BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the reversal of spatial congruency effects when participants concurrently practiced incompatible mapping rules (J. G. Marble & R. W. Proctor, 2000). The authors observed an effect of an explicit spatially incompatible mapping rule on the way numerical information was associated with spatial responses. The authors also observed an effect of an incompatible numerical mapping rule (if smaller than 5, press right; if larger than 5, press left) on the Simon effect. This effect was observed only when both tasks used the same effectors. The results point to a shared spatial representation for explicit spatial information (locations) and implicit spatial information (numbers).

背景与目标： ：在4个实验中，作者研究了参与者同时练习不兼容的映射规则时空间一致性效果的逆转（J. G. Marble和R. W. Proctor，2000）。作者观察到明确的空间不兼容映射规则对数字信息与空间响应相关联的方式的影响。作者还观察到不兼容的数字映射规则（如果小于5，请按向右；如果大于5，请按向左）对西蒙效果的影响。仅当两个任务使用相同的效应器时，才观察到这种效果。结果指向用于显式空间信息（位置）和隐式空间信息（数字）的共享空间表示。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of 0.3-second high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the lung using partial reconstruction on cardiac motion artifacts and image noise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Thirty-seven pairs of 0.3-second (partial reconstruction) and 0.75-second (full reconstruction) HRCT images were obtained for the lower lung zone during full-inspiration breath-holding. Imaging parameters other than temporal resolution were identical for each patient. Two radiologists visually graded motion artifacts of the cardiac border, bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and fissure in the left lung on a 4-point scale (with 4 indicating no artifacts). The maximum width of motion along the left cardiac border and the area percentage of motion artifacts in the left lung were calculated. Image noise in the air and lung was also determined. Cardiac motion artifacts and image noises were compared between the two sets of CT images. RESULTS:Visual grades for the cardiac border (4 +/- 0), bronchi (3.8 +/- 0.7), pulmonary vessels (3.6 +/- 0.8), and fissure (3.9 +/- 0.5) were higher for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (1.7 +/- 0.7, 2.0 +/- 1.0, 1.6 +/- 0.7, and 2.4 +/- 0.9, respectively) (p < 0.001). The maximum width of motion along the left cardiac border (0.1 +/- 0.5 mm) and the area percentage of motion artifacts in the left lung (6.7% +/- 18.4%) were smaller for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (4.5 +/- 1.7 mm and 36.2% +/- 20.9%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Image noises in the air (38.0 +/- 9.2) and the lung (86.0 +/- 23.1) were greater for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (35.6 +/- 9.6 and 76.0 +/- 20.3, respectively) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION:Compared with 0.75-second HRCT using full reconstruction, 0.3-second HRCT using partial reconstruction substantially reduces cardiac motion artifacts in the lung at the expense of increasing image noise.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是通过部分重建对心脏运动伪影和图像噪声的效果，评估0.3秒高分辨率肺部CT（HRCT）的影响。
研究对象和方法：在全屏吸气时，获得了37对0.3秒（部分重建）和0.75秒（完全重建）的HRCT图像，用于下肺区。对于每个患者，除时间分辨率以外的成像参数均相同。两位放射科医生对心脏边界，支气管，肺血管和左肺裂的运动伪影进行了4分制的视觉分级（其中4表示无伪影）。计算沿左心脏边界的最大运动宽度和左肺中运动伪影的面积百分比。还确定了空气和肺中的图像噪声。比较两组CT图像之间的心脏运动伪影和图像噪声。
结果：0.3秒图像的心脏边界（4 /-0），支气管（3.8 /-0.7），肺血管（3.6 /-0.8）和裂痕（3.9 /-0.5）的视觉等级高于0.75秒图像（分别为1.7 /-0.7、2.0 /-1.0、1.6 /-0.7和2.4 /-0.9）（p <0.001）。对于0.3秒的图像，沿左心脏边界的最大运动宽度（0.1 /-0.5 mm）和左肺中的运动伪影的面积百分比（6.7％/-18.4％）小于0.75秒的图像（分别为4.5±1.7毫米和36.2％±20.9％（p <0.001）。对于0.3秒的图像，空气（38.0 /-9.2）和肺（86.0 /-23.1）的图像噪声大于0.75秒的图像噪声（分别为35.6 /-9.6和76.0 /-20.3）（p <0.01 ）。
结论：与使用完全重建的0.75秒HRCT相比，使用部分重建的0.3秒HRCT可以显着减少肺部的心脏运动伪影，但会增加图像噪声。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Passive immunity against gastrointestinal infections has recently been successfully applied as prophylaxis and therapy in patients in a variety of virally and bacterially induced infections. Campylobacter jejuni is frequently associated with acute diarrhoea in humans, and several species of animals have been shown to transmit the disease, although birds have been implicated as the main source of infection. We used bovine and chicken immunoglobulin preparations from the milk and eggs, respectively, of immunized animals for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of chickens infected with C. jejuni. A marked prophylactic effect (a >99% decrease in the number of bacteria) was noted using either antibody preparation, whereas the therapeutic efficacy, i.e. when antibodies were given after the infection was established, was distinctly lower (80-95%) as judged by faecal bacterial counts. These observations may serve as a starting point for experiments aimed at elimination of the infection in an industrial or farm setting. It may also encourage future attempts to treat, prophylactically or therapeutically, patients with Campylobacter-induced diarrhoea.

