BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Six donor semen samples were evaluated after 28 years cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. The results showed that the samples retained good postthaw motility recovery and normal levels of binding to the human zona pellucida and that four of the five samples tested also gave normal levels of zona-induced acrosome reaction. In conclusion, human sperm can survive very long-term storage, which is pertinent information for clinicians referring boys and young men for sperm banking before chemotherapy.

背景与目标： ：在液氮中冷冻保存28年后，评估了六个供体精液样本。结果表明，样品保持了良好的融化后运动能力，并且与人透明带的结合水平保持正常水平，所测试的五个样品中有四个也具有正常水平的带状透明质酸诱导的顶体反应。总之，人类精子可以长期保存，这对于临床医生在进行化学治疗前将男孩和年轻人推荐精子存入库具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For roughly 25 years, 125I and 103Pd sources have been used in the treatment of various malignant diseases such as prostate cancer. Various new sources have been marketed and produced to meet the demand for new sources to use in treatment. Recently, IsoAID LLC created the ADVANTAGE 103Pd source. Various dosimetric parameters must be determined to facilitate treatment planning using this source. Theoretical determination of dosimetric characteristics, dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function for this new source followed the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 43U1 recommendations. Theoretical calculations were performed in liquid water using the PTRAN Monte Carlo code version 7.44. The radial dose function of the new source was calculated in liquid water at distances up to 10.0 cm, and the anisotropy function, at distances ranging from 0.5 cm to 7.0 cm. The anisotropy factors and anisotropy constant were derived from the anisotropy function. The results in water indicate that the dose rate constant is 0.709 +/- 0.014 cGy x h-1 x U-1 and that the anisotropy constant is 0.880 +/- 0.040. The dosimetric characteristics of this new source compare favorably with those of other commercially available 103Pd sources.

背景与目标： ：大约25年以来，125I和103Pd来源已用于治疗各种恶性疾病，例如前列腺癌。已经销售和生产了各种新来源，以满足对用于治疗的新来源的需求。最近，IsoAID LLC创建了ADVANTAGE 103Pd源。必须确定各种剂量参数，以利于使用该源进行治疗计划。理论上确定该新来源的剂量特性，剂量率常数，径向剂量函数和各向异性函数的方法是遵循美国医学物理学会（AAPM）任务组43U1的建议。理论计算是在液态水中使用PTRAN蒙特卡罗代码7.44版进行的。新源的径向剂量函数是在液态水中最远10.0 cm处计算的，各向异性函数是在0.5 cm至7.0 cm范围内的距离计算的。各向异性因子和各向异性常数是从各向异性函数导出的。在水中的结果表明，剂量率常数为0.709 /-0.014 cGy x h-1 x U-1，各向异性常数为0.880 /-0.040。这种新来源的剂量学特征与其他市售103Pd来源的剂量学特征相比具有优势。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Currently, fetal tissue transplantation into patients with Parkinson's disease utilizes the entire ventral mesencephalon (VM) as donor tissue. However, the resulting mixture of cell types contains a relatively low proportion of therapeutically relevant dopamine (DA) neurons. We show that differential dissection of a medial region of embryonic day 14 rat VM yields a significantly higher proportion of DA neurons (8-10%) than is found in lateral VM (2%) or whole VM (4-5%). Medial VM also contained a larger number of the specific subpopulation of DA neurons (aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive; AHD) that project to dorsolateral motor region of the striatum. Selective dissection of fetal medial VM selectively enriches DA neurons in cell preparations useful for transplantation in Parkinson's disease.

