BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although an estimated 6.5 million United States (US) children aged 6-17 practiced a martial art in 2004, there have been no nationally representative studies comparing pediatric injuries among the three most popular disciplines, karate, taekwondo, and judo. Describe pediatric martial arts injuries presenting to a representative sample of US Emergency Departments (EDs) from 1990 to 2003. We reviewed all martial arts injuries captured by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC), National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). An estimated 128,400 children

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The goal of burn care is that 'the quality of the outcome must be worth the pain of survival'. More research is needed to understand how best to deliver care for patients with burns to achieve this aim. Loss of independence, function as well as loss of income for patients with burns and carers cause a significant burden at both individual and societal levels. Much is being done to advance knowledge in the clinical care field; however, there has been a paucity of research exploring psychosocial outcomes. This paper describes the study background and methods, as implemented in an Australian cohort study of psychosocial outcomes after major burn injuries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:In this inception cohort study, a target sample of 230 participants, aged 18 years or over, admitted to a single statewide burns centre with a burn injury are identified by hospital staff for inclusion. Baseline survey data are collected either in person or by telephone within 28 days of the injury and participants then followed up with telephone interviews at 3, 6 and 12 months postburn. Injury and burns treatment information is collected from medical records. Social support is measured as a predictor variable using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Outcome data are collected via standardised measures in the domains of Quality of Life (SF-12, EQ-5D, BSHS-B), depression (PHQ-9), post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-C, PAS), community integration (CIQ-R) and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (EQ-5D). Additional survey questions measure life satisfaction, return to work and public services utilisation at 12 months postinjury. Data analysis methods will include analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Hospital-based and University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committees have approved the protocol. Results from the study will be disseminated at national and international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and in a doctoral thesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000828426). Retrospectively registered on 23 June 2016; pre-results.

背景与目标： 简介：烧伤护理的目标是“结果的质量必须值得生存之苦”。需要更多的研究来了解如何最好地为烧伤患者提供护理以实现该目标。烧伤和照顾者患者失去独立性，功能以及收入损失，在个人和社会层面都造成了沉重的负担。为了提高临床护理领域的知识水平，正在做很多工作。然而，很少有研究探讨社会心理结果。本文描述了一项研究背景和方法，该方法在澳大利亚严重烧伤后心理社会结局队列研究中实施。
方法和分析：在这项队列研究中，由医院工作人员确定了230名年龄在18岁或以上，被纳入一个州范围内烧伤中心的烧伤中心的参与者的目标样本。基线调查数据在受伤后28天内亲自或通过电话收集，参与者在烧伤后3、6和12个月进行电话访谈。受伤和烧伤的治疗信息是从医疗记录中收集的。使用“感知社会支持的多维量表”将社会支持作为预测变量进行衡量。通过生活质量（SF-12，EQ-5D，BSHS-B），抑郁症（PHQ-9），创伤后应激障碍（PCL-C，PAS），社区整合等领域的标准化措施收集结果数据（CIQ-R）和质量调整寿命年（EQ-5D）。额外的调查问题可衡量受伤后12个月的生活满意度，重返工作岗位和使用公共服务的情况。数据分析方法将包括方差分析，Pearson相关性和分层多元回归分析。
道德与传播：医院和昆士兰大学人类研究伦理委员会已批准该协议。该研究的结果将在国家和国际会议，同行评审期刊和博士学位论文中进行传播。
试验注册号：澳大利亚新西兰临床试验注册（ACTRN12616000828426）。追溯注册于2016年6月23日;结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The diagnostic assessment and prognostic value of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) remains a controversial topic in the management of patients with thoracolumbar spinal injury. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise the literature and present an overview of the: (1) precision, (2) accuracy, and (3) validity of detecting PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine trauma. METHODS:Studies evaluating the precision, accuracy and/or validity of detecting and managing PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and/or lumbar spine injuries were searched through the Medline database (1966 to September 2011). References were retrieved and evaluated individually and independently by two authors. RESULTS:Twenty-one eligible studies were identified. Few studies reported the use of countermeasures for sampling and measurement bias. In nine agreement studies, the PLC was assessed in various ways, ranging from use of booklets to a complete set of diagnostic imaging. Inter-rater and intra-rater kappa values ranged from 0.188 to 0.915 and 0.455 to 0.840, respectively. In nine accuracy studies, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was most often (n = 6) compared with intra-operative findings. In general, MR imaging tended to demonstrate relatively high negative predictive values and relatively low positive predictive values for PLC injuries. CONCLUSIONS:A wide variety of methods have been applied in the evaluation of precision and accuracy of PLC injury detection, leaving spinal surgeons with a multitude of variable results. There is scant clinical evidence demonstrating the true prognostic value of detected PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine injuries. We recommend the conduct of longitudinal clinical follow-up studies on those cases assessed for precision and/or accuracy of PLC injuries.

