BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The signaling pathways mediating lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-stimulated PKD(2) activation and the potential contribution of PKD(2) in regulating LPA-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in nontransformed, human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells were examined. Treatment of serum-deprived NCM460 cells with LPA led to a rapid and striking activation of PKD(2), as measured by in vitro kinase assay and phosphorylation at the activation loop (Ser706/710) and autophosphorylation site (Ser876). PKD(2) activation induced by LPA was abrogated by preincubation with selective PKC inhibitors GF-I and Ro-31-8220 in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors did not have any direct inhibitory effect on PKD(2) activity. LPA induced a striking increase in IL-8 production and stimulated NF-kappaB activation, as measured by NF-kappaB-DNA binding, NF-kappaB-driven luciferase reporter activity, and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. PKD(2) gene silencing utilizing small interfering RNAs targeting distinct PKD(2) sequences dramatically reduced LPA-stimulated NF-kappaB promoter activity and IL-8 production. PKD(2) activation is a novel early event in the biological action of LPA and mediates LPA-stimulated IL-8 secretion in NCM460 cells through a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of a member of the PKD family in the production of IL-8, a potent proinflammatory chemokine, by epithelial cells.

背景与目标： ：审查了介导溶血磷脂酸（LPA）刺激的PKD（2）活化和PKD（2）在调节LPA诱导的非转化型人结肠上皮NCM460细胞中LPA诱导的白介素8（IL-8）分泌中的潜在作用。用体外LPA处理血清缺乏的NCM460细胞会导致PKD（2）迅速而惊人的活化，这是通过体外激酶测定和活化环（Ser706 / 710）和自磷酸化位点（Ser876）的磷酸化来测量的。通过与选择性PKC抑制剂GF-1和Ro-31-8220呈剂量依赖性方式进行预孵育，可以消除LPA诱导的PKD（2）激活。这些抑制剂对PKD（2）活性没有任何直接的抑制作用。如通过NF-κB-DNA结合，NF-κB驱动的萤光素酶报道分子活性和IkappaBalpha磷酸化所测量，LPA诱导IL-8产量显着增加并刺激NF-κB活化。 PKD（2）基因沉默利用针对不同的PKD（2）序列的小干扰RNA，大大降低了LPA刺激的NF-κB启动子活性和IL-8的产生。 PKD（2）激活是LPA的生物学作用中的一个新的早期事件，并通过NF-kappaB依赖性途径介导LCM刺激NCM460细胞中IL-8的分泌。我们的结果首次证明，上皮细胞参与了PKD家族成员参与IL-8（一种有效的促炎趋化因子）的生产。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The gram-negative bacterium Bartonella henselae is capable of causing angiogenic lesions as a result of infection. Previously, it has been shown that B. henselae infection can result in production of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). In this study, we demonstrated that monocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes produce IL-8 in response to B. henselae infection. We also investigated the role of IL-8 in B. henselae-induced endothelial cell proliferation and capillary tube formation. Both in vitro angiogenesis assays were IL-8 dependent. B. henselae-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, as indicated by gene expression of Bax and Bcl-2, was also shown to be IL-8 dependent in endothelial cells. Furthermore, infection of endothelial cells with B. henselae stimulated upregulation of the IL-8 chemokine receptor CXCR2. Infection of human endothelial cells by B. henselae resulting in IL-8 production likely plays a central role in the ability of this organism to cause angiogenesis during infection.

背景与目标： 革兰氏阴性细菌汉氏巴尔通体（Bartonella henselae）能够由于感染而引起血管生成性病变。以前，已经证明，亨氏芽孢杆菌感染可以导致趋化因子白介素8（IL-8）的产生。在这项研究中，我们证明了单核细胞，内皮细胞和肝细胞对B. henselae感染产生IL-8。我们还研究了IL-8在B. henselae诱导的内皮细胞增殖和毛细管形成中的作用。两种体外血管生成测定都是IL-8依赖性的。如Bax和Bcl-2的基因表达所表明的，B。henselae介导的凋亡抑制在内皮细胞中也依赖IL-8。此外，用汉逊芽孢杆菌感染内皮细胞刺激了IL-8趋化因子受体CXCR2的上调。亨氏芽孢杆菌对人内皮细胞的感染导致IL-8的产生可能在这种生物体在感染过程中引起血管生成的能力中起着核心作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sympathetically maintained pain could either be mediated by ephaptic interactions between sympathetic efferent and afferent nociceptive fibers or by catecholamine-induced activation of nociceptive nerve endings. We report here single fiber recordings from C nociceptors in a patient with sympathetically maintained pain, in whom sympathetic blockade had repeatedly eliminated the ongoing pain in both legs. We classified eight C-fibers as mechano-responsive and six as mechano-insensitive nociceptors according to their mechanical responsiveness and activity-dependent slowing of conduction velocity (latency increase of 0.5+/-1.1 vs. 7.1+/-2.0 ms for 20 pulses at 0.125 Hz). Two C-fibers were activated with a delay of several seconds following strong endogenous sympathetic bursts; they were also excited for about 3 min following the injection of norepinephrine (10 microl, 0.05%) into their innervation territory. In these two fibers, a prolonged activation by injection of low pH solution (phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, 10 microl) and sensitization of their heat response following prostaglandin E2 injection were recorded, evidencing their afferent nature. Moreover, their activity-dependent slowing was typical for mechano-insensitive nociceptors. We conclude that sensitized mechano-insensitive nociceptors can be activated by endogenously released catecholamines and thereby may contribute to sympathetically maintained pain. No evidence for ephaptic interaction between sympathetic efferent and nociceptive afferent fibers was found.