背景与目标： 当前，将胎儿组织移植到帕金森氏病患者中是利用整个腹侧中脑（VM）作为供体组织。但是，所得的细胞类型混合物包含相对较低比例的治疗相关多巴胺（DA）神经元。我们显示，胚胎第14天大鼠VM内侧区域的差异解剖产生的DA神经元比例（8-10％）明显高于外侧VM（2％）或整个VM（4-5％）。内侧VM还包含大量投射到纹状体背外侧运动区的DA神经元的特定亚群（醛脱氢酶阳性； AHD）。胎儿内侧VM的选择性解剖在可用于帕金森氏病移植的细胞制剂中选择性富集DA神经元。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sensory innervation of the guinea-pig adrenal medulla was studied using the fluorescent retrograde tracer Fast Blue. Labelled neurons were found in the dorsal root ganglia at segments T3-L2, the greatest contribution arising from T10 representing 15.2% of the total number of labelled cells. Labelling was ipsilateral to the site of injection of tracer into the adrenal medulla and the labelled neurons ranged in size between 6 and 36 microns. The overall size distribution fell into two groups of between 6 and 15 microns and of between 18 and 36 microns. Presumed sensory nerve endings were found in the adrenal medulla associated with chromaffin cells and vascular elements. The nerve endings were ovoid to spherical and densely packed with mitochondria. It is concluded that events occurring in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla, and possibly cortex, are monitored by sensory nerve terminals whose cell bodies lie within dorsal root ganglia. The exact distribution of the sensory nerve terminals within the adrenal gland is yet to be determined.

背景与目标： ：使用荧光逆行示踪剂Fast Blue研究了豚鼠肾上腺髓质的感觉神经。在背根神经节的T3-L2段发现了标记的神经元，T10产生的最大贡献占标记细胞总数的15.2％。标记与示踪剂注入肾上腺髓质的部位同侧，标记的神经元大小在6到36微米之间。总体尺寸分布分为6到15微米和18到36微米之间的两组。在肾上腺髓质中发现推测的感觉神经末梢与嗜铬细胞和血管元素有关。神经末梢为卵球形至球形，线粒体密集。结论是，发生在豚鼠肾上腺髓质甚至皮质中的事件是由感觉神经末梢监测的，感觉神经末梢的细胞体位于背根神经节内。肾上腺内感觉神经末梢的确切分布尚待确定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This letter describes the further synthesis and SAR, developed through an iterative analog library approach, of analogs of the highly selective M1 allosteric agonist TBPB by deletion of the distal basic piperidine nitrogen by the formation of amides, sulfonamides and ureas. Despite the large change in basicity and topology, M1 selectivity was maintained.

背景与目标： ：这封信描述了通过迭代类似物文库方法开发的高度合成的M1变构激动剂TBPB的类似物，该类似物通过形成酰胺，磺酰胺和尿素来缺失远端碱性哌啶氮，从而进一步合成并合成了SAR。尽管基本性和拓扑结构发生了很大变化，但仍保持了M1选择性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Candida glabrata is an important human fungal pathogen known to trigger serious infections in immune-compromised individuals. Its ability to form biofilms, which exhibit high tolerance to antifungal treatments, has been considered as an important virulence factor. However, the mechanisms involving antifungal resistance in biofilms and the impact of host niche environments on these processes are still poorly defined. In this study, we performed a whole-transcriptome analysis of C. glabrata biofilm cells exposed to different environmental conditions and constraints in order to identify the molecular pathways involved in fluconazole resistance and understand how acidic pH niches, associated with the presence of acetic acid, are able to modulate these responses. We show that fluconazole treatment induces gene expression reprogramming in a carbon source and pH-dependent manner. This is particularly relevant for a set of genes involved in DNA replication, ergosterol, and ubiquinone biosynthesis. We also provide additional evidence that the loss of mitochondrial function is associated with fluconazole resistance, independently of the growth condition. Lastly, we propose that C. glabrata Mge1, a cochaperone involved in iron metabolism and protein import into the mitochondria, is a key regulator of fluconazole susceptibility during carbon and pH adaptation by reducing the metabolic flux towards toxic sterol formation. These new findings suggest that different host microenvironments influence directly the physiology of C. glabrata, with implications on how this pathogen responds to antifungal treatment. Our analyses identify several pathways that can be targeted and will potentially prove to be useful for developing new antifungals to treat biofilm-based infections.