背景与目标： 目的：后韧带复合体（PLC）的诊断评估和预后价值在胸腰椎脊柱损伤患者的治疗中仍然是一个有争议的话题。这篇综述的目的是对文献进行严格的评估，并对以下方面进行概述：（1）准确性，（2）准确性和（3）在胸椎和腰椎创伤患者中检测PLC损伤的有效性。
方法：通过Medline数据库（1966年至2011年9月），对评估对胸椎和/或腰椎损伤患者进行PLC损伤检测和处理的准确性，准确性和/或有效性进行评估的研究。两位作者分别和独立检索和评价了参考文献。
结果：鉴定出二十一项符合条件的研究。很少有研究报告对抽样和测量偏差使用对策。在九项协议研究中，以各种方式对PLC进行了评估，从使用手册到完整的诊断成像。评定者间和评定者内kappa值的范围分别为0.188至0.915和0.455至0.840。在9项准确性研究中，与术中发现相比，磁共振（MR）成像频率最高​​（n = 6）。通常，MR成像倾向于表现出相对较高的PLC损伤阴性预测值和相对较低的阳性预测值。
结论：各种各样的方法已被用于PLC损伤检测的准确性和准确性的评估，使脊柱外科医师具有多种多样的结果。几乎没有临床证据证明所检测到的PLC损伤对胸椎和腰椎损伤患者具有真正的预后价值。我们建议对那些评估PLC损伤的准确性和/或准确性的病例进行纵向临床随访研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: GENERAL PURPOSE:To provide information from a review of literature about economic evaluations of preventive strategies for pressure injuries (PIs). TARGET AUDIENCE:This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:1. Identify the purpose and methods used for this study.2. Compare costs and effectiveness related to preventative strategies for PIs. ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND: Pressure injuries (PIs) are a common and resource-intensive challenge for acute care hospitals worldwide. While a number of preventive strategies have the potential to reduce the cost of hospital-acquired PIs, it is unclear what approach is the most effective. OBJECTIVE:The authors performed a narrative review of the literature on economic evaluations of preventive strategies to survey current findings and identify important factors in economic assessments. DATA SOURCES:Ovid, MEDLINE, NHS Economic Evaluation Databases, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSELECTION CRITERIA: Potentially relevant original research articles and systematic reviews were considered. DATA EXTRACTION:Selection criteria included articles that were written in English, provided data on cost or economic evaluations of preventive strategies of PIs in acute care, and published between January 2004 and September 2015. Data were abstracted from the articles using a standardized approach to evaluate how the items on the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist were addressed. DATA SYNTHESIS:The searches identified 192 references. Thirty-three original articles were chosen for full-text reviews. Nineteen of these articles provided clear descriptions of interventions, study methods, and outcomes considered. CONCLUSIONS:Limitations in the available literature prevent firm conclusions from being reached about the relative economic merits of the various approaches to the prevention of PIs. The authors' review revealed a need for additional high-quality studies that adhere to commonly used standards of both currently utilized and emerging ways to prevent hospital-acquired PIs.