背景与目标： ：交感神经维持的疼痛可能由交感传入和传入的伤害性纤维之间的神经元相互作用或儿茶酚胺诱导的伤害性神经末梢的激活介导。我们在这里报告了在交感神经痛患者中，C伤害感受器的单纤维记录，在该患者中，交感神经阻滞反复消除了双腿持续的疼痛。根据它们的机械响应性和依赖于传导速度的活动性减慢，我们将8根C纤维归为机械响应性伤害感受器，将6根C纤维归类为对机械响应不敏感的伤害感受器（20脉冲在0.125时延迟时间为0.5 /-1.1与7.1 /-2.0 ms的增加）赫兹）。在强烈的内源性交感神经爆发后，几秒钟的延迟激活了两根C纤维。在将去甲肾上腺素（10微升，0.05％）注入其神经支配区域后，他们还兴奋了约3分钟。在这两种纤维中，记录了通过注射低pH溶液（磷酸盐缓冲液，pH 6.0、10微升）的长时间激活以及注射前列腺素E2后对其热响应的敏化，证明了它们的传入性质。此外，它们对机械不敏感的伤害感受器的活动依赖性减慢作用是典型的。我们得出结论，致敏的对机械不敏感的伤害感受器可以被内源性释放的儿茶酚胺激活，从而可能有助于交感神经维持性疼痛。没有发现交感传入纤维和伤害性传入纤维之间的神经元相互作用的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :1. Tolerance to the hypotensive effect of nitroglycerin (NG) blocks preconditioning induced by rapid ventricular pacing (RVP) in rabbits. In the present work the effect of continuous versus intermittent treatment with transdermal nitroglycerin on the pacing-induced preconditioning phenomenon was studied in conscious rabbits. 2. RVP (500 beats min-1 over 5 min) increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from baseline 4.1 +/- 0.9 to postpacing 13.8 +/- 2.9 mmHg (P < 0.001) with a right intraventricular ST-segment elevation of 1.25 +/- 0.13 mV, two indicators of myocardial ischaemia. These changes were significantly attenuated when the RVP period was preceded by a preconditioning pacing of the same rate and duration with an interpacing interval of 5 min. 3. Protection by preconditioning was abolished when the animals had been made tolerant to the vasodilator effect of 30 micrograms kg-1 NG by the application of transdermal NG (approx. 0.07 mg kg-1 h-1) over 7 days. Furthermore, transdermal NG per se attenuated both RVP-induced ST-segment elevation and LVEDP-increase over the 7 day period. 4. With intermittent transdermal NG treatment (12 h 'patch on' vs 'patch off'), neither development of vascular tolerance nor attenuation of the NG- or preconditioning-induced anti-ischaemic effects were observed. However, the severity of pacing-induced myocardial ischaemia was significantly increased during the 'patch off' periods. 5. In a second set of experiments, postpacing changes in cardiac cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP levels were determined by means of radioimmunoassay in chronically instrumented anaesthetized open-chest rabbits with the same NG-treatment protocols. Preconditioning reduced postpacing increase in cyclic AMP with an increase in cyclic GMP concentrations in hearts of the untreated animals and in those given patches intermittently during both 'patch on' and 'patch off' periods. However, the preconditioning effect on either cyclic nucleotide was blocked in the tolerant animals. 6. Transdermal NG increased resting levels of both cardiac cyclic nucleotides in the non-tolerant but not in the tolerant state. The postpacing increase in cyclic AMP content was inhibited by transdermal NG, independent of vascular tolerance development, whereas an cyclic GMP content was exclusively seen in the non-tolerant animals. 7. We conclude that the anti-ischaemic effect of NG is independent of the cyclic GMP mechanism in the tolerant state. While intermittent NG therapy prevents development of vascular tolerance and preserves preconditioning, the nitrate-free periods yield an increased susceptibility of the heart to ischaemic challenges.