背景与目标： ：最近，针对胃肠道感染的被动免疫已成功应用于各种病毒和细菌引起的感染的预防和治疗中。空肠弯曲菌常与人类急性腹泻有关，尽管鸟类被认为是主要的感染源，但已显示出几种动物可传播这种疾病。我们分别使用免疫动物的牛奶和鸡蛋中的牛和鸡免疫球蛋白制剂对空肠弯曲杆菌感染的鸡进行预防和治疗。两种抗体制剂均具有显着的预防作用（细菌数量减少> 99％），而判断的治疗效果（即在感染确定后给予抗体）则明显较低（80-95％）通过粪便细菌计数。这些观察结果可作为旨在消除工业或农场感染的实验的起点。它还可能鼓励将来尝试预防性或治疗性弯曲杆菌引起的腹泻患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A 29-year-old man was admitted to our institution 10 days after he had undergone an urgent exploratory laparotomy at a local army hospital after a terrorist bombing attack. On admission, deep second-degree and third-degree burns involving 25% of the upper and lower extremities were present, together with a 25 x 10-cm abdominal full-thickness blast injury defect on the left side, an infected eviscerated midline incision, and a colostomy on the right side of the abdomen. The patient underwent a second laparotomy, at which time the intraabdominal abscess was drained, and the abdominal cavity was irrigated with saline. A jejunal perforation was found and sutured. The abdominal cavity was left open and covered with a Bogota bag for temporary closure. On postburn day 18, the patient underwent débridment and grafting of the third-degree burns to the left and right arm and right lower extremities. After several débridment sessions (postburn days 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24), an abdominal skin release and reapproximation were performed (postburn day 26). On postburn day 36, split-thickness skin grafts were placed directly on the granulated tissue of the intestines and on a defect in the left flank and iliac regions. Postoperatively, the patient did well. He was discharged on postburn day 78 with all wounds well healed. In our opinion, temporary closure followed by direct application of meshed split-thickness skin grafts to exposed abdominal viscera represents a simple method of reconstruction that can be safely performed, with minimal risk, on critically ill patients.

背景与目标： ：一名29岁的男子在恐怖炸弹袭击后在当地一家军队医院接受紧急探索性剖腹手术10天后被送进我们的机构。入院时出现上，下肢深部烧伤，累及上肢和下肢的25％，左侧有25 x 10-cm的腹部全层爆炸伤缺损，被感染的内脏中线切口，在腹部右侧进行结肠造口术。患者进行了第二次剖腹手术，此时排空了腹腔内脓肿，并用生理盐水冲洗了腹腔。发现并缝合了空肠穿孔。腹腔保持开放并用Bogota袋覆盖以暂时关闭。烧伤后第18天，患者进行了清创术，并在左右臂和右下肢进行了三度烧伤。经过几次清创术后（烧伤后第16、18、20、22和24天），进行了腹部皮肤的释放和重新逼近（烧伤后第26天）。在烧伤后第36天，将切开厚度的皮肤移植物直接放在肠的肉芽组织上以及左侧腹和骨区域的缺损处。术后病人表现良好。烧伤后第78天他已出院，所有伤口均得到了良好治愈。在我们看来，暂时闭合然后直接将网状劈开厚度的皮肤移植物应用于暴露的腹腔内脏代表了一种简单的重建方法，可以对重症患者进行安全且风险最小的重建。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Darier disease is an uncommon genodermatosis reflecting defective desmosomal structure and function. The present report details the oral features of a patient with well-characterized Darier disease and reviews current knowledge of the genetic basis of this genodermatosis that can often affect the craniofacial tissues.