背景与目标： 一般目的：提供文献综述中有关压力伤害预防策略（PIs）的经济评估的信息。
目标听众：此继续教育活动面向医师，医师助理，护士从业人员以及对皮肤和伤口护理感兴趣的护士。
学习目标/结果：参加此教育活动后，参与者应能够：1。确定本研究的目的和方法2。比较与预防PI有关的成本和有效性。
摘要：背景：压力伤害（PI）是全球急诊医院普遍且资源密集的挑战。尽管许多预防策略都有可能降低医院获得的PI的成本，但尚不清楚哪种方法最有效。
目的：作者对预防策略的经济评估文献进行了叙述性回顾，以调查当前发现并确定经济评估中的重要因素。
数据来源：Ovid，MEDLINE，NHS经济评估数据库和Cochrane系统评价数据库选择标准：考虑了潜在相关的原始研究文章和系统评价。
数据摘录：选择标准包括英语撰写的文章，提供有关急性护理中PI预防策略的成本或经济评估的数据，并于2004年1月至2015年9月发布。采用标准化方法从文章中提取数据进行评估如何处理《综合卫生经济评估报告标准》清单中的项目。
数据综合：这些搜索确定了192篇参考文献。选择了33篇原创文章进行全文审查。这些文章中有19个提供了对干预措施，研究方法和所考虑结果的清晰描述。
结论：现有文献的局限性阻止了关于预防PI的各种方法的相对经济价值的确切结论。作者的评论表明，有必要进行更多高质量的研究，这些研究既要遵循目前使用的标准，又要采用新的方法来预防医院获得的PI。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To identify early clinical factors that are correlated with death or severe disability in paediatric patients who have sustained an injury by hanging or strangulation. METHODS:A retrospective review of all patient records from January 1, 1997, to September 30, 2007, was conducted. Patient records were identified by International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Canada diagnostic codes for asphyxia, strangulation, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, hanging, hypoxemia, hypoxia or anoxia. RESULTS:A total of 109 records were identified. Of these, 41 met the inclusion criteria for the study. Of 19 (46%) children who were pulse-less and received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 16 died and the survivors were severely disabled. Of the 22 (54%) children who were found with a pulse, 18 made a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS:Children who are pulseless at discovery for hanging injuries are at high risk of death or severe disability. Early clinical and neurophysiological indicators should be applied systematically to best guide clinicians and parents in their decision making.

背景与目标： 目的：确定与因悬挂或绞死而受伤的小儿患者的死亡或严重残疾有关的早期临床因素。
方法：对1997年1月1日至2007年9月30日的所有患者记录进行回顾性回顾。通过国际疾病分类和相关健康问题分类（第十次修订版，加拿大）对窒息，窒息，缺氧缺血性脑病，悬挂，低氧血症，缺氧或缺氧的诊断代码确定了患者的记录。
结果：共鉴定到109条记录。其中有41个符合研究的纳入标准。在19名（46％）无脉搏并接受心肺复苏的儿童中，有16人死亡，幸存者严重残疾。在发现有脉搏的22名儿童中（54％），其中18名完全康复。
结论：发现悬吊伤害而无脉搏的儿童极有可能导致死亡或严重残疾。应系统地应用早期临床和神经生理指标，以最好地指导临床医生和父母进行决策。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Electrothermal injuries in monopolar laparoscopy may derive indirectly, but rarely, from capacitive coupling releasing stray currents into neighboring non-targeted tissues, with intact instrument insulation. Since 2007, seven episodes of indirect electrosurgical damage to non-targeted tissues have been observed in our gynecological practice, including incidental coagulative necrosis of appendix, Fallopian tube, cystic pedicle, and broad ligament stump. Such an electrical response becomes greater where there is increased contact with the cystic wall (cysts <3 cm in diameter). Appropriate measures are available for minimizing capacitive coupling specifically caused by monopolar electrocautery. Thorough staff training, regular safety inspections, and strict procedure performance should exist to minimize such risks and injuries.