背景与目标： ：1。耐硝酸甘油（NG）的降压作用可阻止兔快速心室起搏（RVP）诱导的预处理。在目前的工作中，在有意识的兔子中研究了经皮硝酸甘油连续或间歇治疗对起搏诱发的预适应现象的影响。 2. RVP（5分钟内每分钟5次搏动）使左心室舒张末期压力（LVEDP）从基线4.1 /-0.9增加至后起搏13.8 /-2.9 mmHg（P <0.001），右室ST段抬高1.25 /-0.13 mV，是心肌缺血的两个指标。当在RVP周期之前以5分钟的间隔间隔进行相同速度和持续时间的预适应性起搏后，这些变化会大大减弱。 3.当通过在7天内施用透皮NG（约0.07 mg kg-1 h-1）使动物耐受30微克kg-1 NG的血管舒张作用时，取消了通过预处理的保护。此外，在7天内，透皮NG本身减弱了RVP诱导的ST段升高和LVEDP升高。 4.间歇性透皮NG治疗（12小时“贴片”与“贴片”），既未观察到血管耐受性的发展，也未观察到NG或预处理引起的抗局部缺血作用的减弱。但是，起搏期间，起搏诱发的心肌缺血的严重程度显着增加。 5.在第二组实验中，通过放射免疫测定法在具有相同NG处理方案的经慢性麻醉的开胸兔中测定心脏循环GMP和循环AMP水平的起搏变化。预处理减少了循环AMP的起搏后增加，同时在“贴片”和“贴片”期间间歇性地给未治疗的动物的心脏和那些给定贴片的动物增加了循环GMP的浓度。然而，在耐受性动物中，对任一环状核苷酸的预处理作用均被阻断。 6.经皮NG增加了非耐受性但非耐受性状态下两个心脏环状核苷酸的静息水平。循环AMP含量的起搏后增加受透皮NG抑制，与血管耐受性的发展无关，而环状GMP含量仅在非耐受性动物中观察到。 7.我们得出结论，在耐受状态下，NG的抗缺血作用与循环GMP机制无关。间歇性NG治疗可防止血管耐受性发展并保留预处理，而无硝酸盐治疗期则增加了心脏对缺血性疾病的敏感性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intrathecal injection of mice with substance P or its C-terminal fragments evokes a well documented behavioral syndrome characterized by caudally-directed biting and scratching. We have previously shown that repeated injections of substance P result in naloxone-sensitive desensitization to this substance P-induced behavior, possibly through interactions of N-terminal fragments of substance P with mu opiate binding sites. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that substance P metabolites play a role in the development of desensitization to substance P by using the biting and scratching behavioral paradigm. While substance P-induced behaviors are produced by as little as 1 pmol of substance P, repeated injections of 7.5 pmol at 60-s intervals was found to be the minimum dose capable of causing desensitization. The C-terminal peptides, substance P3-11 and substance P5-11, elicited substance P-like behaviors, but repeated injection of these compounds did not result in desensitization to this behavior. In contrast to C-terminal fragments, intrathecal injection of N-terminal fragments, (substance P1-4, substance P1-7 and substance P1-9), did not elicit any overt substance P-like behaviors when administered alone, but when co-administered with substance P, decreased the magnitude of substance P-induced behaviors in a dose-related fashion. Various peptidase inhibitors significantly inhibited the catabolism of co-administered substance P. Co-administration of substance P with peptidase inhibitors enhanced and prolonged the substance P-induced behavioral episode, but also prevented the development of substance P-induced desensitization. Together these results support the hypothesis that the accumulation of endogenously generated N-terminal metabolites of substance P mediate desensitization to substance P-induced behaviors in the spinal cord. Substance P metabolism may therefore decrease ongoing substance P activity both by the hydrolysis of the C-terminal portion of substance P as well as by the production of N-terminal metabolites that are capable of inhibiting the effects of substance P.

背景与目标： 鞘内注射P物质或其C端片段会引起行为异常综合征，其特征是尾巴定向咬伤和抓挠。先前我们已经表明，重复注射P物质可能导致纳洛酮对P物质诱导的行为敏感，这可能是由于P物质的N末端片段与阿片结合位点的相互作用所致。本研究检验了以下假设，即物质P代谢产物通过使用咬和抓挠行为范式在对物质P脱敏的发展中起作用。虽然物质P诱导的行为仅由1 pmol的物质P产生，但发现以60秒的间隔重复注射7.5 pmol是能够引起脱敏的最小剂量。 C末端肽（物质P3-11和物质P5-11）引起了物质P样的行为，但是重复注射这些化合物不会导致对该行为的脱敏。与C末端片段相反，鞘内注射N末端片段（物质P1-4，物质P1-7和物质P1-9）在单独给药时不会引起任何明显的类似P的行为，但在共同给药时与物质P一起给药，以剂量相关的方式降低了物质P诱导的行为的幅度。各种肽酶抑制剂可显着抑制物质P共同给药的分解代谢。物质P与肽酶抑制剂的共同给药增强并延长了物质P引起的行为发作，但也阻止了物质P引起的脱敏。这些结果共同支持以下假设：内源性生成的P物质的N末端代谢产物的积累介导了对P物质诱导的脊髓行为的脱敏。因此，P物质的代谢可能会通过P物质的C末端部分水解以及产生能够抑制P物质作用的N末端代谢产物而降低正在进行的P物质活动。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Responses to [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin, a selective agonist for mu-receptors, were recorded intracellularly from 26 neurons in slices of guinea-pig hypothalamus. Of eight cells tested in the supraoptic nucleus, all of which had electrical properties characteristic of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells, four were sensitive to the agonist applied in the perfusion bath or with microdrops. The main effect was a decrease or suppression of spontaneous firing. In the paraventricular nucleus, seven of 18 cells tested also had electrophysiological characteristics similar to magnocellular neurons: two of them were sensitive to the mu-agonist and the effect was similar to that observed in the supraoptic nucleus. The remaining paraventricular neurons displayed low-threshold Ca2+ spikes, and thus had electrophysiological characteristics different from putative magnocellular neurons. Ten of 11 cells with low-threshold Ca2+ spikes were hyperpolarized by more than 10 mV by the mu-agonist, and showed a 33 +/- 1.9% (S.E.M.) decrease in input resistance. In both types of cells, when synaptic transmission was blocked with tetrodotoxin, the mu-agonist could still induce a hyperpolarization, suggesting that the effect was in part direct. Hyperpolarization was also obtained when the Cl- reversal potential was shifted to more positive values by using KCl electrodes, thus excluding a Cl- conductance mechanism. These results provide evidence that opioid peptides can directly inhibit hypothalamic neurons, that the mechanism is an increase in K+ conductance, and that two types of hypothalamic neurons appear to have different sensitivities to a mu-agonist.