背景与目标： ：Darier病是一种罕见的遗传性皮肤病，反映了桥粒结构和功能的缺陷。本报告详细介绍了特征明确的Darier病患者的口腔特征，并回顾了这种遗传皮肤病的遗传基础的当前知识，这种遗传皮肤病通常会影响颅面组织。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple, facultatively phototrophic bacterium that uses hydrogen gas as an electron donor for carbon dioxide fixation during photoautotrophic growth or for ammonia synthesis during nitrogen fixation. It also uses hydrogen as an electron supplement to enable the complete assimilation of oxidized carbon compounds, such as malate, into cell material during photoheterotrophic growth. The R. palustris genome predicts a membrane-bound nickel-iron uptake hydrogenase and several regulatory proteins to control hydrogenase synthesis. There is also a novel sensor kinase gene (RPA0981) directly adjacent to the hydrogenase gene cluster. Here we show that the R. palustris regulatory sensor hydrogenase HupUV acts in conjunction with the sensor kinase-response regulator protein pair HoxJ-HoxA to activate hydrogenase expression in response to hydrogen gas. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the HupUV-HoxJA regulatory system also controls the expression of genes encoding a predicted dicarboxylic acid transport system, a putative formate transporter, and a glutamine synthetase. RPA0981 had a small effect in repressing hydrogenase synthesis. We also determined that the two-component system RegS-RegR repressed expression of the uptake hydrogenase, probably in response to changes in intracellular redox status. Transcriptome analysis indicated that about 30 genes were differentially expressed in R. palustris cells that utilized hydrogen when growing photoheterotrophically on malate under nitrogen-fixing conditions compared to a mutant strain that lacked uptake hydrogenase. From this it appears that the recycling of reductant in the form of hydrogen does not have extensive nonspecific effects on gene expression in R. palustris.

背景与目标： ：Rhodopseudomonas palustris是一种紫色的兼性光养细菌，它利用氢气作为电子供体，在光养植物生长过程中固定二氧化碳，或在固氮过程中合成氨气。它还使用氢作为电子补充剂，以在光异养生长期间将氧化的碳化合物（例如苹果酸）完全同化到细胞材料中。 R. palustris基因组预测膜结合的镍铁摄取氢化酶和几种调节蛋白来控制氢化酶的合成。与氢化酶基因簇直接相邻的还有一个新的传感器激酶基因（RPA0981）。在这里，我们显示帕氏疟原虫调节传感器氢化酶HupUV与传感器激酶响应调节蛋白对HoxJ-HoxA共同作用，以响应氢气激活氢化酶表达。转录组分析表明，HupUV-HoxJA调节系统还控制编码预测的二羧酸转运系统，推定的甲酸盐转运蛋白和谷氨酰胺合成酶的基因的表达。 RPA0981在抑制氢化酶合成方面作用很小。我们还确定了两组分系统RegS-RegR抑制摄取氢化酶的表达，可能是响应细胞内氧化还原状态的变化。转录组分析表明，与缺乏摄取氢酶的突变菌株相比，当在固氮条件下在苹果酸上光异养地生长时，利用氢的Pal。R. palustris细胞中约有30个基因差异表达。由此看来，还原剂以氢的形式的循环利用对R. palustris的基因表达没有广泛的非特异性影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Statins are increasingly being used for the treatment of a variety of conditions beyond their original indication for cholesterol lowering. We previously reported that simvastatin increased dopamine receptors in the rat prefrontal cortex [Q. Wang, W.L. Ting, H. Yang, P.T. Wong, High doses of simvastatin upregulate dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor expression in the rat prefrontal cortex: possible involvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Br. J. Pharmacol. 144 (2005) 933-939] and restored its downregulation in a model of Parkinson's disease (PD) [Q. Wang, P.H. Wang, C. McLachlan, P.T. Wong, Simvastatin reverses the downregulation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonian rats, Brain Res. 1045 (2005) 229-233]. Here we explore the effects of simvastatin treatment on tissue dopamine content and reuptake. Sprague-Dawley rats were given simvastatin (1 and 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1), p.o.) for 4 weeks. Brain tissue from prefrontal cortex and striatum were taken out for dopamine content and its reuptake. Using high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS), simvastatin (10 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) was found to increase dopamine content by 110% in the striatum but decreased by 76% in the prefrontal cortex compared with the saline treated group. Dopamine (DA) reuptake was unchanged in both brain regions. These results suggest that chronic treatment with high dose of simvastatin may affect DA tissue level in prefrontal cortex and striatum without changing on DA reuptake. This may have important clinical implications in psychiatric and striatal dopaminergic disorders.