背景与目标： ：Candida glabrata是一种重要的人类真菌病原体，已知会在免疫受损的个体中引发严重感染。它形成生物膜的能力被证明是重要的毒力因子，该生物膜对抗真菌治疗表现出很高的耐受性。但是，涉及生物膜抗真菌性的机制以及宿主生态位环境对这些过程的影响仍知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们对暴露于不同环境条件和限制条件下的光滑小球藻生物膜细胞进行了全转录组分析，以鉴定参与氟康唑耐药性的分子途径，并了解酸性pH壁how与乙酸的存在如何相关，能够调节这些响应。我们显示氟康唑治疗诱导碳表达和pH依赖方式的基因表达重编程。这与涉及DNA复制，麦角固醇和泛醌生物合成的一组基因特别相关。我们还提供了其他证据，表明线粒体功能的丧失与氟康唑耐药性有关，而与生长条件无关。最后，我们提出，C。glabrata Mge1，参与铁代谢和线粒体蛋白质进口的陪伴酮，是通过减少代谢通向有毒固醇形成的通量来调节氟康唑在碳和pH适应性中的敏感性的关键调节剂。这些新发现表明，不同的宿主微环境直接影响了光滑念珠菌的生理，并对该病原体对抗真菌治疗的反应产生了影响。我们的分析确定了几种可靶向的途径，并可能被证明对开发新的抗真菌药以治疗基于生物膜的感染很有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nitrogen (N) is a key factor impacting physiological processes in plants. Many proteins have been investigated in male and female poplars under N limitation. However, little is known about sex differences in the protein modifications and metabolites that occur in poplar leaves in response to N deficiency. In this study, as compared to N-deficient males, N-deficient females suffered greater damage from N deficiency, including chloroplast disorganization and lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Male poplars had greater osmotic adjustment ability than did females, allowing greater accumulation of soluble metabolites. In addition, as compared to that in N-deficient males, glycolysis was less suppressed in N-deficient females for increased enzyme activities to consume excess energy. Moreover, we found that pronounced protein phosphorylation occurred during carbon metabolism and substance transport processes in both sexes of poplar under N-limiting conditions. Sex-specific metabolites mainly included intermediates in glycolysis, amino acids, and phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites. This study provides new molecular evidence that female poplars suffer greater negative effects from N deficiency than do male poplars.

背景与目标： 氮（N）是影响植物生理过程的关键因素。在氮限制下，已对雄性和雌性杨树中的许多蛋白质进行了研究。但是，人们对响应缺氮的杨树叶片中蛋白质修饰和代谢产物的性别差异知之甚少。在这项研究中，与缺乏N的雄性相比，缺乏N的雌性受到氮缺乏的损害更大，包括叶绿体分解和细胞膜脂质过氧化。雄性杨树的渗透调节能力比雌性更大，从而允许可溶性代谢产物积累更多。此外，与缺氮雄性相比，缺糖雌性的糖酵解作用受到抑制，因为增加的酶活性消耗了过多的能量。此外，我们发现在氮限制条件下，杨树的两性在碳代谢和物质运输过程中均发生了明显的蛋白磷酸化。性别特异性代谢物主要包括糖酵解的中间体，氨基酸和苯丙烷衍生的代谢物。这项研究提供了新的分子证据，表明雌性杨树由于氮缺乏而遭受的负面影响比雄性杨树更大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Since 2012, the authors have adopted the medial subcoronoid process bone interpositional grafting in OGS and genioplasty procedures. The purpose of this study was to present the technical details and clinical outcomes of this alternative bone interpositional grafting for LeFort I and chin osteotomies. METHODS:Consecutive patients (n = 50) who underwent single-splint bimaxillary OGS with or without genioplasty and received medial subcoronoid bone interpositional grafting were included. Standardized facial and intraoral photographs at early and late postoperative periods (12.2 ± 3.3 and 44.8 ± 8.4 months postsurgery, respectively) were blindly rated to assess facial symmetry, chin, and occlusion status based on qualitative rating scales. Complication and reoperation rates were also reviewed. RESULTS:The medial subcoronoid bone interpositional grafts were adopted to stabilize different LeFort I maxillary movement types or lengthening/advancing genioplasty (36 and 14 patients, respectively). Overall, the early facial symmetry, chin, and occlusion status were maintained at late evolutions. None of the patients had donor-site or bone graft-related complications (i.e., bad split, undesired mandible fracture, infection, fibrous union, nonunion, and/or permanent neurosensory deficit) or revisionary surgery during follow-up. CONCLUSION:The medial subcoronoid process bone grafting was a feasible alternative for bone interpositional defects of LeFort I and chin osteotomies with no significant morbidity and avoiding secondary donor sites.

