BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The most severe complication of parenteral nutrition (PTN) is catheter-related infection (CRI). OBJECTIVES:To study the incidence rate and factors associated to CRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS:271 patients followed at the Nutrition Unit for 6 months. The composition of the PTN was calculated according to the metabolic demands. 20.3% received a lipid solution enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (SMOF Fresenius Kabi®) and 79.7% with olive oil (Clinoleic Baxter®). RESULTS:The rate of CRI was 25 per 1,000 days of PTN (55 patients: 61.7±17.8 years, 60.3% males, 29.3±10.6 days of hospital stay and 10.4% mortality). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated microorganism. There were no differences by age, gender, mortality, or composition of the PTN between patients with or without infection. The patients treated with omega-3 received more calories with the PTN, at the expense of higher intake of glucose and lipids. However, the rate of infection was similar, although there was a not significant trend towards a lower infection rate when using the omega-3 composition (14.5% vs. 23.1%, respectively, p = 0.112). The duration of the nutritional support was higher in patients with CRI (13.0 ± 9.7 vs. 9.3 ± 8.1, p = 0.038). Total mortality (16.9%) was independent of the presence or absence of CRI (10.4% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.090) or of the use of omega-3 lipids or olive oil in the PTN (10.9% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.125). CONCLUSION:Patients submitted to PTN have a high rate of CRI. The presence of infection is related to the duration of the PTN, being independent of the age, gender, and composition of the solution. The use of omega-3 lipid solutions may be beneficial although further studies are needed to confirm this.

背景与目标： 简介：肠胃外营养（PTN）的最严重并发症是导管相关感染（CRI）。
目的：研究CRI的发生率及相关因素。
材料与方法：271例患者在营养科接受了6个月的随访。根据代谢需要计算PTN的组成。 20.3％的人接受了富含omega-3脂肪酸（SMOF FreseniusKabi®）的脂质溶液，而79.7％的接受了橄榄油（ClinoleicBaxter®）的脂质溶液。
结果：PTN的CRI率为25/1000天（55例患者：61.7±17.8岁，男性为60.3％，住院时间为29.3±10.6天，死亡率为10.4％）。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是最常分离的微生物。在有或没有感染的患者之间，PTN的年龄，性别，死亡率或组成没有差异。用omega-3治疗的患者接受PTN吸收的卡路里更多，但要以增加葡萄糖和脂质的摄入为代价。但是，感染率相似，尽管使用omega-3组合物时感染率降低的趋势并不明显（分别为14.5％和23.1％，p = 0.112）。 CRI患者的营养支持持续时间更长（13.0±9.7与9.3±8.1，p = 0.038）。总死亡率（16.9％）与是否存在CRI（10.4％对18.7％，p = 0.090）或PTN中是否使用omega-3脂质或橄榄油无关（10.9％对18.5％， p = 0.125）。
结论：提交PTN的患者的CRI率很高。感染的存在与PTN的持续时间有关，而与溶液的年龄，性别和组成无关。尽管需要进一步的研究来证实这一点，但使用omega-3脂质溶液可能是有益的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Significant malnutrition exists in a high percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition is associated with defects in immune function that may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible to postoperative infections and complications. OBJECTIVES:Some studies of patients receiving immuno-nutrition in the perioperative period in head and neck cancer have shown beneficial effects on clinical outcome and inmune status. The authors carried out a systematic review of randomised control trials to determine whether perioperative immunonutrition has a role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. METHODS:14 trials of polymeric nutritional supplementation with immunonutrition were identified. Two studies compared two types of immunonutrition. RESULTS:A reduction in the length of postoperative hospital stay was seen in some trials, but the reason for this reduction is not clear. Some studides showed statistical differences with less complications in arginine-enhanced group and also showed a significant decrease of fistula complications in patients treated with a high arginine dose enhanced formula, if compared with a medium dose of arginine. CONCLUSION:[corrected] Those planning future studies face challenges. A suitable powered clinical trial is required before firm recommendations can be made on the use of immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients postoperatively.

