Rhinovirus infections are the most common cause of viral illness in humans, and there is increasing evidence of their etiological role in severe acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are classified into two species, species A and B, which contain over 100 serotypes, and a recently discovered genetically heterogeneous third species (HRV species C). To investigate their diversity and population turnover, screening for the detection and the genetic characterization of HRV variants in diagnostic respiratory samples was performed by using nested primers for the efficient amplification of the VP4-VP2 region of HRV (and enterovirus) species and serotype identification. HRV species A, B, and C variants were detected in 14%, 1.8%, and 6.8%, respectively, of 456 diagnostic respiratory samples from 345 subjects (6 samples also contained enteroviruses), predominantly among children under age 10 years. HRV species A and B variants were remarkably heterogeneous, with 22 and 6 different serotypes, respectively, detected among 73 positive samples. Similarly, by using a pairwise distance threshold of 0.1, species C variants occurring worldwide were provisionally assigned to 47 different types, of which 15 were present among samples from Edinburgh, United Kingdom. There was a rapid turnover of variants, with only 5 of 43 serotypes detected during both sampling periods. By using divergence thresholds and phylogenetic analysis, several species A and C variants could provisionally be assigned to new types. An initial investigation of the clinical differences between rhinovirus species found HRV species C to be nearly twice as frequently associated with ARTIs than other rhinovirus species, which matches the frequencies of detection of respiratory syncytial virus. The study demonstrates the extraordinary genetic diversity of HRVs, their rapid population turnover, and their extensive involvement in childhood respiratory disease.

译文

鼻病毒感染是人类最常见的病毒性疾病,越来越多的证据表明它们在严重的急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)中起病因作用。人类鼻病毒(HRV)分为两种,分别为A和B,包含100多种血清型,以及最近发现的遗传上异源的第三种(HRV物种C)。为了研究它们的多样性和种群更新,使用嵌套引物对HRV(和肠病毒)物种的VP4-VP2区进行有效扩增和血清型鉴定,以筛查诊断性呼吸道样本中HRV变异的检测和遗传特征。在345个受试者的456个诊断性呼吸道样本中检出了HRV的A,B和C变种,分别为14%,1.8%和6.8%(6个样本还包含肠病毒),主要发生在10岁以下的儿童中。 HRV物种A和B变异非常异质,在73个阳性样本中分别检测到22和6种不同的血清型。同样,通过使用成对距离阈值0.1,全球范围内发生的C类变种被临时分配给47种不同类型,其中15种存在于英国爱丁堡的样本中。变异的快速转换,在两个采样期间仅检测到43种血清型中的5种。通过使用差异阈值和系统发育分析,可以将几种物种A和C变体临时分配给新类型。对鼻病毒种类之间临床差异的初步调查发现,HRV种类C与ARTIs的关联频率几乎是其他鼻病毒种类的两倍,这与检测呼吸道合胞病毒的频率相符。这项研究证明了HRV的非同寻常的遗传多样性,其快速的人口流动以及它们广泛参与了儿童呼吸道疾病。

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