背景与目标： 背景：自2012年以来，作者已在OGS和基因成形术中采用了内侧冠状下突间植骨术。这项研究的目的是介绍LeFort I和下巴截骨术的这种替代性骨间植入术的技术细节和临床结果。
方法：连续性单颌双颌OGS伴或不伴有基因成形术的患者（n = 50），并接受内侧冠状动脉下植骨植入术。术后早期和晚期（手术后分别为12.2±3.3和44.8±8.4）的标准化面部和口内照片被盲定，以基于定性等级量表评估面部对称性，下巴和闭塞状态。还审查了并发症和再次手术率。
结果：内侧内侧冠状动脉间植骨用于稳定不同的LeFort I上颌运动类型或延长/推进基因成形术（分别为36和14例患者）。总体而言，早期的面部对称性，下巴和咬合状态一直保持到晚期。所有患者均未在随访期间发生供体部位或骨移植相关的并发症（即，严重的劈裂，下颌骨意外骨折，感染，纤维结合，骨不连和/或永久性神经感觉缺陷）或翻修手术。
结论：内侧亚冠状突接植术是LeFort I和下巴截骨术的骨插入缺损的可行替代方法，无明显发病率，并且避免了继发供体部位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :At the dawn of the 21st century, classical curative medicine is being challenged by the fact that efforts to fight and prevent not a few diseases, are in many circumstances, beyond the power of the pharmacological armamentarium of the medical profession. On the other hand, replacement of lost function by mechanical or biophysical devices, or even by organ transplantation, prolongs life but generally derives in new and, at times, unsolvable problems. Regenerative therapy using stem cells began a revolutionary trend that may well change both the therapeutic approach to not a few of the diseases resulting from failing organs, as well as the fate and quality of life of millions of patients. The presence of pluripotent mesenchymal cells in the mesothelial monolayer as well as in the submesothelial connective tissue raises the possibility of using the peritoneal mesothelium in regenerative therapies. This perception of the problem is also based on observations made in humans as well as in laboratory animals showing bone, bone marrow, cartilaginous tissue, glomerular-like structures and creation of blood conducts, pathological situations (mesothelioma, sclerosing peritonitis), or after in vivo or ex vivo experimental interventions. The main concept emerging from this information is that peritoneal mesothelial cells are endowed with such a degree of plasticity that, if placed in the appropriate micro-environment, they have a remarkable potential to generate other mesenchymal-derived cell lines. Intensive research is required to define the best environmental conditions to take advantage of this plasticity and make the peritoneal mesothelium an actual option to be applied in regenerative medicine.

背景与目标： ：在21世纪初，传统的治愈医学受到了以下事实的挑战，即在许多情况下，除了医学专业的药理学装备之外，抗击和预防不少疾病的努力也受到了挑战。另一方面，通过机械或生物物理装置甚至器官移植来替代失去的功能可以延长寿命，但通常会带来新的问题，有时甚至是无法解决的问题。使用干细胞的再生疗法开始出现了革命性的趋势，这种趋势可能会改变治疗方法，使之不只因器官衰竭而导致的少数疾病，而且还会改变数百万患者的命运和生活质量。间皮单层以及间皮下结缔组织中多能间充质细胞的存在增加了在再生疗法中使用腹膜间皮的可能性。对问题的这种认识还基于在人类以及实验动物中的观察结果，这些观察结果显示了骨骼，骨髓，软骨组织，肾小球样结构和血液行为的产生，病理情况（间皮瘤，硬化性腹膜炎）或之后的情况。体内或离体实验干预。从这些信息中得出的主要概念是腹膜间皮细胞具有一定程度的可塑性，如果放置在适当的微环境中，它们具有产生其他间充质来源细胞系的显着潜力。需要进行深入研究以定义最佳环境条件，以利用这种可塑性并使腹膜间皮膜成为在再生医学中应用的实际选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper outlines a program for promoting mental health in the population by "giving away our skills" as mental health professionals. This kind of program can be started on a shoestring by a community mental health center, family service agency, or adult education program. It consists of teaching parent-child communication courses, with selected parents then becoming instructors to build a network of nonprofessional personpower. The paper explores strategies of setting up programs. It explores the shifting role of the professional toward a colleague relationship with nonprofessionals. Finally, it presents research on the program's effectiveness with parents and the impact on the lives and self-images of the nonprofessional instructors themselves.