背景与目标： 简介：大量的营养不良存在于头颈癌患者中。营养不良与免疫功能缺陷有关，可能损害宿主对恶性肿瘤的反应。营养不良和免疫抑制使患者对术后感染和并发症高度敏感。
目的：一些对头颈部癌患者围手术期接受免疫营养治疗的患者的研究表明，其对临床结局和免疫状况具有有益作用。作者对随机对照试验进行了系统评价，以确定围手术期免疫营养是否在头颈癌的治疗中起作用。
方法：鉴定了14项免疫营养性高分子营养补充试验。两项研究比较了两种类型的免疫营养。
结果：在某些试验中，术后住院时间减少了，但是减少的原因尚不清楚。与中等剂量的精氨酸相比，精氨酸增强组的某些研究结果显示统计学差异且并发症较少，并且用高精氨酸剂量增强配方治疗的患者的瘘管并发症也显着减少。
结论：[已纠正]那些计划未来研究的人面临挑战。在对头颈癌患者术后使用免疫营养提出确切建议之前，需要进行适当的临床试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women. METHODS:We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed. RESULTS:Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women.

背景与目标： 目的：母乳喂养与孕妇健康有关，例如电解质代谢，脂质分布和身体成分变化。这项研究的目的是评估绝经后妇女的母乳喂养时间与肥胖之间的关系。
方法：我们分析了2010-2012年韩国国民健康与营养检查调查（KNHANES）的数据，这是一项针对韩国人群的横断面研究。总共对6621名绝经后妇女进行了分析。
结果：母乳喂养6个月或更长时间的妇女的身体质量指数和腰围比没有母乳的妇女更大（BMI：23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1，P <0.0001; WC：80.6±0.4 vs 82.8 ±0.3，P <0.001）。调整混杂因素（BMI：比值比[OR] 1.54，95％置信区间[CI] 1.19-2.0； WC：OR1.67，95％CI 1.29-2.17）后，这种关联仍然存在。母乳喂养的时间倾向于随着BMI和WC的增加而增加（趋势P，每种0.001）。 BMI和WC较高的女性比例随着母乳喂养时间的增加而增加（≤6个月为27.3％，而> 18个月为41.2％，P <0.0001）。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，延长母乳喂养可能与绝经后妇女的BMI和WC升高有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Approximately 30% of the adult Czech population smokes. Previous studies of smokers have documented diet sufficient in energy, but inadequate intake of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, calcium and proteins. DESIGN:Nutrition was assessed between the groups of the probands (over 18 years aged, 667 smokers, 1044 nonsmokers, 428 past smokers) from 1% random sample of the Czech population. All volunteers completed a one day dietary recall after instruction from a nutrition expert. The dietary recall calculated energy, proteins, fats, vitamins C and E, cholesterol, fibre, calcium and iron intake using the Nutridan programme. RESULTS:Smokers had higher consumption of animal (p=0.0034), and total fat (p=0.0315), cholesterol (p=0.005), and lower intake of vitamin E (p=0.004) than nonsmokers. No other differences were found. The differences between past smokers and other groups were insignificant. CONCLUSION:The smokers consumed more total and animal fat, cholesterol and less of vitamin E than nonsmokers.