背景与目标： ：对豚鼠下丘脑切片中26个神经元的细胞内记录了对[D-Ala2，MePhe4，Gly-ol5]脑啡肽（一种针对mu受体的选择性激动剂）的反应。在视上核中测试的8个细胞中，所有细胞均具有大细胞神经内分泌细胞的电特性，其中4个对灌注浴或微滴中使用的激动剂敏感。主要作用是减少或抑制自发放电。在脑室旁核中，测试的18个细胞中有7个也具有类似于大细胞神经元的电生理特性：其中两个对mu激动剂敏感，作用类似于在视上核中观察到的。其余的脑室旁神经元显示低阈值的Ca2尖峰，因此具有与假定的大细胞神经元不同的电生理特性。 mu激动剂将11个具有低阈值Ca2尖峰的细胞中的10个超极化了10 mV以上，显示输入电阻降低了33 /-1.9％（S.E.M.）。在两种类型的细胞中，当突触传递被河豚毒素阻断时，mu-激动剂仍可诱导超极化，这表明这种作用部分是直接的。当通过使用KCl电极将Cl-反转电位移动到更正值时，也获得了超极化，因此排除了Cl-电导机制。这些结果提供证据证明阿片样物质肽可以直接抑制下丘脑神经元，其机制是钾电导增加，并且两种类型的下丘脑神经元似乎对μ-激动剂具有不同的敏感性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the endogenous opioids are involved in the control of endothelin-1 release from the pituitary gland. To test this hypothesis we have measured the peripheral plasma concentration of ET-1 as well as the content of immunoreactive ET-1 (irET-1) in the pituitary in response to opioid receptors blockade in euhydrated and 24 h water-deprived Wistar-Kyoto rats. Placebo or naltrexone (50 micrograms/kg body wt.) were given i.v. in both groups. Trunk blood was collected to determine hematocrit, plasma sodium and ET-1 levels (RIA). Immunostaining of ET-1 in the whole pituitary glands was performed by colloidal gold labeling. The quantitative analysis of irET-1 was carried out under a light microscope using a computerized image analyzer (MultiScan). RESULTS:(1) Twenty-four-hour dehydration resulted in marked increase of peripheral concentration of ET-1. Naltrexone injection induced a significant elevation of ET-1 plasma concentration in both, dehydrated and control animals. (2) The content of irET-1 in anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary in dehydrated rats was markedly higher than in control group. (3) Naltrexone injection caused a rapid and significant reduction irET-1 within the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes in dehydrated and control animals. CONCLUSIONS:(1) An elevation of irET-1 in the pituitary gland and peripheral circulation in dehydrated animals may play a role in maintaining of water-electrolyte balance. (2) The mu-opioid system appears to control the ET-1 release from the pituitary in normal and dehydrated animals.

背景与目标： 未标记：本研究的目的是调查内源性阿片类药物是否参与垂体中内皮素-1的释放。为了验证这一假设，我们测量了在无水和缺水24小时的Wistar-Kyoto中阿片受体阻滞后，垂体中ET-1的血浆浓度以及垂体中免疫反应性ET-1（irET-1）的含量。大鼠。静脉注射安慰剂或纳曲酮（50微克/千克体重）。在两组中。收集躯干血液以确定血细胞比容，血浆钠和ET-1水平（RIA）。 ET-1在整个垂体中的免疫染色是通过胶体金标记进行的。使用计算机图像分析仪（MultiScan）在光学显微镜下对irET-1进行定量分析。
结果：（1）脱水24小时导致ET-1的外周血浓度明显升高。纳曲酮注射液在脱水和对照动物中均引起ET-1血浆浓度的显着升高。 （2）脱水大鼠垂体前叶和中间叶中irET-1的含量明显高于对照组。 （3）纳曲酮注射液导致脱水和对照动物的前叶，中叶和后叶内的irET-1迅速大量降低。
结论：（1）脱水动物垂体中irET-1的升高和外周循环可能在维持水电解质平衡中发挥了作用。 （2）在正常和脱水动物中，μ阿片样物质系统似乎可以控制ET-1从垂体的释放。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolated adrenal cells from Vitamin E-deficient and control rats were prepared by a trypsin digestion method. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation was studied in response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in the presence and absence of ascorbate by measuring the conversion of prelabeled adenosine 5'-triphosphate [14C]ATP to cyclic [14C]AMP. Ascorbate (0.5 mM) inhibited ACTH-induced cyclic [14C]AMP formation in adrenal cells isolated from Vitamin E-deficient rats but had no effect in the control cells. The inhibitory effect of ascorbate on ACTH-induced cyclic AMP formation in Vitamin E-deficient rats decreased as the concentration of ACTH increased. In Vitamin E-deficient rats ascorbate inhibited ACTH-induced cyclic [14C]AMP formation after 30 min of incubation. There was no further significant accumulation of cyclic [14C]AMP at 60 min or 120 min although in the absence of ascorbate cyclic [14C]AMP continued to be formed. The in vitro addition of alpha-tocopherol reduced the inhibition of ACTH-induced cyclic [14C]AMP formation by ascorbate in Vitamin E-deficient rats. These studies suggest that alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate may affect ACTH-induced cyclic AMP formation through interaction with the membrane-bound enzyme adenylate cyclase.