背景与目标： ：单极腹腔镜检查中的电热损伤可能是间接产生的，但很少来自电容耦合，其将杂散电流释放到周围的非目标组织中，并且仪器绝缘完整。自2007年以来，在我们的妇科实践中已观察到7例非目标组织的间接电外科手术间接损伤，包括阑尾的偶然性凝固性坏死，输卵管，胆囊蒂和阔韧带残端。当与囊壁（直径小于3 cm的囊）的接触增加时，这种电响应会变大。可以采取适当的措施来最大程度地减少由单极电灼引起的电容耦合。应进行彻底的员工培训，定期安全检查和严格的程序执行，以最大程度地减少此类风险和伤害。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Childhood ocular trauma is a preventable cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. This prospective study was conducted to explore the profile of eye injuries in pediatric patients referring to a tertiary eye center in Tehran, Iran. Six hundred consecutive pediatric patients aged 17 or less who presented to emergency department of Farabi Hospital were enrolled. Age and sex of pediatric patients, time of trauma, time between trauma and presentation, place of injury, etiology of eye injury, visual acuity, and type of injury based on Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology were collected. Mean (±SD) age of cases was 7.9 ± 4.8. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1. More than 70 % of the patients presented less than 12 h after ocular trauma. Most injuries occurred at home (57.7 %) followed by street (20.3 %). Twelve patients had visual acuity lower than 0.1 at initial visit. Projectile trauma was the most common cause (35.8 %) followed by blunt trauma (33.3 %). 86.3 % of traumatic events consisted in closed globe injuries. Parents should be involved more effectively in care and supervision of their children especially for boys, at home and on holidays.

背景与目标： ：儿童眼外伤是世界范围内视觉障碍和失明的可预防原因。进行了这项前瞻性研究，以探讨伊朗德黑兰第三眼科中心的儿科患者的眼外伤情况。入选了法拉比医院急诊科的连续600名17岁以下的儿科患者。根据伯明翰眼外伤术语，收集了小儿患者的年龄和性别，外伤时间，外伤和就诊之间的时间，受伤地点，眼外伤的病因，视敏度和外伤类型。病例的平均（±SD）年龄为7.9±4.8。男女比例为2.3：1。超过70％的患者在眼外伤后不到12小时就诊。受伤最多的是家中（57.7％），其次是街头（20.3％）。初次就诊时有12名患者的视力低于0.1。射弹外伤是最常见的原因（35.8％），其次是钝性外伤（33.3％）。 86.3％的创伤事件为闭合性地球仪伤害。父母应更有效地参与对子女的照料和监督，尤其是在家中和假日对男孩的照料和监督。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.

背景与目标： ：介绍了11例因握紧拳头插入而导致直肠和乙状结肠损伤的患者。六名患者直肠黏膜撕裂持续发作，四名患者有直肠乙状结肠穿孔需要剖腹手术。一名患者出现严重的括约肌撕裂伤，导致肛门完全失禁。讨论了这些条件的管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Maxillofacial injuries are often seen in the emergency department. Fractures of the facial skeleton are commonly seen after assault, road traffic accidents, falls, and sporting injuries in a ratio mandibular:zygoma:maxillary of 6:2:1. Clinicians must be familiar with their management so that appropriate treatment may be used.

背景与目标： ：在急诊室经常看到颌面部受伤。攻击，道路交通事故，摔倒和运动伤害后，通常以6：2：1的比例下颌骨骨折。临床医生必须熟悉其管理，以便可以使用适当的治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tarso-metatarsal injuries are rare but frequently missed. Due to the large variation in pathomorphic forms of these injuries, great precision is required when carrying out clinical and X-ray diagnostic procedures. The aim of the study was to describe the different forms of Lisfranc joint injuries and analyse the causes of delayed treatment. The treatment results of acute and chronic injuries were compared in 41 patients, with an average follow-up period of 16 years. Statistically significant poorer results were obtained in the group of chronic cases, based on two functional scores - the AOFAS evaluation questionnaire and the Lublin functional questionnaire. The main factor delaying the start of the proper treatment was diagnostic error during initial admission. The best results were achieved after closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation in acute cases.