背景与目标： 目标：约30％的捷克成年人口吸烟。以前的吸烟者研究表明，饮食中能量充足，但饮食纤维，维生素A，E，钙和蛋白质的摄入不足。
设计：从捷克人群中随机抽取1％的先证者（18岁以上，667位吸烟者，1044位非吸烟者，428位过去吸烟者）之间评估营养。在营养专家的指导下，所有志愿者完成了一天的饮食召回。饮食召回使用Nutridan程序计算了能量，蛋白质，脂肪，维生素C和E，胆固醇，纤维，钙和铁的摄入量。
结果：与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对动物的食用量较高（p = 0.0034），总脂肪（p = 0.0315），胆固醇（p = 0.005）和维生素E摄入量较低（p = 0.004）。没有发现其他差异。过去吸烟者与其他群体之间的差异微不足道。
结论：吸烟者比不吸烟者摄入了更多的总脂肪，动物脂肪，胆固醇和更少的维生素E。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emerging studies suggest that dietary components can affect gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications are heritable and potentially reversible changes in gene expression that do not require changes in the DNA sequence. The main mechanisms of epigenetic control in mammals are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA silencing. The potential reversibility of epigenetic changes suggests that they could be modulated by nutrition and bioactive food compounds. Thus, epigenetic modifications could mediate environmental signals and provide a link between susceptibility genes and environmental factors in the etiology of cancer. Elucidating the impact of nutrition on epigenetic mechanisms may serve as a tool to predict an individuals' susceptibility to cancer, provide dietary recommendations, or provide therapeutic applications of natural compounds against cancer. The optimal duration and the dose necessary for a chemopreventive effect require further studies. There is limited information about tissue specificity and temporal aspects of dietary treatments. Species differences need to be considered when interpreting results from various models. Importantly, molecular mechanisms of bioactive dietary components should be investigated in greater detail in human intervention studies. Although some of these issues remain controversial, this review mainly focuses on promising data that support the developing field of Nutritional Epigenetics.

背景与目标： ：新兴研究表明，饮食成分可以通过表观遗传机制影响基因表达。表观遗传修饰是基因表达中可遗传且潜在可逆的变化，不需要改变DNA序列。哺乳动物表观遗传控制的主要机制是DNA甲基化，组蛋白修饰和RNA沉默。表观遗传变化的潜在可逆性表明，它们可以被营养和生物活性食品化合物调节。因此，表观遗传修饰可以介导环境信号，并在癌症病因学中提供易感基因与环境因素之间的联系。阐明营养对表观遗传机制的影响可以用作预测个人对癌症的易感性，提供饮食建议或提供天然化合物治疗癌症的工具。化学预防作用的最佳持续时间和必要剂量需要进一步研究。关于饮食治疗的组织特异性和时间方面的信息有限。在解释各种模型的结果时，需要考虑物种差异。重要的是，应在人类干预研究中更详细地研究生物活性饮食成分的分子机制。尽管其中一些问题仍存在争议，但本综述主要侧重于有前途的数据，这些数据支持营养表观遗传学的发展领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges. DESIGN:Literature review primarily for the four workforce surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors. SETTING:The United States. SUBJECTS:Nutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services. RESULTS:The workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81.7 % of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45 % have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65 % of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18.2 % speaking Spanish as a second language. CONCLUSIONS:The future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce's capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.

背景与目标： 目的：描述美国公共卫生营养工作人员及其未来的社会，生物和财政挑战。
设计：文献回顾主要针对自1985年以来由州和地区公共卫生营养总监协会进行的四次劳动力调查。
地点：美国。
主题：在政府卫生机构工作的营养人员。 1985年和1987年的受试者是政府卫生机构提供的全职预算职位的人员，主要提供基于人群的服务。在1994年和1999年，受试者均为全日制和非全日制，在政府卫生机构中受雇或受其资助，并提供直接护理和基于人群的服务。
结果：劳动力主要集中在为孕妇和哺乳期妇女，婴儿和儿童提供直接护理服务。美国农业部主要通过WIC计划（妇女，婴儿和儿童特殊补充营养计划）来资助全职同等职位的81.7％。在WIC工作的人员中，有45％具有至少10年的经验，而非WIC工作人员中有超过65％。 WIC和非WIC员工的继续教育需求有所不同。劳动力在种族/种族上越来越多样化，有18.2％的人说西班牙语作为第二语言。
结论：未来的劳动力将需要专注于增加其多样性和文化能力，并且可能将需要解决领导职位中的退休问题。对于劳动力满足老年人需求，应急准备和行为干预的能力知之甚少。财政挑战将需要基于证据的实践，以证明成本和影响。除政府卫生机构外，对更广泛的公共卫生营养工作人员知之甚少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate evolving food retail systems in Thailand. DESIGN:Rapid assessment procedures based on qualitative research methods including interviews, focus groups discussions and site visits. SETTING:Seven fresh markets located in the four main regions of Thailand. SUBJECTS:Managers, food specialists, vendors and shoppers from seven fresh markets who participated in interviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS:Fresh markets are under economic pressure and are declining in number. They are attempting to resist the competition from supermarkets by improving convenience, food diversity, quality and safety. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity has increased in Thailand at the same time as rapid growth of modern food retail formats has occurred. As fresh markets are overtaken by supermarkets there is a likely loss of fresh, healthy, affordable food for poorer Thais, and a diminution of regional culinary culture, women's jobs and social capital, with implications for the health and nutrition transition in Thailand.