背景与目标： ：通过胰蛋白酶消化方法，从维生素E缺乏和对照大鼠中分离出肾上腺细胞。通过测量预先标记的5'-三磷酸腺苷[14C] ATP向环状[14C]的转化，研究了存在和不存在抗坏血酸时对肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）的响应，研究了环状腺苷3'，5'-单磷酸（环状AMP）的形成AMP。抗坏血酸（0.5 mM）抑制ACTH诱导的从维生素E缺乏症大鼠分离的肾上腺细胞中环[14C] AMP的形成，但对对照细胞没有作用。随着ACTH浓度的增加，抗坏血酸对ACTH诱导的维生素E缺乏症大鼠环AMP形成的抑制作用降低。在维生素E缺乏的大鼠中，孵育30分钟后，抗坏血酸会抑制ACTH诱导的环状[14C] AMP的形成。尽管在不存在抗坏血酸盐的情况下仍继续形成环状[14C] AMP，但在60分钟或120分钟时没有进一步显着的环状[14C] AMP蓄积。在维生素E缺乏的大鼠中，体外添加α-生育酚可降低抗坏血酸对ACTH诱导的环[14C] AMP形成的抑制作用。这些研究表明，α-生育酚和抗坏血酸可能通过与膜结合酶腺苷酸环化酶相互作用而影响ACTH诱导的环AMP的形成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Heme oxygenase (HO), by catabolizing heme to bile pigments, down-regulates cellular levels of heme and hemeproteins; certain of the latter, i.e. cytochrome P450s, generate pro-inflammatory products from endogenous substrates. Two HO isozymes, the products of distinct genes, have been described; HO-1 is the inducible one, whereas HO-2 is believed to be constitutively expressed. We studied the inducing effects of several metal compounds [CoCl2, SnCl2, ZnCl2, heme, and cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP)] on HO-1 mRNA content and enzyme activity in cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial (RCE) cells; these metal compounds are known to induce HO in other tissues. Additionally, we studied HO-1 expression in an experimental model of ocular inflammation produced in rabbit corneas by extended contact lens wear, and the relation of HO expression to the induced inflammatory process. SnCl2 added to RCE cells in vitro produced marked time- and concentration-dependent increases in HO-1 mRNA and HO-1 enzyme activity; CoCl2, ZnCl2, and CoPP were inducers of HO as well, though to a lesser degree than SnCl2. Corneas treated for 6 days with contact lenses impregnated with SnCl2 displayed substantially less corneal inflammation, swelling, and new vessel invasion than did controls; attenuation of ocular inflammation was paralleled by SnCl2-induced increases in HO mRNA and HO activity in corneal epithelial cells from treated eyes. It is suggested that amelioration of the inflammatory response produced by extended contact lens wear is due, in part, to the induction of high levels of HO-1 activity by SnCl2, which results in diminished production of pro-inflammatory mediators generated through heme-dependent metabolic processes. Regulation of HO activity in this manner may have clinical applications.

背景与目标： 血红素加氧酶（HO）通过将血红素分解为胆汁色素，从而下调血红素和血红蛋白的细胞水平；后者中的某些，即细胞色素P450，从内源性底物产生促炎性产物。已经描述了两种HO同功酶，它们是不同基因的产物。 HO-1是可诱导的，而HO-2被认为是组成型表达的。我们研究了几种金属化合物[CoCl2，SnCl2，ZnCl2，血红素和钴原卟啉（CoPP）]对兔角膜上皮（RCE）细胞培养物中HO-1 mRNA含量和酶活性的诱导作用。已知这些金属化合物会在其他组织中诱导HO。此外，我们研究了在长期角膜接触镜下兔角膜产生的眼部炎症实验模型中HO-1的表达，以及HO表达与诱导的炎症过程的关系。体外添加到RCE细胞中的SnCl2在HO-1 mRNA和HO-1酶的活性上产生了明显的时间和浓度依赖性。 CoCl2，ZnCl2和CoPP也是HO的诱导剂，尽管程度要比SnCl2小。与对照组相比，用浸渍有SnCl2的隐形眼镜处理角膜6天，角膜发炎，肿胀和新血管侵袭的情况明显少于对照组。眼部炎症的减弱与SnCl2诱导处理过的眼睛的角膜上皮细胞HO mRNA和HO活性增加有关。有人提出，长期佩戴隐形眼镜可减轻炎症反应，部分原因是SnCl2诱导了高水平的HO-1活性，这导致血红素依赖性促炎介质的产生减少。代谢过程。以这种方式调节HO活性可能具有临床应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Burkholderia pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis, a spectrum of potentially fatal diseases endemic in Northern Australia and South-East Asia. We demonstrate that B. pseudomallei rapidly modifies infected macrophage-like cells in a manner analagous to osteoclastogenesis. These alterations include multinucleation and the expression by infected cells of mRNA for factors required for osteoclastogenesis: the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 gamma (MIP-1gamma), 'regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted' (RANTES) and the transcription factor 'nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1' (NFATc1). An increase in expression of these factors was also observed after infection with Burkholderia thailandensis. Expression of genes for the osteoclast markers calcitonin receptor (CTR), cathepsin K (CTSK) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was also increased by B. pseudomallei-infected, but not by B. thailandensis-infected cells. The expression by B. pseudomallei-infected cells of these chemokine and osteoclast marker genes was remarkably similar to cells treated with RANKL, a stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. Analysis of dentine resorption by B. pseudomallei-induced osteoclast-like cells revealed that demineralization may occur but that authentic excavation does not take place under the tested conditions. Furthermore, we identified and characterized lfpA (for lactonase family protein A) in B. pseudomallei, which shares significant sequence similarity with the eukaryotic protein 'regucalcin', also known as 'senescence marker protein-30' (SMP-30). LfpA orthologues are widespread in prokaryotes and are well conserved, but are phylogenetically distinct from eukaryotic regucalcin orthologues. We demonstrate that lfpA mRNA expression is dramatically increased in association with macrophage-like cells. Mutation of lfpA significantly reduced expression of the tested host genes, relative to the response to wild-type B. pseudomallei. We also show that lfpA is required for optimal virulence in vivo.