背景与目标： 他汀类药物已被用于治疗多种疾病，这些症状超出了降低胆固醇的最初指标。我们先前曾报道辛伐他汀会增加大鼠前额叶皮层中的多巴胺受体[Q.王伟丁宏阳黄，辛伐他汀大剂量上调大鼠前额叶皮层中的多巴胺D（1）和D（2）受体表达：可能与内皮一氧化氮合酶Br有关。 J.Pharmacol。 144（2005）933-939]，并在帕金森氏病（PD）模型中恢复了其下调[Q.王凤华Wang C.McLachlan，P.T. Wong，辛伐他汀逆转了6-羟基多巴胺诱导的帕金森病大鼠Brain Res的前额叶皮层中多巴胺D1和D2受体表达的下调。 1045（2005）229-233]。在这里，我们探讨辛伐他汀治疗对组织多巴胺含量和再摄取的影响。 Sprague-Dawley大鼠接受辛伐他汀（1和10 mg kg（-1）day（-1），口服）4周。取出前额叶皮层和纹状体的脑组织中的多巴胺含量并重新摄取。使用高效液相色谱质谱仪（HPLC-MS），发现辛伐他汀（10 mg kg（-1）day（-1））在纹状体中可使多巴胺含量增加110％，但在前额叶中减少76％皮层与生理盐水处理组相比。在两个大脑区域中，多巴胺（DA）的再摄取均未改变。这些结果表明，高剂量辛伐他汀的长期治疗可能会影响额叶前额叶皮层和纹状体中的DA组织水平，而不会改变DA的再摄取。这在精神病和纹状体多巴胺能障碍中可能具有重要的临床意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is required for structural folding and maintenance of conformational integrity of various proteins, including several associated with cellular signaling. Recent studies utilizing 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of HSP90, demonstrated an antitumor effect in solid tumors. To test whether HSP90 could be targeted in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, we first investigated expression of HSP90 by immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis in a myeloma cell line (U266) and primary myeloma cells. Following demonstration of HSP90 expression in myeloma cells, archival samples of 32 MM patients were analysed by immunoperoxidase staining. Myeloma cells in all patients showed strong cytoplasmic expression of HSP90 in all samples and 55% also demonstrated concurrent nuclear immunopositivity. Treatment of U266 and primary MM cells with 17AAG resulted in significantly increased apoptosis compared to untreated control cells. Analysis of anti-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins and akt in MM cells incubated with 17-AAG revealed down-regulation of BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1 and akt. Furthermore, although a low concentration of bortezomib resulted in no cell death, a combination of 17AAG and bortezomib treatment revealed a synergistic apoptotic effect on the U266 cell line. These data suggest that targeted inhibition of HSP90 may prove to be a valid and innovative strategy for the development of future therapeutic options for MM patients.

背景与目标： ：热休克蛋白90（HSP90）是结构折叠和维持各种蛋白质（包括与细胞信号相关的几种蛋白质）构象完整性的必需。利用HSP90抑制剂17-烯丙基氨基-17-去甲氧基格尔德霉素（17-AAG）的最新研究表明，在实体瘤中具有抗肿瘤作用。为了测试HSP90是否可以靶向于多发性骨髓瘤（MM）患者，我们首先通过免疫荧光和流式细胞术分析了骨髓瘤细胞系（U266）和原发性骨髓瘤细胞中HSP90的表达。在证明HSP90在骨髓瘤细胞中表达后，通过免疫过氧化物酶染色分析了32例MM患者的档案样本。在所有患者中，骨髓瘤细胞在所有样品中均显示出强烈的HSP90细胞质表达，并且55％的患者还表现出并发的核免疫阳性。与未处理的对照细胞相比，用17AAG处理U266细胞和原代MM细胞可导致凋亡明显增加。分析与17-AAG孵育的MM细胞中的抗凋亡BCL2家族蛋白和akt，表明BCL-2，BCL-XL，MCL-1和akt下调。此外，尽管低浓度的硼替佐米不会导致细胞死亡，但是17AAG和硼替佐米治疗的组合显示出对U266细胞系的协同凋亡作用。这些数据表明，针对HSP90的靶向抑制可能被证明是开发MM患者未来治疗选择的有效且创新的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fludarabine and alemtuzumab are routinely used for treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). The present study aimed to compare the expression of signaling molecules and cytokine production by T cells of B-CLL patients in long-term unmaintained remission/plateau phase following fludarabine or alemtuzumab treatment with that of indolent/untreated B-CLL patients and healthy donors. The frequency and intensity of TCR-CD3zeta chain, p56lck, p59fyn, ZAP-70, PI3-kinase and interferon (IFN)-gamma/interleukin (IL)-4 production in CD4 and CD8 T cells was examined by flow cytometry. T-cell function was assessed by stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Despite a reduction in number, the expression of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in T-cells in patients was significantly higher than in healthy donors. The intensity of most signaling molecules in treated patients was relatively unaffected vs. healthy donors but lower than untreated-indolent patients. However, the total number of T cells which expressed each of the signaling molecules was decreased in patients, with no difference between fludarabine- and alemtuzumab-treated patients. The T-cell response to PHA but not PPD was reduced in treated patients. The results suggest that, despite some alterations in signaling molecules and a reduction in T-cell number, overall T-cell functions may be relatively well preserved long-term after treatment with fludarabine and alemtuzumab.