背景与目标： 目的：调查泰国不断发展的食品零售系统。
设计：基于定性研究方法的快速评估程序，包括访谈，焦点小组讨论和实地考察。
地点：位于泰国四个主要地区的七个新鲜市场。
主题：来自七个新鲜市场的经理，食品专家，摊贩和购物者参加了访谈和焦点小组讨论。
结果：新鲜市场承受着经济压力，数量正在下降。他们试图通过提高便利性，食品多样性，质量和安全性来抵抗超市的竞争。
结论：随着现代食品零售业的快速发展，泰国的肥胖率也在增加。由于超市取代了新鲜市场，泰国较贫穷的人可能会损失新鲜，健康，负担得起的食物，区域烹饪文化，妇女的工作和社会资本的减少，这对泰国的健康和营养过渡产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The increased availability of computers and the efficiency and user-acceptability of computer-assisted questioning have increased the attractiveness of computer-administered querying for large-scale population nutrition research during the last decade. The Young Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment on Computer (YANA-C), a computer-based 24-h dietary recall, was originally developed to collect dietary data among Belgian-Flemish adolescents. A web-based version was created to collect parentally reported dietary data of preschoolers, called Young Children's Nutrition Assessment on the Web (YCNA-W), which has been improved and adapted for use in young adolescents: Children and Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment and Advice on the Web (CANAA-W). The present study describes recent developments and the formative evaluation of the dietary assessment component. METHODS:A feasibility questionnaire was completed by 131 children [mean (SD) age: 11.3 (0.7) years] and 53 parents. Eight focus groups were held with children (n = 65) and three with parents (n = 17). RESULTS:Children (C) and parents (P) found the instrument clear (C: 97%; P: 94%), comprehensible (C: 92%; P: 100%), attractive (C: 84%; P: 85%), fun (C: 93%; P: 83%) and easy to complete (C: 91%; P: 83%). There was ample explanation (C: 95%; P: 94%); the pictures were clear (C: 97%; P: 96%); and most respondents found the food items easy to find (C: 71%, P: 85%). The results helped to refine the lay out and structure of the instrument and the list of food items included. CONCLUSIONS:Children and parents were enthusiastic. The major challenge will be to convince parents who are less interested in dietary intake and less computer literate to participate in this type of study. Children in this age group (11-12 years) should complete the instrument with assistance from an adult.

背景与目标： 背景技术：在过去的十年中，计算机可用性的提高以及计算机辅助查询的效率和用户接受度提高了计算机管理查询对大规模人群营养研究的吸引力。基于计算机的24小时饮食召回青年计算机青年营养评估（YANA-C）最初是为了收集比利时佛兰德青少年的饮食数据而开发的。创建了一个基于网络的版本，以收集家长报告的学龄前儿童的饮食数据，称为网络上的幼儿营养评估（YCNA-W），该版本已得到改进并适用于青少年：儿童和青少年的营养评估和建议在网络上（CANAA-W）。本研究描述了饮食评估成分的最新发展和形成性评估。
方法：可行性研究问卷由131名儿童（平均（SD）年龄：11.3（0.7）岁）和53名父母完成。八个焦点小组由孩子（n = 65）和三个父母（n = 17）组成。
结果：儿童（C）和父母（P）发现仪器清晰（C：97％; P：94％），可理解（C：92％; P：100％），有吸引力（C：84％; P：85 ％），有趣（C：93％; P：83％）和易于完成（C：91％; P：83％）。有足够的解释（C：95％； P：94％）；图片清晰（C：97％； P：96％）；大多数受访者认为这些食物很容易找到（C：71％，P：85％）。结果有助于完善仪器的布局和结构以及所含食品的清单。
结论：儿童和父母都很热情。主要的挑战将是说服对饮食摄入不感兴趣和计算机知识较少的父母参加这种类型的研究。此年龄段（11-12岁）的儿童应在成人的协助下完成仪器的安装。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :"Outings to Your Taste" is an innovative program that aims to improve the nutritional status and social network of elderly people who receive home-delivered meals. This article examines participation in one of the program's components, outings to community restaurants. Participation data were collected on-site and information about client characteristics was collected in at-home interview surveys of targeted clients (n = 144). While about half of the clients had tried at least one outing, more than 25% of them participated in at least one third of the outings offered to them. Results indicate that the program attracted a variety of clients in terms of sociodemographic, health, and social isolation characteristics.