背景与目标： ：伪狂犬病是一种兼职的细胞内病原体，是类鼻oid病的病原体，类li虫病是北澳大利亚和东南亚流行的一系列潜在致命性疾病。我们证明假性芽孢杆菌以与破骨细胞发生类似的方式快速修饰感染的巨噬细胞样细胞。这些改变包括多核化和破骨细胞形成所需因子的感染细胞mRNA表达：趋化因子单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP-1），巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1γ（MIP-1gamma），“对激活的正常T细胞的表达和分泌”（RANTES）和转录因子“活化T细胞胞质1的核因子”（NFATc1）。在感染了伯克霍尔德菌之后，这些因子的表达也增加了。破伤风标记的降钙素受体（CTR），组织蛋白酶K（CTSK）和抗酒石酸的酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）的破骨细胞标志物的基因表达也增加了，而被泰国芽孢杆菌（B. thailandensis）感染的细胞却没有。这些趋化因子和破骨细胞标志物基因的经假芽孢杆菌感染的细胞的表达与破骨细胞形成刺激物RANKL处理的细胞非常相似。假性麦芽孢杆菌诱导的破骨细胞样细胞对牙本质吸收的分析表明，可能会发生脱矿质，但在测试条件下不会发生真正的挖掘。此外，我们在假苹果芽孢杆菌中鉴定并鉴定了lfpA（用于内酯酶家族蛋白A），它与真核蛋白“ regucalcin”（也称为“衰老标记蛋白-30”（SMP-30））具有显着的序列相似性。 LfpA直向同源物广泛存在于原核生物中，并且保守性很强，但在系统发育上与真核瑞古钙素直向同源物不同。我们证明，与巨噬细胞样细胞相关联，lfpA mRNA表达显着增加。相对于对野生型假单胞菌的反应，lfpA的突变显着降低了测试宿主基因的表达。我们还表明，lfpA是体内最佳毒力所必需的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A major problem in the search for new cancer drug targets is that the drugs are often toxic to normal tissues and require high doses to kill tumor cells. Therefore cellular targets which appear to involve low dose responses to cancer therapy are especially interesting since they could selectively target normal tissues which are not targeted by the treatment and thus may be responsible for unpleasant side effects or may be amenable to exploitation in order to improve the therapeutic ratio. One such target, which is the subject of this review, is radiation-induced bystander effects [RIBE], which result in the observation of radiation like responses in cells which have not been irradiated. RIBE is a novel phenomenon which indicates that at low doses, cell signaling is more important than direct DNA damage. Historically, DNA has always been considered to be the target for radiation therapy. The growing realization that signaling is important opens up several important therapeutic strategies which will be discussed in this review. RIBE appears to be the result of a generalized stress response in tissues or cells which is expressed at the level of the tissue, organ or organism rather than at the level of the individual cell. The signals may be produced by all exposed cells, but the response may require a quorum of cells in order to be expressed. The major response involving low LET (x- or gamma-ray) radiation exposure discussed in the existing literature is a death response. This has many characteristics of apoptosis but may be detected in cell lines without p53 expression, although the death response is suppressed in many tumor cell lines. While a death response in unirradiated normal cells around a tumor might appear to be adverse, it can in fact be protective and remove damaged cells from the population. If harnessed correctly, it could lead to the development of new drugs aimed not at tissue destruction but at enabling homeostatic mechanisms to control tumor expansion. In this scenario, the level of harmful or beneficial response will be related to the background damage, carried by the cell population, and the genetic programme determining response to damage. This focus may be important when attempting to predict the consequences of mixed therapies involving radiation and other cytotoxic agents. In this review, our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the induction of bystander effects by ionizing radiation is reviewed, and the question of how bystander effects may be harnessed to produce a new generation of anti-cancer drugs aimed at stabilization of tissue homeostasis rather than tissue destruction is considered.

背景与目标： ：寻找新的癌症药物靶标的主要问题是该药物通常对正常组织有毒性，需要高剂量才能杀死肿瘤细胞。因此，细胞靶标似乎涉及对癌症治疗的低剂量反应，因此特别令人感兴趣，因为它们可以选择性地靶向未被治疗靶标的正常组织，因此可能引起令人不快的副作用，或者可能适于利用以改善治疗效果。治疗比率。辐射诱导的旁观者效应[RIBE]是本综述的主题之一，该效应导致在未辐射的细胞中观察到辐射样反应。 RIBE是一种新现象，表明在低剂量时，细胞信号传导比直接DNA损伤更为重要。从历史上看，DNA一直被认为是放射治疗的目标。人们日益认识到信号转导很重要，这开启了几种重要的治疗策略，本文将对此进行讨论。 RIBE似乎是组织或细胞中普遍的应激反应的结果，这种应激反应是在组织，器官或生物体的水平而不是单个细胞的水平表达的。信号可能由所有暴露的细胞产生，但响应可能需要一定数量的细胞才能表达。现有文献中讨论的涉及低LET（X射线或γ射线）辐射暴露的主要反应是死亡反应。这具有许多细胞凋亡特征，但尽管在许多肿瘤细胞系中死亡反应受到抑制，但在没有p53表达的细胞系中可能检测到。虽然在肿瘤周围未照射的正常细胞中的死亡反应似乎是不利的，但实际上可以起到保护作用，并从群体中清除受损的细胞。如果利用得当，它可能会导致开发新药物，其目的不是破坏组织，而是使稳态机制能够控制肿瘤的扩展。在这种情况下，有害或有益反应的水平将与细胞群体所携带的背景损伤以及决定对损伤的反应的遗传程序有关。当试图预测涉及放射线和其他细胞毒剂的混合疗法的后果时，这一重点可能很重要。在这篇综述中，我们对电离辐射诱发旁观者效应的潜在机制的现有知识进行了综述，并探讨了如何利用旁观者效应来生产旨在稳定组织稳态而不是稳定组织的新一代抗癌药物的问题。考虑组织破坏。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chondrogenesis occurs in vivo in a hypoxic environment, in which the hypoxia inducible factor 1, HIF-1, plays a regulatory role, possibly mediated through the transcription factor DEC1. We have analyzed the effect of hypoxia (1% oxygen) alone and in combination with insulin on the chondrogenic differentiation of the mouse embryonic stem cell line ATDC5. Hypoxic treatment alone induced early chondrogenesis as evidenced by enhanced expression of aggrecan and collagen II, whereas hypoxic incubation of insulin-treated cells delayed and suppressed insulin-mediated early chondrogenesis and almost completely blocked hypertrophic differentiation. Paradoxically, the transcriptional activation of DEC1 was invariably enhanced by the hypoxic exposure.

