in patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. Selective catheterization of pancreatic veins with hormone essay for tumor localization is performed in two patients with islet cell tumor of the pancreas. The authors suggest this to be a valuable method in the diagnosis of endocrine tumors of the pancreas.

背景与目标： : 经脐和经皮经肝穿刺导管插入术是对胰腺静脉进行的。报告了正常的静脉照相解剖结构以及胰腺癌患者的发现。在两名患有胰岛细胞瘤的患者中，用激素对胰腺静脉进行选择性导管插入术以进行肿瘤定位。作者认为这是诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的有价值的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to estimate the rate of local complications of phlebography we studied a one-year series of 477 patients. Half of the patients were examined with a comparatively highly concentrated contrast medium and half with a more diluted one. Eight patients had local complications, verified by biopsy and/or thermography and plethysmography. One had a deep vein thrombosis, five had a superficial thrombosis and two had a skin necrosis. There were more complications after the use of the more concentrated medium, six against two. The frequency of clinically significant complications to phlebography is rather low, but high enough to warrant attention to the risks of the method. The concentration of the contrast medium should be as low as possible, and the time that the vessels are exposed to the chemical trauma as short as possible. A hypothesis is brought forward that skin necrosis with slow healing could be secondary to arterial thrombosis caused by extravasal contrast injection.

背景与目标： : 为了估计静脉造影的局部并发症发生率，我们研究了为期一年的477例患者。一半的患者接受了相对高浓度的造影剂检查，一半的患者接受了稀释程度更高的造影剂检查。8例患者有局部并发症，经活检和/或热成像和体积描记术证实。一个患有深静脉血栓形成，五个患有浅表血栓形成，两个患有皮肤坏死。使用浓度更高的培养基后并发症更多，六对二。静脉造影的临床显着并发症的频率相当低，但足够高，足以引起人们对该方法风险的关注。造影剂的浓度应尽可能低，并且血管暴露于化学创伤的时间应尽可能短。提出了一个假设，即愈合缓慢的皮肤坏死可能是由血管外造影剂注射引起的动脉血栓形成的继发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The thrombogenicity of polyethylene, silicone and polyurethane central venous catheters was compared in a prospective clinical, phlebographic and post-mortem study in 52 patients. The incidence of central venous thrombosis was high with polyethylene catheters (70%), but much lower with silicone (20%) and with polyurethane catheters (17%).

背景与目标： : 在52例患者的前瞻性临床，静脉造影和验尸研究中，比较了聚乙烯，硅树脂和聚氨酯中心静脉导管的血栓形成性。聚乙烯导管 (70%) 的中心静脉血栓形成发生率很高，而硅树脂 (20%) 和聚氨酯导管 (17%) 的发生率要低得多。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The technique and use of occlusion phlebography is described. The method is based on temporary occlusion of blood flow by means of a balloon catheter. Various balloon catheter systems were used and their technical properties were evaluated. The distal veins can be demonstrated by using double lumen catheters, distal and proximal veins by using a catheter with three lumina. Occlusion phlebography is a suitable method for demonstrating hepatic and renal veins; it improves the demonstration of the azygos vein, the suprarenal vein and of visceral pelvic veins, including the iliolumbar veins. It also permits demonstration of the inferior vena cava and parietal veins in the pelvis in separate stages. Occlusion phlebography is the method of choice for the direct demonstration of splenorenal shunts.

背景与目标： : 描述了闭塞静脉造影的技术和用途。该方法基于通过球囊导管暂时阻塞血流。使用了各种球囊导管系统，并评估了它们的技术性能。可以通过使用双腔导管来证明远端静脉，通过使用具有三个腔的导管来证明远端静脉和近端静脉。闭塞静脉造影是证明肝和肾静脉的合适方法; 它改善了奇静脉，肾上静脉和内脏骨盆静脉 (包括腰椎静脉) 的显示。它还允许在不同的阶段展示骨盆中的下腔静脉和顶叶静脉。闭塞静脉造影是直接显示脾肾分流的首选方法。