BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bone resorption is increased after running, with no change in bone formation. Feeding during exercise might attenuate this increase, preventing associated problems for bone. This study investigated the immediate and short-term bone metabolic responses to carbohydrate (CHO) feeding during treadmill running. Ten men completed two 7-day trials, once being fed CHO (8% glucose immediately before, every 20 min during, and immediately after exercise at a rate of 0.7 g CHO · kg body mass(-1) · h(-1)) and once being fed placebo (PBO). On day 4 of each trial, participants completed a 120-min treadmill run at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max). Blood was taken at baseline (BASE), immediately after exercise (EE), after 60 (R1) and 120 (R2) min of recovery, and on three follow-up days (FU1-FU3). Markers of bone resorption [COOH-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (β-CTX)] and formation [NH2-terminal propeptides of procollagen type 1 (P1NP)] were measured, along with osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin-adjusted calcium (ACa), phosphate, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin, cortisol, leptin, and osteoprotogerin (OPG). Area under the curve was calculated in terms of the immediate (BASE, EE, R1, and R2) and short-term (BASE, FU1, FU2, and FU3) responses to exercise. β-CTX, P1NP, and IL-6 responses to exercise were significantly lower in the immediate postexercise period with CHO feeding compared with PBO (β-CTX: P = 0.028; P1NP: P = 0.021; IL-6: P = 0.036), although there was no difference in the short-term response (β-CTX: P = 0.856; P1NP: P = 0.721; IL-6: P = 0.327). No other variable was significantly affected by CHO feeding during exercise. We conclude that CHO feeding during exercise attenuated the β-CTX and P1NP responses in the hours but not days following exercise, indicating an acute effect of CHO feeding on bone turnover.

背景与目标： : 跑步后骨吸收增加，骨形成无变化。运动过程中的进食可能会减轻这种增加，从而防止骨骼相关问题。这项研究调查了跑步机跑步过程中对碳水化合物 (CHO) 喂养的即时和短期骨代谢反应。10名男子完成了两次为期7天的试验，一次以0.7g CHO·kg体重 (-1) · h(-1) 的速率喂养CHO (在运动之前，期间每20分钟和之后立即8% 葡萄糖)) 和一次被喂养安慰剂 (PBO)。在每个试验的第4天，参与者以最大耗氧量 (v-o2 max) 的70% 完成120分钟的跑步机跑步。在基线 (基础)，运动后 (EE)，恢复60 (R1) 和120 (R2) 分钟后以及三个随访日 (FU1-FU3) 采血。测量骨吸收标记 [1型胶原 (β-CTX) 的COOH末端肽区] 和形成 [1型前胶原的NH2-terminal肽 (P1NP)]，以及骨钙素 (OC)，甲状旁腺激素 (PTH)，白蛋白调节钙 (ACa)，磷酸盐，胰高血糖素样肽-2 (GLP-2) 、interleukin-6 (IL-6) 、胰岛素、皮质醇、瘦素和骨原蛋白 (OPG)。曲线下的面积是根据对运动的直接 (基本，EE，R1和R2) 和短期 (基本，FU1，FU2和FU3) 反应来计算的。与PBO相比，在运动后立即进行CHO喂养时，β-CTX，P1NP和IL-6对运动的反应显着降低 (β-CTX: P = 0.028; P1NP: P = 0.021; IL-6: P = 0.036)，尽管短期反应没有差异 (β-CTX: P = 0.856; P1NP: P = 0.721; IL-6: P = 0.327)。运动过程中CHO喂养没有其他变量显着影响。我们得出的结论是，运动期间的CHO喂养在运动后的几个小时内 (而不是几天) 减弱了 β-CTX和P1NP的反应，这表明CHO喂养对骨转换具有急性影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To present an overview of the peer-reviewed literature relating to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis that has been published since January 2006. RECENT FINDINGS:Understanding the pathophysiology of bone loss resulting from glucocorticoid use has become clearer. The role of the receptor-activated nuclear factor kappaB-ligand-osteoprotogerin system has been clarified and will likely lead to better targeted therapies. Minimal trauma fractures occur in patients treated with glucocorticoids at higher bone mineral density than is seen with other primary or secondary causes of osteoporosis. Uncertainty still remains about the lowest dose of glucocorticoids that is not associated with bone loss. Bisphosphonates remain the treatment of choice for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, but despite this effective therapy the disease remains under recognized and undertreated. SUMMARY:Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is a leading cause of secondary osteoporosis, one of the more devastating consequences of glucocorticoid therapy. Bone mineral density underestimates the risk of fragility fractures in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, which may account for the underrecognition and undertreatment of the disease prior to fracture.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Osteoporosis and periodontal disease are chronic diseases, in the pathogenesis of which plasma osteoprotogerin (OPG) and RANKL are important. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and plasma cytokines, vitamin D and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS:One hundred and eighty-five postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 185 age- and sex-matched control subjects were recruited. Periodontal disease was subdivided into active or past periodontal disease. Osteoprotegerin, RANKL, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25OHD), biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum C-terminal telopeptide, CTX), anthropometry and bone mineral density were measured. RESULTS:A significantly higher proportion of the women with osteoporosis had active or past periodontal disease or both compared with control subjects (87.6 vs. 37.8%, p < 0.001). Plasma 25OHD was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and RANKL and OPG significantly higher in the women with osteoporosis than in control subjects (p < 0.0001). RANKL, OPG and CTX were significantly higher in women with active periodontal disease than in those without (p < 0.001), as were OPG and CTX in past periodontal disease (p < 0.001). In active and past periodontal disease, 25OHD was significantly lower (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that periodontal disease was best predicted by RANKL, 25OHD, C-terminal telopeptide and weight, r² = 10.4%. CONCLUSION:Periodontal disease is more common in women with osteoporosis and is associated with lower vitamin D and higher concentrations of RANKL and OPG. Raised cytokines may provide the underlying mechanism that links these two conditions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glycosaminoglycans play an important role in tissue organisation through interactions with a diverse range of proteins, growth factors and other chemokines. In this report, we demonstrate the GAG-binding 'fingerprint' of two important GAG-binding proteins - osteoprotogerin and TIMP-3. The technique uses a straightforward method for attaching GAGs to assay surfaces in a non-covalent manner using plasma polymerization that leaves the adsorbed GAG able to participate in subsequent ligand binding. We show that OPG and TIMP-3 bind preferentially to different GAGs in a simple ELISA and that this binding does not correlate directly with simple GAG properties such as degree of sulfation. The methods outlined in this report can be easily applied to tissue engineering scaffolds in order to exploit the potential of surface-bound GAGs in influencing the structure of engineered tissues.