背景与目标： ：氟达拉滨和阿仑单抗通常用于治疗B细胞慢性淋巴细胞性白血病（B-CLL）。本研究旨在比较氟达拉滨或alemtuzumab治疗后长期未维持的缓解/高原期的B-CLL患者的信号分子表达和T细胞的细胞因子产生与惰性/未经治疗的B-CLL患者和健康供体的长期比较。通过流式细胞术检测TCR-CD3zeta链，p56lck，p59fyn，ZAP-70，PI3-激酶和干扰素（IFN）-γ/白介素（IL）-4在CD4和CD8 T细胞中产生的频率和强度。通过用纯化的蛋白质衍生物（PPD）和植物血凝素（PHA）刺激来评估T细胞功能。尽管数量减少，但患者T细胞中IFN-γ/ IL-4的表达明显高于健康供体。与健康供体相比，已治疗患者中大多数信号分子的强度相对未受影响，但低于未治疗的惰性患者。但是，表达每种信号分子的T细胞总数在患者中减少了，在氟达拉滨和阿仑单抗治疗的患者之间没有差异。在治疗的患者中，对PHA而非TPD的T细胞反应降低了。结果表明，尽管在用氟达拉滨和阿仑单抗治疗后，长期而言，尽管信号分子发生了某些变化并且T细胞数量有所减少，但总体T细胞功能仍可以得到较好的保留。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Despite the recent improvement in techniques and patient selection, post-ERCP pancreatitis remains the most frequent and dreaded complication of ERCP. Recent studies suggest that pretreatment with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) may prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis and improve cannulation success. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of transdermal GTN on ERCP cannulation success and post-ERCP pancreatitis. DESIGN:Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING:Tertiary referral university hospital. PATIENTS:A total of 318 patients (mean age 62 years, 61% women) were randomized to either active (n = 155) or placebo (n = 163) arms. INTERVENTIONS:Active patch (GTN) versus placebo patch. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:Cannulation time and success. Post-ERCP pancreatitis rates. RESULTS:There was no significant difference between the active or placebo arms for the following: successful initial cannulation (96.8% vs 98.8%), deep cannulation (96.1% vs 98.8%), time to successful cannulation, use of guidewire (27% vs 25%) or needle knife (13% vs 13%), and post-ERCP pancreatitis (7.4% of placebo patients and 7.7% active patients). Multivariate analysis identified women, younger patients, pancreatogram, number of attempts on papilla, and poor pancreatic-duct emptying after opacification as risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis. Transdermal GTN did not reduce post-ERCP pancreatitis in any of the identified high-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS:Transdermal GTN did not improve the rate of success in ERCP cannulation or prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in either average or high-risk patient groups.