背景与目标： ：软骨形成发生在体内低氧环境中，在该环境中，缺氧诱导因子1（HIF-1）发挥调节作用，可能是通过转录因子DEC1介导的。我们已经分析了单独和与胰岛素联合使用低氧（1％氧气）对小鼠胚胎干细胞系ATDC5软骨分化的影响。单用低氧治疗可诱导早期软骨形成，聚集蛋白聚糖和胶原II的表达增强证明了这一点，而胰岛素处理细胞的低氧培养可延迟和抑制胰岛素介导的早期软骨形成，并且几乎完全阻断了肥大细胞的分化。矛盾的是，低氧暴露总是增强了DEC1的转录激活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sepsis results in a state of relative immunosuppression, rendering critically ill patients susceptible to secondary infections and increased mortality. Monocytes isolated from septic patients and experimental animals display a "deactivated" phenotype, characterized by impaired inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, including hyporesponsiveness to LPS. We investigated the role of the LPS/TLR4 axis and its inhibitor, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), in modulating the immunosuppression of sepsis using a murine model of peritonitis-induced sepsis followed by secondary challenge by intratracheal Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Septic mice demonstrated impaired alveolar macrophage function and increased mortality when challenged with intratracheal Pseudomonas as compared with nonseptic controls. TLR2 and TLR4 expression was unchanged in the lung following sepsis, whereas levels of IRAK-M were upregulated. Macrophages from IRAK-M-deficient septic mice produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines ex vivo and greater costimulatory molecule expression in vivo as compared with those of their WT counterparts. Following sepsis and secondary intrapulmonary bacterial challenge, IRAK-M(-/-) animals had higher survival rates and improved bacterial clearance from lung and blood compared with WT mice. In addition, increased pulmonary chemokine and inflammatory cytokine production was observed in IRAK-M(-/-) animals, leading to enhanced neutrophil recruitment to airspaces. Collectively, these findings indicate that IRAK-M mediates critical aspects of innate immunity that result in an immunocompromised state during sepsis.

背景与目标： ：败血症导致相对免疫抑制状态，使重症患者容易受到继发感染并增加死亡率。从败血病患者和实验动物中分离出的单核细胞表现出“失活”表型，其特征是炎症和抗菌反应减弱，包括对LPS的反应不足。我们研究了LPS / TLR4轴及其抑制剂IL-1受体相关的激酶-M（IRAK-M）在使用小鼠模型的腹膜炎诱导的脓毒症继之以气管内继发攻击的模型中调节败血症的免疫抑制中的作用。铜绿假单胞菌。与非败血性对照组相比，经气管内假单胞菌攻击时，败血症小鼠表现出肺泡巨噬细胞功能受损，死亡率增加。败血症后肺中TLR2和TLR4表达未改变，而IRAK-M水平上调。与野生型WT小鼠相比，IRAK-M缺陷型败血症小鼠的巨噬细胞离体产生更高水平的促炎细胞因子，体内产生更高的共刺激分子表达。败血症和继发性肺内细菌攻击后，与WT小鼠相比，IRAK-M（-/-）动物具有更高的存活率并改善了从肺和血液中的细菌清除率。此外，IRAK-M（-/-）动物中观察到增加的肺趋化因子和炎性细胞因子的产生，导致嗜中性粒细胞向空域的募集增加。总的来说，这些发现表明IRAK-M介导了先天免疫的关键方面，导致败血症期间免疫功能低下。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During maximal whole body exercise VO2 peak is limited by O2 delivery. In turn, it is though that blood flow at near-maximal exercise must be restrained by the sympathetic nervous system to maintain mean arterial pressure. To determine whether enhancing vasodilation across the leg results in higher O2 delivery and leg VO2 during near-maximal and maximal exercise in humans, seven men performed two maximal incremental exercise tests on the cycle ergometer. In random order, one test was performed with and one without (control exercise) infusion of ATP (8 mg in 1 ml of isotonic saline solution) into the right femoral artery at a rate of 80 microg.kg body mass-1.min-1. During near-maximal exercise (92% of VO2 peak), the infusion of ATP increased leg vascular conductance (+43%, P<0.05), leg blood flow (+20%, 1.7 l/min, P<0.05), and leg O2 delivery (+20%, 0.3 l/min, P<0.05). No effects were observed on leg or systemic VO2. Leg O2 fractional extraction was decreased from 85+/-3 (control) to 78+/-4% (ATP) in the infused leg (P<0.05), while it remained unchanged in the left leg (84+/-2 and 83+/-2%; control and ATP; n=3). ATP infusion at maximal exercise increased leg vascular conductance by 17% (P<0.05), while leg blood flow tended to be elevated by 0.8 l/min (P=0.08). However, neither systemic nor leg peak VO2 values where enhanced due to a reduction of O2 extraction from 84+/-4 to 76+/-4%, in the control and ATP conditions, respectively (P<0.05). In summary, the VO2 of the skeletal muscles of the lower extremities is not enhanced by limb vasodilation at near-maximal or maximal exercise in humans. The fact that ATP infusion resulted in a reduction of O2 extraction across the exercising leg suggests a vasodilating effect of ATP on less-active muscle fibers and other noncontracting tissues and that under normal conditions these regions are under high vasoconstrictor influence to ensure the most efficient flow distribution of the available cardiac output to the most active muscle fibers of the exercising limb.