背景与目标： ：本文概述了通过“放弃我们的技能”作为精神卫生专业人员来促进人口心理健康的计划。可以通过社区心理健康中心，家庭服务机构或成人教育计划来开始这种计划。它包括教授亲子沟通课程，然后与选定的父母成为指导者，以建立非专业人事网络。本文探讨了设置程序的策略。它探讨了专业人士在与非专业人士建立同事关系方面的角色转变。最后，它介绍了该计划在家长中的有效性以及对非职业教师自身生活和自我形象的影响的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixation, in relation to sucrose transport towards nodules and other sink organs and the potential of sucrose breakdown by nodules, was investigated in two lines of Medicago ciliaris. Under salt stress conditions, the two lines showed a decrease of total biomass production, but TNC 1.8 was less affected by salt than TNC 11.9. The chlorophyll content was not changed in TNC 1.8, in contrast to TNC 11.9. Shoot, root, and nodule biomass were also affected in the two lines, but TNC 1.8 exhibited the higher potentialities of biomass production of these organs. Nitrogen fixation also decreased in the two lines, and was more sensitive to salt than growth parameters. TNC 1.8 consistently exhibited the higher values of nitrogen fixation. Unlike nodules, leaves of both lines were well supplied in nutrients with some exceptions. Specifically, the calcium content decreased in the sensitive line leaves, and the nodule magnesium content was not changed in either line. The tolerant line accumulated more sodium in its leaves. The two lines did not show any differences in the nodule sodium content. Sucrose allocation towards nodules was affected by salt in the two lines, but this constraint did not seem to affect the repartition of sucrose between sink organs. Salt stress induced perturbations in nodule sucrolytic activities in the two lines. It inhibited sucrose synthase, but the inhibition was more marked in TNC 11.9; alkaline/neutral activity was not altered in TNC 1.8, whereas it decreased more than half in TNC 11.9. Thus, the relative tolerance of TNC 1.8 to salt stress could be attributed to a better use of these photoassimilates by nodules and a better supply of bacteroids in malate. The hypothesis of a competition for sucrose between nodules and other sink organs under salt stress could not be verified.

背景与目标： ：在两株紫花苜蓿中研究了盐胁迫对固氮的影响，与蔗糖向结节和其他汇聚器官的运输有关，以及结节破坏蔗糖的可能性。在盐胁迫条件下，两条品系均显示出总生物量减少，但TNC 1.8受盐的影响小于TNC 11.9。与TNC 11.9相比，TNC 1.8中的叶绿素含量没有变化。芽，根和根瘤生物量在这两个品系中也受到影响，但TNC 1.8表现出这些器官更高的生物量生产潜力。在这两个品系中，固氮作用也降低了，并且对盐分的敏感性比对生长参数的敏感性更高。 TNC 1.8始终展现出更高的固氮值。与结节不同，两个品系的叶子都富含营养素，但有一些例外。具体而言，敏感品系叶片中的钙含量降低，且任一品系中的根瘤镁含量均未改变。耐性品系在其叶片中积累了更多的钠。两条线在结节钠含量上没有显示任何差异。在两条线中，盐对蔗糖的分配受盐的影响，但这种限制似乎并不影响蔗糖在水槽器官之间的重新分配。盐胁迫在两条线的结节硫解活性中引起扰动。它抑制了蔗糖合酶，但在TNC 11.9中这种抑制作用更为明显。碱性/中性活性在TNC 1.8中未发生变化，而在TNC 11.9中则下降了一半以上。因此，TNC 1.8对盐胁迫的相对耐受性可归因于结节更好地利用了这些光同化物，并在苹果酸中提供了更好的类细菌。盐胁迫下，结节与其他沉陷器官之间存在蔗糖竞争的假说无法得到证实。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The prevalence of connective tissue progenitor cells within a cell-based therapy is often quantified using the colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. The present study investigates the feasibility of using cryopreserved bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) as an alternative cell source to fresh BMAC for CFU-F quantification. METHODS:Freshly prepared and corresponding cryopreserved BMAC samples from patients receiving autologous cell therapy (n = 98) were analyzed using the CFU-F assay for comparison. Cultures were established by directly plating BMAC at low cell densities and maintained for a 2-week growth period. Colonies were enumerated to determine CFU-F frequency, and a subset of cultures was imaged and analyzed to quantify colony area and density. RESULTS:A nonlinear relationship was observed between plating density and CFU-F frequency over a wide range in plating densities (~30-fold). Cryopreserved BMAC yielded recoverable (77 ± 23%) and viable (73 ± 9%) nucleated cells upon thawing. After cryopreservation, CFU-F frequencies were found to be significantly lower (56.6 ± 34.8 vs. 50.3 ± 31.7 colonies per million nucleated cells). Yet the number of CFU-F in fresh and cryopreserved BMAC were strongly correlated (r = 0.87) and had similar area and densities. Further, moderate correlations were observed between the number of CFU-F and nucleated cells, and both the mean colony area and density were negatively correlated with patient age. Notably, no relationship was found between CFU-F frequency and age, regardless of whether fresh or cryopreserved BMAC was used. CONCLUSIONS:Freshly prepared and cryopreserved BMAC yielded correlated results when analyzed using the CFU-F assay. Our findings support the cryogenic storage of patient BMAC samples for retrospective CFU-F analyses, offering a potential alternative for characterizing BMAC and furthering our understanding of progenitor cells in relation to clinical outcome.