背景与目标： 背景：尽管最近在技术和患者选择方面已有改进，但ERCP后胰腺炎仍然是ERCP最常见和最可怕的并发症。最近的研究表明，用三硝酸甘油酯（GTN）进行预处理可以预防ERCP后胰腺炎并提高插管成功率。
目的：评价经皮GTN对ERCP插管成功和ERCP术后胰腺炎的影响。
设计：一项前瞻性，双盲，安慰剂对照试验。
单位：大专转诊大学医院。
患者：总共318例患者（平均年龄62岁，女性占61％）被随机分配到主动（n = 155）或安慰剂（n = 163）组。
干预措施：主动贴片（GTN）与安慰剂贴片。
主要观察指标：排尿时间和成功率。 ERCP后胰腺炎发生率。
结果：主动或安慰剂组之间在以下方面无显着差异：成功的初始插管（96.8％vs 98.8％），深层插管（96.1％vs 98.8％），成功插管的时间，使用导丝（27％vs 25％）或针刀（13％比13％）以及ERCP后胰腺炎（安慰剂患者为7.4％，活动患者为7.7％）。多变量分析确定女性，年轻患者，胰腺造影，乳头尝试次数以及混浊后胰管排空不良是ERCP后胰腺炎的危险因素。在任何已确定的高危人群中，经皮GTN均不能减轻ERCP后胰腺炎的发生。
结论：无论是普通患者还是高危患者，经皮GTN均不能提高ERCP插管成功率或预防ERCP术后胰腺炎。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Responses to [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin, a selective agonist for mu-receptors, were recorded intracellularly from 26 neurons in slices of guinea-pig hypothalamus. Of eight cells tested in the supraoptic nucleus, all of which had electrical properties characteristic of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells, four were sensitive to the agonist applied in the perfusion bath or with microdrops. The main effect was a decrease or suppression of spontaneous firing. In the paraventricular nucleus, seven of 18 cells tested also had electrophysiological characteristics similar to magnocellular neurons: two of them were sensitive to the mu-agonist and the effect was similar to that observed in the supraoptic nucleus. The remaining paraventricular neurons displayed low-threshold Ca2+ spikes, and thus had electrophysiological characteristics different from putative magnocellular neurons. Ten of 11 cells with low-threshold Ca2+ spikes were hyperpolarized by more than 10 mV by the mu-agonist, and showed a 33 +/- 1.9% (S.E.M.) decrease in input resistance. In both types of cells, when synaptic transmission was blocked with tetrodotoxin, the mu-agonist could still induce a hyperpolarization, suggesting that the effect was in part direct. Hyperpolarization was also obtained when the Cl- reversal potential was shifted to more positive values by using KCl electrodes, thus excluding a Cl- conductance mechanism. These results provide evidence that opioid peptides can directly inhibit hypothalamic neurons, that the mechanism is an increase in K+ conductance, and that two types of hypothalamic neurons appear to have different sensitivities to a mu-agonist.

背景与目标： ：对豚鼠下丘脑切片中26个神经元的细胞内记录了对[D-Ala2，MePhe4，Gly-ol5]脑啡肽（一种针对mu受体的选择性激动剂）的反应。在视上核中测试的8个细胞中，所有细胞均具有大细胞神经内分泌细胞的电特性，其中4个对灌注浴或微滴中使用的激动剂敏感。主要作用是减少或抑制自发放电。在脑室旁核中，测试的18个细胞中有7个也具有类似于大细胞神经元的电生理特性：其中两个对mu激动剂敏感，作用类似于在视上核中观察到的。其余的脑室旁神经元显示低阈值的Ca2尖峰，因此具有与假定的大细胞神经元不同的电生理特性。 mu激动剂将11个具有低阈值Ca2尖峰的细胞中的10个超极化了10 mV以上，显示输入电阻降低了33 /-1.9％（S.E.M.）。在两种类型的细胞中，当突触传递被河豚毒素阻断时，mu-激动剂仍可诱导超极化，这表明这种作用部分是直接的。当通过使用KCl电极将Cl-反转电位移动到更正值时，也获得了超极化，因此排除了Cl-电导机制。这些结果提供证据证明阿片样物质肽可以直接抑制下丘脑神经元，其机制是钾电导增加，并且两种类型的下丘脑神经元似乎对μ-激动剂具有不同的敏感性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Oral cancer is a neoplasm with some known causes. Proliferation genes are significant among its few pathogenetic and prognostic factors. Calcyclin is a cell-cycle-related gene, the function of which is still unclear. Its expression and that of Haras and histone-H3 have been investigated in an assessment of their pathogenetic role in squamous cell carcinoma. RNA extracted from the pathological and normal mucosa of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and benign lesions was reverse transcribed and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of all three genes in the pathological mucosa was enhanced in SCC only. This suggests that they may be involved in its pathogenesis and provides another parameter for the differentiation of malignant and benign lesions.