背景与目标： ：在最大程度的全身运动过程中，VO2峰值受O2释放量的限制。反过来，虽然必须在交感神经系统的约束下进行接近最大运动量的血流以维持平均动脉压。为了确定在近乎最大和最大运动量的情况下，增强腿部血管舒张程度是否会导致较高的O2输送量和腿部VO2，七名男性在自行车测功计上进行了两次最大的增量运动测试。以随机顺序进行一项试验，一项试验不进行（对照运动）以80 microg.kg体重-1.min-的速率向右股动脉中输注ATP（1毫升等渗盐溶液中8毫克）。 1。在接近最大运动量（VO2峰值的92％）期间，输注ATP可增加腿部血管电导率（43％，P <0.05），腿部血流量（20％，1.7 l / min，P <0.05）和腿部O2递送（20％，0.3l / min，P ＜0.05）。没有观察到对腿部或全身VO2的影响。输注腿中的腿部O2分数提取率从85 / -3（对照）降至78 / -4％（ATP）（P <0.05），而在左腿中则保持不变（84 / -2和83 /- 2％；对照和ATP； n = 3）。进行最大运动量的ATP输注可使腿部血管电导增加17％（P <0.05），而腿部血流则倾向于增加0.8 l / min（P = 0.08）。但是，在对照和ATP条件下，由于O2提取量分别从84 / -4降低到76 / -4％，全身和腿部VO2峰值均未升高（P <0.05）。总之，在人类进行近乎最大或最大运动时，下肢骨骼肌的VO2不会因肢体血管扩张而得到增强。 ATP输注会减少运动腿中的O2提取，这一事实表明ATP对不太活跃的肌肉纤维和其他非收缩性组织具有血管舒张作用，并且在正常情况下，这些区域处于高血管收缩作用下，以确保最有效的血流有效心输出量到运动肢体最活跃的肌肉纤维的分布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a well-known activator of smooth muscle in the vasculature but has been little explored with regard to intestinal wall muscular activity. This study investigates pharmacological properties of Ang II and expression of its receptors in small-intestinal smooth muscle from rats and humans. METHODS:Isometric recordings were performed in vitro on small intestinal longitudinal muscle strips. Protein expressions of Ang II typ 1 (AT1R) and typ 2 (AT2R) receptors were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS:Ang II elicited concentration-dependent contractions of rat jejunal and ileal muscle preparations. The concentration-response curve (rat ileum, EC(50): 1.5 +/- 0.9 x 10(-8) M) was shifted to the right by the AT1R receptor antagonist losartan (10(-7) M) but was unaffected by the AT2R antagonist PD123319 (10(-7) M) as well as by the adrenolytic guanethidine (3 x 10(-6) M) and the anticholinergic atropine (10(-6) M). Human duodenal, jejunal and ileal longitudinal muscle preparations all contracted concentration-dependently in response to Ang II. The concentration-response curve (human jejunum, EC(50): 1.5 +/- 0.8 x 10(-8) M) was shifted to the right by losartan (10(-7) M) but was unaffected by PD123319 (10(-7) M). Both AT1R and AT2R were detected in all segments of the rat small intestinal wall musculature, whereas only AT1R was readily detectable in the human samples. CONCLUSION:Ang II elicits contractions of small-intestinal longitudinal muscle preparations from the small intestine of rats and man. The pharmacological pattern and protein expression analyses indicate mediation via the AT1R.

背景与目标： 背景：血管紧张素II（Ang II）是血管系​​统中众所周知的平滑肌激活剂，但关于肠壁肌肉活性的研究很少。这项研究调查了Ang II在大鼠和人的小肠平滑肌中的药理特性及其受体的表达。
方法：在小肠纵向肌肉条上进行等距记录。通过蛋白质印迹评估Ang II typ 1（AT1R）和typ 2（AT2R）受体的蛋白表达。
结果：Ang II引起大鼠空肠和回肠肌肉制剂的浓度依赖性收缩。浓度-响应曲线（回肠，EC（50）：1.5 /-0.9 x 10（-8）M）被AT1R受体拮抗剂氯沙坦（10（-7）M）向右移动，但不受AT2R拮抗剂PD123319（10（-7）M）以及肾上腺皮质胍（3 x 10（-6）M）和抗胆碱能阿托品（10（-6）M）。人十二指肠，空肠和回肠纵向肌肉制剂均响应Ang II而浓度依赖性地收缩。氯沙坦（10（-7）M）将浓度-反应曲线（人空肠，EC（50）：1.5 /-0.8 x 10（-8）M）向右移动，但不受PD123319（10（- 7）M）。在大鼠小肠壁肌肉组织的所有部分都检测到了AT1R和AT2R，而在人类样品中只有AT1R很容易被检测到。
结论：Ang II诱导大鼠和人小肠的小肠纵向肌肉制剂收缩。药理模式和蛋白质表达分析表明通过AT1R介导。