背景与目标： : 糖胺聚糖通过与多种蛋白质，生长因子和其他趋化因子的相互作用在组织中发挥重要作用。在本报告中，我们证明了两种重要的GAG结合蛋白-骨原蛋白和TIMP-3的GAG结合 “指纹”。该技术使用一种简单的方法，使用等离子体聚合以非共价方式将GAG附着到测定表面，使吸附的GAG能够参与随后的配体结合。我们表明，OPG和TIMP-3在简单的ELISA中优先结合不同的GAG，并且这种结合与简单的GAG特性 (例如硫酸化程度) 不直接相关。本报告中概述的方法可以轻松地应用于组织工程支架，以便利用表面结合的GAGs在影响工程组织结构方面的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stable angina (SA) pectoris is a common and disabling disorder in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), with increasing epidemiology and is associated with myocardial infarction and increased mortality. However, within the population of SA patients, an individual's prognosis can vary considerably. Except from conventional risk factors a variety of biomarkers have been evaluated for their prognostic significance in the settings of SA. Novel biomarkers associated with inflammatory status, such as C reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha, with myocardial performance, such as B-type natriuretic peptide, with extracellular matrix remodeling, with vascular calcification such as osteoprotogerin and osteopontin, with myocardial ischemia, such as ischemia modified albumin have been associated with the progression of CAD and with the prognosis of SA patients. Despite the multiplicity of novel biomarkers there is lack of a clinical useful, highly specific for CAD biomarker with the ability to guide treatment decisions. In the context of this evidence in this review article we summarize the so far acquired knowledge of the most promising biomarkers and we discuss the major clinical correlations of novel risk factors with SA physical history, their predictive value for future cardiovascular events and their use in the treatment monitoring of this population.

背景与目标： : 稳定型心绞痛 (SA) 是冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) 患者中常见的致残性疾病，流行病学不断增加，并与心肌梗塞和死亡率增加有关。但是，在SA患者人群中，个体的预后可能会有很大差异。除常规危险因素外，已评估了多种生物标志物在SA设置中的预后意义。与炎症状态相关的新型生物标志物，如C反应蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子 α，与心肌性能相关，如b型利钠肽，与细胞外基质重塑，与血管钙化如骨原蛋白和骨桥蛋白，与心肌缺血，如缺血修饰的白蛋白与CAD的进展以及SA患者的预后有关。尽管新的生物标志物多种多样，但仍缺乏临床上有用的，对CAD生物标志物具有高度特异性的指导治疗决策的能力。在这篇综述文章中的这一证据的背景下，我们总结了迄今为止获得的最有前途的生物标志物的知识，并讨论了新危险因素与SA病史的主要临床相关性，它们对未来心血管事件的预测价值以及它们在该人群治疗监测中的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The osteoprotogerin/receptor activator of NF-kappa β/receptor activator of NF-kappa β ligand (OPG/RANK/RANKL) pathway plays a critical role in bone remodeling. This study investigated associations between serum levels of OPG, soluble RANKL (sRANKL), and the ratio of OPG/sRANKL to risk of incident hip fracture. METHODS:A nested case-control study was conducted among postmenopausal, Caucasian women aged 50-79 at baseline (1993-1998), followed for hip fracture through March 2005 in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. 400 incident hip fracture cases were selected and individually matched to 400 controls with no prior fracture or incident hip fracture. Matching factors were baseline age, enrollment date and hormone therapy (HT) exposure. Baseline serum OPG and sRANKL levels were measured using high sensitivity ELISA. Odds ratios were computed for quartiles of each biomarker adjusting for matching factors and hip fracture risk factors. RESULTS:Serum OPG was significantly associated with older age, low physical activity and poorer physical function in control women. sRANKL was inversely associated with total calcium intake in control women, but not associated with age or other fracture risk factors. The odds ratio for hip fracture comparing the highest to lowest quartiles of OPG was 2.28 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45-3.61) after adjusting for the matching variables (p-value for linear trend <0.001), and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.15-3.04; p for linear trend=0.02) after adjusting for self-rated health status, physical activity and physical functioning. No significant associations between sRANKL or the ratio of OPG/sRANKL and hip fracture risk were observed. CONCLUSION:Serum OPG levels were independently associated with a nearly twofold increased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women.

背景与目标：