背景与目标： ：“外出品尝”是一项创新计划，旨在改善接受家庭送餐的老年人的营养状况和社交网络。本文考察了该程序的组成部分之一的参与情况，即社区餐馆的郊游。现场收集参与数据，并在针对目标客户的家庭访问调查中收集有关客户特征的信息（n = 144）。虽然大约一半的客户尝试了至少一次郊游，但其中超过25％的人至少参与了提供给他们的三分之一郊游。结果表明，该计划在社会人口统计学，健康状况和社会隔离特征方面吸引了各种各样的客户。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We suggested that the continuous translocation of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacterial overgrowth during bowel rest and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in liver damage and hepatic dysfunction. Because TPN-induced hepatic steatosis was significantly reduced by the monoclonal antibodies against TNF, we attempted a more clinically applicable approach using pentoxifylline and thalidomide. METHODS:A control group (group I) fed rat chow and four groups of rats receiving TPN were studied. Group II received TPN only; group III, TPN and 100 mg/kg/d pentoxifylline; group IV, TPN and 200 mg/kg/d pentoxifylline; and group V, TPN and 5 mg/kg/d thalidomide. On day 7, total liver fat was determined. RESULTS:Bowel rest and TPN resulted in a significant (p < .0005) increase in liver fat content that was unaltered by either pentoxifylline or thalidomide. CONCLUSIONS:Our results show no role for pentoxifylline or thalidomide in reducing TPN-associated hepatic steatosis.

背景与目标： 背景：我们建议肠道休息和全胃肠外营养（TPN）期间革兰氏阴性细菌过度生长引起的内毒素的连续移位会导致肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的释放，从而导致肝损伤和肝功能障碍。由于针对TNF的单克隆抗体可显着减少TPN诱导的肝脂肪变性，因此我们尝试使用己酮可可碱和沙利度胺进行临床治疗。
方法：对对照组（I组）喂食大鼠食物和四组接受TPN的大鼠进行研究。第二组仅收到TPN； III组，TPN和100 mg / kg / d己酮可可碱; IV组，TPN和200 mg / kg / d己酮可可碱; V组，TPN和5 mg / kg / d沙利度胺。在第7天，测定总肝脂肪。
结果：大便休息和TPN导致肝脂肪含量显着增加（p <.0005），而己酮可可碱或沙利度胺均未改变。
结论：我们的结果表明己酮可可碱或沙利度胺在减少TPN相关性肝脂肪变性中没有作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Metabolic responses to food influence risk of cardiometabolic disease, but large-scale high-resolution studies are lacking. We recruited n = 1,002 twins and unrelated healthy adults in the United Kingdom to the PREDICT 1 study and assessed postprandial metabolic responses in a clinical setting and at home. We observed large inter-individual variability (as measured by the population coefficient of variation (s.d./mean, %)) in postprandial responses of blood triglyceride (103%), glucose (68%) and insulin (59%) following identical meals. Person-specific factors, such as gut microbiome, had a greater influence (7.1% of variance) than did meal macronutrients (3.6%) for postprandial lipemia, but not for postprandial glycemia (6.0% and 15.4%, respectively); genetic variants had a modest impact on predictions (9.5% for glucose, 0.8% for triglyceride, 0.2% for C-peptide). Findings were independently validated in a US cohort (n = 100 people). We developed a machine-learning model that predicted both triglyceride (r = 0.47) and glycemic (r = 0.77) responses to food intake. These findings may be informative for developing personalized diet strategies. The ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier is NCT03479866.