背景与目标： ：口腔癌是一种具有某些已知原因的肿瘤。增生基因在其少数致病和预后因素中很重要。钙环蛋白是与细胞周期相关的基因，其功能尚不清楚。为了评估它们在鳞状细胞癌中的致病作用，已经研究了它的表达以及Haras和组蛋白H3的表达。从鳞状细胞癌（SCC）和良性病变的病理和正常粘膜中提取的RNA通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行逆转录和扩增。仅在SCC中，病理黏膜中所有三个基因的表达均得到增强。这表明它们可能参与其发病机理，并为区分恶性和良性病变提供了另一个参数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Pulmonary surfactant dysfunction may contribute to the development of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) is a technique in which fresh gas is introduced into the trachea and augment ventilation by reducing the dead space of ventilatory system, reducing ventilatory pressures and tidal volume (V(T)) while maintaining constant partial arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO(2)). We hypothesised that TGI limited peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and V(T) and would minimize conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) induced pulmonary surfactant dysfunction and thereby attenuate VILI in rabbits with acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS:ALI was induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide in anaesthetized, ventilated healthy adult rabbits randomly assigned to continuous TGI at 0.5 L/min (TGI group) or CMV group (n = 8 for each group), and subsequently ventilated with limited PIP and V(T) to maintain PaCO(2) within 35 to 45 mmHg for 4 hours. Physiological dead space to V(T) ratio (V(D)/V(T)), dynamic respiratory compliance (Cdyn) and partial arterial O(2) pressure (PaO(2)) were monitored. After ventilation, lungs were analysed for total phospholipids (TPL), total proteins (TP), pulmonary surfactant small to large aggregates ratio (SA/LA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and for determination of alveolar volume density (V(V)), myeloperoxidase and interleukin (IL)-8. RESULTS:TGI resulted in significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) decrease in PIP [(22.4 +/- 1.8) cmH2O vs (29.5 +/- 1.1) cmH2O], V(T) [(6.9 +/- 1.3) ml/kg vs (9.8 +/- 1.11) ml/kg], V(D)/V(T) [(32 +/- 5)% vs (46 +/- 2)%], TP [(109 +/- 22) mg/kg vs (187 +/- 25) mg/kg], SA/LA (2.5 +/- 0.4 vs 5.4 +/- 0.7), myeloperoxidase [(6.2 +/- 0.5) U/g tissue vs (12.3 +/- 0.8) U/g tissue] and IL-8 [(987 +/- 106) ng/g tissue vs (24 +/- 3) mN/m] of BALF, and significant (P < 0.05) increase in Cdyn [(0.47 +/- 0.02) ml.cmH2O(-1).kg(-1) vs (0.31 +/- 0.02) ml.cmH2O(-1).kg(-1)], PaO(2) [(175 +/- 24) mmHg vs (135 +/- 26) mmHg], TPL/TP (52 +/- 8 vs 33 +/- 11) and Vv (0.65 +/- 0.05 vs 0.44 +/- 0.07) as compared with CMV. CONCLUSIONS:In this animal model of ALI, TGI decreased ventilatory requirements (PIP, V(T) and V(D)/V(T)), resulted in more favourable alveolar pulmonary surfactant composition and function and less severity of lung injury than CMV. TGI in combination with pressure limited ventilation may be a lung protective strategy for ALI.