背景与目标： 目的：基于细胞的疗法中的结缔组织祖细胞的患病率通常使用集落形成单位成纤维细胞（CFU-F）测定法进行定量。本研究调查了使用冷冻保存的骨髓抽吸浓缩物（BMAC）作为新鲜BMAC的替代细胞来源进行CFU-F定量分析的可行性。
方法：使用CFU-F分析法对自体细胞治疗（n = 98）患者的新鲜制备的和相应的冷冻保存的BMAC样品进行分析。通过以低细胞密度直接铺板BMAC来建立培养物，并维持2周的生长期。计数菌落以确定CFU-F频率，并且对培养物的子集进行成像和分析以定量菌落面积和密度。
结果：在较宽的电镀密度范围内（约30倍），电镀密度与CFU-F频率之间存在非线性关系。冷冻保存的BMAC解冻后可产生可回收的（77±23％）有活力的有核细胞（73±9％）。冷冻保存后，发现CFU-F频率显着降低（每百万个有核细胞56.6±34.8对50.3±31.7个菌落）。但是新鲜和冷冻保存的BMAC中CFU-F的数量密切相关（r = 0.87），并且具有相似的面积和密度。此外，观察到CFU-F的数量与有核细胞之间存在适度的相关性，并且平均集落面积和密度均与患者年龄呈负相关。值得注意的是，无论使用新鲜的还是冷冻保存的BMAC，在CFU-F频率和年龄之间都没有发现任何关系。
结论：使用CFU-F分析法对新鲜制备和冷冻保存的BMAC产生相关结果。我们的发现支持对患者BMAC样品进行低温保存以进行回顾性CFU-F分析，为表征BMAC并进一步加深我们对祖细胞与临床结果的关系提供了潜在的选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for plant growth. However, its excess application leads to environmental damage. Hence, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of plant is one of the plausible options to solve the problems. Aim of this study was to identify candidate genes involved in enhancing NUE in potato cv. Kufri Gaurav (N efficient). Plants were grown in aeroponic with two contrasting N regimes (low N: 0.75 mM, and high N: 7.5 mM). Higher NUE in Kufri Gaurav was observed in low N based on the parameters like NUE, NUpE (N uptake efficiency), NUtE (N utilization efficiency) and AgNUE (agronomic NUE). Further, global gene expression profiles in root, leaf and stolon tissues were analyzed by RNA-sequencing using Ion Proton™ System. Quality data (≥Q20) of 2.04-2.73 Gb per sample were mapped with the potato genome. Statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified such as 176 (up-regulated) and 30 (down-regulated) in leaves, 39 (up-regulated) and 105 (down-regulated) in roots, and 81 (up-regulated) and 694 (down-regulated) in stolons. The gene ontology (GO) terms like metabolic process, cellular process and catalytic activity were predominant. Our RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the gene expression profiles of RNA-seq. Overall, we identified candidate genes associated with improving NUE such as superoxide dismutase, GDSL esterase lipase, probable phosphatase 2C, high affinity nitrate transporters, sugar transporter, proline rich proteins, transcription factors (VQ motif, SPX domain, bHLH) etc. Our findings suggest that these candidate genes probably play crucial roles in enhancing NUE in potato.