背景与目标： 食物代谢反应影响心脏代谢疾病的风险，但缺乏大规模的高分辨率研究。我们在英国招募了n = 1002的双胞胎和不相关的健康成年人参加PREDICT 1研究，并在临床和在家中评估了餐后代谢反应。我们观察到在相同餐后血液中甘油三酸酯（103％），葡萄糖（68％）和胰岛素（59％）的餐后反应中存在较大的个体间差异（通过群体变异系数（s.d./平均值，％）衡量）。餐后脂肪血症的人特异性因素（如肠道微生物组）的影响（膳食中的大量营养素（3.6％））比餐后营养素（3.6％）的影响更大，餐后血糖的影响则不大（分别为6.0％和15.4％）；遗传变异对预测的影响不大（葡萄糖为9.5％，甘油三酸酯为0.8％，C肽为0.2％）。研究结果在美国队列中独立验证（n = 100人）。我们开发了一种机器学习模型，该模型可以预测甘油三酸酯（r = 0.47）和血糖（r = 0.77）对食物摄入的反应。这些发现可能有助于制定个性化的饮食策略。 ClinicalTrials.gov的注册标识符为NCT03479866。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed with measures of adiposity using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British adults. Seven-day weighed dietary records, physical activity diaries and anthropometric measurements were used. Foods eaten were assigned to thirty different food groups and analyses were undertaken separately for men and women. The median daily portion size of each food group consumed was calculated. The potential mis-reporting [corrected] of dietary energy intake (EI) was identified using the following equation: EI--estimated energy requirements/EER [corrected] x 100 = percentage of under-reporting (UR) of energy needs. Multinomial logistic regression (adjusted for age, social class, physical activity level and UR) was used to determine the portion sizes of food groups most strongly associated with obesity status. Few positive associations between the portion sizes of food groups consumed and obesity status were found. However, UR was prevalent, with a median UR of predicted energy needs of 34 and 33 % in men and women, respectively. After the adjustment was made for UR, more associations between the food groups and obesity status became apparent in both sexes. The present study suggests that the true effect of increased portion size of foods on obesity status may be masked by high levels of UR. Alternatively, these data may indicate that an increased risk of obesity is not associated with specific foods/food groups but rather with an overall increase in the range of foods and food groups being consumed.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是使用英国成年人的国家饮食和营养调查的数据，通过肥胖测量来检验食用的食物组的份量之间的关联。使用7天称重的饮食记录，体力活动日记和人体测量值。食用的食物被分配到30个不同的食物组中，并且分别对男性和女性进行了分析。计算了每个食用食物组的中位数每日份量。饮食能量摄入（EI）的潜在错误报告[校正]通过以下公式确定：EI-估计能量需求/ EER [校正] x 100 =能量需求报告不足（UR）的百分比。使用多项式逻辑回归（针对年龄，社会阶层，体育活动水平和UR进行调整）来确定与肥胖状况最相关的食物组的份量。在食用的食物类别的份量与肥胖状况之间几乎没有正相关。但是，UR普遍存在，男性和女性的预期能量需求中值UR分别为34％和33％。在对UR进行调整后，两性之间的食物组与肥胖状况之间的联系更加明显。本研究表明，高比例的尿素可能掩盖了食物份量增加对肥胖状况的真正影响。或者，这些数据可能表明肥胖的风险增加与特定食品/食物类别无关，而与所食用的食品和食物类别范围的总体增加有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:It has been suggested that specific interventions delivered through the education sector in low- and middle-income countries might improve children's health and wellbeing. This cluster-randomised controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of a school garden programme and complementary nutrition, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on children's health and nutritional status in two districts of Nepal. METHODS:The trial included 682 children aged 8-17 years from 12 schools. The schools were randomly allocated to one of three interventions: (a) school garden programme (SG; 4 schools, n = 172 children); (b) school garden programme with complementary WASH, health and nutrition interventions (SG+; 4 schools, n = 197 children); and (c) no specific intervention (control; 4 schools, n = 313 children). The same field and laboratory procedures were employed at the baseline (March 2015) and end-line (June 2016) surveys. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate WASH conditions at schools and households. Water quality was assessed using a Delagua kit. Dietary intake was determined using food frequency and 24-h recall questionnaire. Haemoglobin levels were measured using HemoCue digital device and used as a proxy for anaemia. Stool samples were subjected to a suite of copro-microscopic diagnostic methods for detection of intestinal protozoa and helminths. The changes in key indicators between the baseline and end-line surveys were analysed by mixed logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS:Stunting was slightly lowered in SG+ (19.9 to 18.3%; p = 0.92) and in the control (19.7 to 18.9%). Anaemia slightly decreased in SG+ (33.0 to 32.0%; p < 0.01) and markedly increased in the control (22.7 to 41.3%; p < 0.01), a minor decline was found in the control (43.9 to 42.4%). Handwashing with soap before eating strongly increased in SG+ (from 74.1 to 96.9%; p = 0.01, compared to control where only a slight increase was observed from 78.0 to 84.0%). A similar observation was made for handwashing after defecation (increase from 77.2 to 99.0% in SG+ versus 78.0 to 91.9% in control, p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS:An integrated intervention consisting of school garden, WASH, nutrition and health components (SG+) increased children's fruit and vegetable consumption, decreased intestinal parasitic infections and improved hygiene behaviours. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ISRCTN17968589 (date assigned: 17 July 2015).

背景与目标： 背景：有研究表明，低收入和中等收入国家通过教育部门提供的具体干预措施可能会改善儿童的健康和福祉。这项整群随机对照试验旨在评估尼泊尔两个地区的学校花园计划和补充营养以及水，环境卫生（WASH）干预对儿童健康和营养状况的影响。
方法：该试验包括来自12所学校的682名8-17岁的儿童。这些学校被随机分配到以下三种干预措施之一：（a）学校花园计划（SG； 4所学校，n = 172名儿童）； （b）带有WASH，健康和营养干预措施的学校花园计划（SG； 4所学校，n = 197名儿童）； （c）没有具体的干预措施（对照； 4所学校，n = 313儿童）。在基线（2015年3月）和终点（2016年6月）调查中采用了相同的现场和实验室程序。调查问卷被用来评估学校和家庭的WASH条件。使用Delagua试剂盒评估水质。使用食物频率和24小时召回问卷确定饮食摄入量。使用HemoCue数字设备测量血红蛋白水平，并将其用作贫血的替代指标。粪便样品经过一套协原显微镜诊断方法检测肠道原生动物和蠕虫。通过混合逻辑和线性回归模型分析了基线调查和最终调查之间关键指标的变化。
结果：SG的发育迟缓略有降低（19.9％至18.3％； p = 0.92），而对照组（19.7％至18.9％）。 SG的贫血略有减少（33.0％至32.0％； p <0.01），而对照组则明显增加（22.7％至41.3％； p <0.01），而对照组则略有下降（43.9％至42.4％）。进食前用肥皂洗手使SG显着增加（从74.1％增至96.9％; p = 0.01，而对照组则只有78.0％增至84.0％）。排便后的洗手也得到了类似的观察结果（SG从77.2％增加到99.0％，而对照从78.0％增加到91.9％，p = 0.15）。
结论：由学校花园，WASH，营养和健康成分（SG）组成的综合干预措施可增加儿童的水果和蔬菜消费量，减少肠道寄生虫感染并改善卫生行为。
试用注册：ISRCTN17968589（分配日期：2015年7月17日）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The association of ADV-36 infection and obesity has been reported in children. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the association between ADV-36 infection and adiposity may be mediated by sub-optimal vitamin D status of the host. METHODS:Ninety one apparently healthy children in different weight categories (normal weight: 33, overweight: 33, obesity: 25) aged 5-18 years were randomly selected from the registered population at National Food and Nutrition Surveillance Program (NFNS). The groups were matched based on age and sex. Anthropometric, biochemical and serological assessments were performed. RESULTS:The amount of anti-ADV36-Ab increased whereas circulating concentrations of 25(OH) D decreased across BMI categories with higher amounts in children with normal weight than in children with overweight and obesity (31.0 ± 16.4, 22.5 ± 10.5 and 21.9 ± 9.8 nmol/L, respectively, p = 0.004). Logistic regression analysis revealed that for each unit increment of anti-ADV36-Ab, the chance of increase in weight was 8.5 times (OR: 8.5, p = 0.029). Interestingly, when 25(OH) D was introduced into the model, anti-ADV36-Ab was no longer the predictor of weight increment and the chance of increase in weight reduced 5% for each unit increase in 25(OH) D concentration (OR: 0.95, p = 0.012). CONCLUSION:It is suggested that ADV36-induced lipogenesis may be mediated by vitamin D deficiency in children with obesity.