背景与目标： 背景：肺表面活性物质功能障碍可能导致呼吸机诱发的肺损伤（VILI）的发展。气管注气（TGI）是一种将新鲜气体引入气管并通过减少通气系统的死腔，降低通气压力和潮气量（V（T））并同时保持恒定的部分动脉CO2压力来增强通气的技术（ PaCO（2））。我们假设TGI限制了峰值吸气压力（PIP）和V（T），并且将传统机械通气（CMV）引起的肺表面活性剂功能异常减至最小，从而减轻了急性肺损伤（ALI）兔的VILI。
方法：通过气管内脂多糖经气管内给药的麻醉，通风的健康成年兔随机分为0.5 L / min（TGI组）或CMV组（每组n = 8），然后在有限的PIP和通气条件下通气，以诱导ALI。 V（T）将PaCO（2）维持在35至45 mmHg的范围内4个小时。监测生理死区与V（T）的比率（V（D）/ V（T）），动态呼吸顺应性（Cdyn）和部分动脉O（2）压力（PaO（2））。通气后，对肺中的总磷脂（TPL），总蛋白（TP），支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中的肺表面活性剂小到大聚集比（SA / LA）进行分析，并测定肺泡体积密度（V（V）） ），髓过氧化物酶和白介素（IL）-8。
结果：TGI导致PIP显着降低（P <0.05或P <0.01）[（22.4 /-1.8）cmH2O与（29.5 /-1.1）cmH2O]，V（T）[（6.9 /-1.3）ml / kg vs（9.8 /-1.11）ml / kg]，V（D）/ V（T）[（32 /-5）％vs（46 /-2）％]，TP [（109 /-22）mg / kg vs（187 /-25）mg / kg]，SA / LA（2.5 /-0.4 vs 5.4 /-0.7），髓过氧化物酶[（6.2 /-0.5）U / g组织vs（12.3 /-0.8）U / g组织]和IL-8 [（987 /-106）ng / g组织vs（24 /-3）mN / m] BALF，Cdyn [（0.47 /-0.02）ml.cmH2O显着（P <0.05）增加（-1）.kg（-1）vs（0.31 /-0.02）ml.cmH2O（-1）.kg（-1）]，PaO（2）[（175 /-24）mmHg vs（135 /-26 ）mmHg]，TPL / TP（52 /-8 vs 33 /-11）和Vv（0.65 /-0.05 vs 0.44 /-0.07）。
结论：在这种ALI动物模型中，TGI降低了通气需求（PIP，V（T）和V（D）/ V（T）），与CMV相比，肺泡表面活性剂的肺泡表面活性剂组成和功能更佳，肺部损伤的严重程度更低。 TGI结合限压通气可能是ALI的肺保护策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spherical pellets containing theophylline, calcium acetate and microcrystalline cellulose were extruded and spheronized, before being coated with six different pectins or alginates by interfacial complexation. The aim of this study was to discover the effect of the coatings on physico-mechanical properties that will be crucial in determining the pellets' utility as sustained release systems. An insoluble, smooth and uniformly thick coat of calcium polysaccharide was formed around the core pellets. A factorial experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pellet size and polysaccharide type and concentration on the entrapment efficiency, mechanical properties and other physical characteristics. Coated pellets were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, depending on the particular polysaccharide used, the dry coats were found to be 30-80 microm thick. The size of pellet, the type and concentration of polysaccharide influenced the yield of theophylline in the coated pellets. Although the mechanical properties of the pellets were improved by applying any of the gel coats, use of an alginate with a high content of guluronic acid or an amidated pectin coating gave the best results. This is probably because both of these have significant potential to form very stable cross-links within the gel coats.

背景与目标： 将含有茶碱，乙酸钙和微晶纤维素的球形小球挤出并滚圆，然后通过界面复合将六种不同的果胶或藻酸盐包被。这项研究的目的是发现包衣对物理机械性能的影响，这对于确定微丸作为缓释系统的用途至关重要。在核心药丸周围形成了不溶的，光滑且均匀厚的钙多糖涂层。设计了析因实验，以研究颗粒大小，多糖类型和浓度对包封效率，机械性能和其他物理特性的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜观察包衣的小丸，并且根据所使用的特定多糖，发现干衣的厚度为30-80微米。药丸的大小，多糖的类型和浓度影响了包衣药丸中茶碱的产量。尽管通过施加任何凝胶包衣可以改善粒料的机械性能，但是使用具有高含量古洛糖醛酸的藻酸盐或酰胺化果胶包衣的效果最佳。这可能是因为这两者都具有在凝胶涂层内形成非常稳定的交联的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe a new staining technique (H-Ag-S) which allows observation and counting of active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) and evaluation of the amount of DNA in the same cell nucleus. The procedure consists of combining a modified AgNOR staining method with the Feulgen reaction. A sequential procedure is proposed, based on the determination of optimal staining conditions. The technique, which was designed to allow studies of correlations between the transcriptional activity of rDNA genes and the cell ploidy, was primarily developed for rat liver smears. It should be applicable to most biological preparations, but the optimal conditions might be variable.

背景与目标： ：我们描述了一种新的染色技术（H-Ag-S），该技术可以观察和计数活性核仁组织区（NORs）并评估同一细胞核中DNA的量。该程序包括将改良的AgNOR染色方法与Feulgen反应相结合。在确定最佳染色条件的基础上，提出了一种顺序程序。该技术旨在研究rDNA基因的转录活性与细胞倍性之间的相关性，最初是为大鼠肝涂片开发的。它应适用于大多数生物制剂，但最佳条件可能会有所不同。