背景与目标： 氮（N）是植物生长的重要营养素。但是，过量使用会导致环境破坏。因此，提高植物的氮利用效率（NUE）是解决这些问题的可行选择之一。本研究的目的是鉴定参与增强马铃薯CV中NUE的候选基因。库夫里·高拉夫（N效率）。植物在气耕条件下以两种相反的N方式生长（低N：0.75 mM和高N：7.5 mM）。基于诸如NUE，NUpE（氮吸收效率），NUtE（氮利用效率）和AgNUE（农艺性NUE）等参数，在低氮条件下在Kufri Gaurav中观察到较高的NUE。此外，使用Ion Proton™System通过RNA测序分析了根，叶和茎组织中的全局基因表达谱。每个样品的质量数据（≥Q20）为2.04-2.73 Gb，并与马铃薯基因组作图。鉴定出具有统计学意义（P≤0.05）的差异表达基因（DEG），例如叶片中的176个（上调）和30个（下调），根中的39个（上调）和105个（下调），以及犯规中的81（上调）和694（下调）。诸如代谢过程，细胞过程和催化活性之类的基因本体论（GO）术语占主导地位。我们的RT-qPCR分析证实了RNA-seq的基因表达谱。总体而言，我们确定了与NUE改善相关的候选基因，例如超氧化物歧化酶，GDSL酯酶脂肪酶，可能的磷酸酶2C，高亲和力硝酸盐转运蛋白，糖转运蛋白，富含脯氨酸的蛋白质，转录因子（VQ基序，SPX域，bHLH）等。提示这些候选基因可能在增强马铃薯NUE中起关键作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The comparison of the various sources of food contamination with organic chemicals suggests that in the public, but also among experts, the perception of risk is often distorted. Firstly, neither pesticides nor environmental pollutants contribute the most; the amount of material migrating from food packaging into food may well be 100 times higher. Secondly, control of these large migrants is often lagging behind the standards set up for other sources, since many of the components (particularly those not being "starting materials") have not been identified and, thus, not toxicologically evaluated. Finally, attitudes towards different types of food contaminants are divergent, also reflected by the legal measures: for most sources of food contamination there are strict rules calling for minimization, whereas the European packaging industry has even requested a further increase in the tolerance to as close as possible to the limit set by the toxicologists. This paper calls for a more realistic perception and more coherent legal measures-and improvements in the control of migration from packaging material.

背景与目标： ：对各种食品中有机化学品污染源的比较表明，在公众中以及在专家中，人们对风险的感知通常会被扭曲。首先，农药和环境污染物都不是贡献最大的。从食品包装迁移到食品中的材料量可能要高出100倍。其次，对这些大批移民的控制往往落后于为其他来源设定的标准，因为许多成分（特别是那些不是“起始原料”的成分）尚未被识别，因此没有进行毒理学评估。最后，对不同类型食品污染物的态度也有所不同，这也通过法律措施反映出来：对于大多数食品污染源，都有严格的规定要求将其最小化，而欧洲包装工业甚至要求进一步提高对食品污染物的耐受性。尽可能达到毒理学家设定的极限。本文呼吁人们采取更现实的看法，采取更加连贯的法律措施，并改善从包装材料迁移的控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper proposes a novel prewhitening eigenspace beamformer suitable for magnetoencephalogram (MEG) source reconstruction when large background brain activities exist. The prerequisite for the method is that control-state measurements, which contain only the contributions from the background interference, be available, and that the covariance matrix of the background interference can be obtained from such control-state measurements. The proposed method then uses this interference covariance matrix to remove the influence of the interference in the reconstruction obtained from the target measurements. A numerical example, as well as applications to two types of MEG data, demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

背景与目标： ：本文提出了一种新颖的预增白本征空间波束形成器，适用于存在大量背景脑活动时的脑磁图（MEG）源重建。该方法的先决条件是可以得到仅包含来自背景干扰的贡献的控制状态测量值，并且可以从这样的控制状态测量值获得背景干扰的协方差矩阵。然后，所提出的方法使用此干扰协方差矩阵来消除干扰对目标测量获得的重建的影响。数值算例以及对两种类型的MEG数据的应用证明了该方法的有效性。