背景与目标： 背景：儿童ADV-36感染与肥胖的关系已有报道。本研究的目的是检验以下假说：宿主的维生素D状态欠佳可能会介导ADV-36感染与肥胖之间的关联。
方法：从国家食品和营养监督计划（NFNS）的登记人群中随机选择9名5-18岁的不同体重类别（正常体重：33，超重：33，肥胖：25）的健康儿童。根据年龄和性别对各组进行匹配。进行了人体测量，生化和血清学评估。
结果：BMI类别中抗ADV36-Ab的量增加，而25（OH）D的循环浓度降低，体重正常的儿童高于体重超重和肥胖的儿童（31.0±±16.4，22.5±±10.5和21.9±±）分别为9.8nmol / L，p = 0.004）。 Logistic回归分析显示，抗ADV36-Ab每增加1单位，体重增加的机会是8.5倍（OR：8.5，p = 0.029）。有趣的是，当将25（OH）D引入模型时，抗ADV36-Ab不再是体重增加的预测指标，而且每增加25（OH）D浓度，体重增加的机会减少5％（OR ：0.95，p ＝ 0.012）。
结论：提示肥胖儿童维生素D缺乏可能介导ADV36诱导的脂肪形成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent evidence shows that some amino acids and their metabolites are important regulators of key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, feed intake, nutrient utilization, immunity, behavior, larval metamorphosis, reproduction, as well as resistance to environmental stressors and pathogenic organisms in various fishes. Therefore, conventional definitions on essential and nonessential amino acids for fish are challenged by numerous discoveries that taurine, glutamine, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline promote growth, development, and health of aquatic animals. On the basis of their crucial roles in cell metabolism and physiology, we anticipate that dietary supplementation with specific amino acids may be beneficial for: (1) increasing the chemo-attractive property and nutritional value of aquafeeds with low fishmeal inclusion; (2) optimizing efficiency of metabolic transformation in juvenile and sub-adult fishes; (3) surpressing aggressive behaviors and cannibalism; (4) increasing larval performance and survival; (5) mediating timing and efficiency of spawning; (6) improving fillet taste and texture; and (7) enhancing immunity and tolerance to environmental stresses. Functional amino acids hold great promise for development of balanced aquafeeds to enhance the efficiency and profitability of global aquaculture production.

背景与目标： ：最近的证据表明，某些氨基酸及其代谢物是关键代谢途径的重要调节剂，这些途径对于维持，生长，采食，养分利用，免疫力，行为，幼虫变态，繁殖以及对环境压力和病原体的抵抗力都是必需的各种鱼类中的生物。因此，鱼的必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的常规定义受到牛磺酸，谷氨酰胺，甘氨酸，脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸促进水生动物生长，发育和健康的众多发现的挑战。基于它们在细胞代谢和生理中的关键作用，我们预期膳食中添加特定氨基酸可能有益于：（1）提高鱼粉含量低的水产饲料的化学吸引力和营养价值； （2）优化幼鱼和亚成鱼的代谢转化效率； （3）压制aggressive逼人的行为和食人行为； （4）提高幼虫的性能和存活率； （5）调解产卵的时间和效率； （6）改善鱼片的口感和质感； （7）增强对环境压力的免疫力和耐受性。功能性氨基酸为开发平衡水产饲料以提高全球水产养殖生产的效率和利润率提供了广阔前景。