BACKGROUND:Supporters of specialty hospitals claim these facilities provide better patient care; however, empirical data on quality of care in specialty hospitals are limited. METHODS:We used data reported to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) during 2005 to 2006 to compare the quality of care of specialty cardiac hospitals, competing general hospitals and a group of top-ranked cardiac hospitals as identified by the US News & World Report's list of "America's best cardiac hospitals" for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF). The main outcome was hospital compliance with CMS performance measures, expressed as the percentage of eligible patients with AMI or HF who received guidelines-based treatment. RESULTS:The mean compliance for all 179 hospitals was 95% for AMI measures, 91% for HF measures, and 94% for all cardiac care (AMI plus HF measures). Specialty hospitals' compliance with AMI and HF guidelines (95.2% and 91.3%) was similar to that of competing general hospitals (94.7% and 90.5%), whereas top-ranked cardiac hospitals compliance with both AMI and CHF measures (96.8% and 94.1%) was higher (P < .001). In supplemental analyses, we found that 40% of specialty hospitals were ranked in the top quartile of all 179 hospitals, as compared with 22.9% of top-ranked cardiac hospitals. Conversely, 25% specialty hospitals were in the lowest quartile, as compared to 7% of top-ranked cardiac hospitals. CONCLUSIONS:Quality of care in specialty cardiac hospitals is similar to quality in competing general hospitals and top-ranked cardiac care hospitals, as measured by compliance with AMI and HF performance indicators. Quality of care appears to be slightly better for top-ranked cardiac hospitals as compared to general hospitals, but the overall performance of all hospitals is high.