背景与目标： ：躯干部颅骨损伤很少见，但经常被遗漏。由于这些伤害的病态形式差异很大，因此在执行临床和X射线诊断程序时需要很高的精确度。该研究的目的是描述Lisfranc关节损伤的不同形式，并分析延迟治疗的原因。比较了41例急性和慢性损伤的治疗结果，平均随访时间为16年。基于两个功能评分-AOFAS评估问卷和Lublin功能问卷，在慢性病例组中获得了统计学上较差的结果。延迟开始适当治疗的主要因素是初次入院时的诊断错误。在急性病例中，经闭合复位和经皮克氏针固定后，可获得最佳结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of scleral buckling surgery on the treatment of hypotony caused by choroidal holes and suprachoroidal silicone oil (SO) migration following surgical procedures for open globe injuries. DESIGN:Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS:Ten eyes of 10 patients with hypotony caused by choroidal holes with suprachoroidal SO migration and choroidal detachment after vitrectomy for open globe injuries between October 2009 and December 2010. METHODS:All cases clinically diagnosed as hypotony caused by choroidal holes with suprachoroidal SO migration and choroidal detachment were identified. Those eyes with retinal detachment, ciliary body damage, ciliary body fibrosis, or cyclodialysis cleft were excluded. Scleral buckling with or without suprachoroidal SO drainage was performed. RESULTS:The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 6.7 ± 1.4 mm Hg (5.3-9.0 mm Hg). The mean final follow-up IOP was 12.2 ± 4.7 mm Hg (7.0-21.0 mm Hg; p = 0.005). In 7 eyes, the IOP increased to ≥10 mm Hg, whereas 3 eyes showed no significant IOP elevations. The choroidal hole was closed, and the range of choroidal detachment was significantly reduced in those 7 eyes. Although the choroidal hole was not fully closed in 3 eyes, the choroidal detachment area was less extensive, and the IOP was stable at approximately 7 mm Hg. CONCLUSION:Scleral buckling surgery combined with suprachoroidal SO drainage is an effective way to manage hypotony caused by choroidal holes and suprachoroidal SO migration in a SO-filled eye after vitrectomy for open globe injuries.

背景与目标： 目的：评价巩膜屈曲手术对球囊切开术和球囊上空硅油（SO）迁移引起的眼球开放性球囊损伤所致肌张力低下的影响。
设计：回顾性，连续性，介入性病例系列。
参加者：2009年10月至2010年12月间因玻璃体切除术后因脉络膜上膜超氧化物歧化酶迁移和脉络膜脱离而引起的10例由脉络膜孔引起的低眼压患者的10眼。
方法：所有临床诊断为脉络膜小孔，脉络膜上膜超音速移行和脉络膜脱离的患者均被视为低渗性病例。排除那些具有视网膜脱离，睫状体损伤，睫状体纤维化或环透析裂隙的眼睛。在有或没有脉络膜上SO引流的情况下进行巩膜屈曲。
结果：术前平均眼压（IOP）为6.7±1.4毫米汞柱（5.3-9.0毫米汞柱）。最终的平均随访IOP为12.2±4.7 mm Hg（7.0-21.0 mm Hg; p = 0.005）。在7眼中，IOP升高至≥10 mm Hg，而3眼则未显示出明显的IOP升高。脉络膜孔被关闭，在这7只眼中脉络膜脱离的范围明显减小。尽管在3只眼中脉络膜孔未完全闭合，但脉络膜脱离区域的范围较小，并且IOP在大约7 mm Hg时稳定。
结论：巩膜屈曲手术联合脉络膜上膜舒张引流术是一种有效的方法，可解决玻璃体切除术后开放性眼球切开术后充盈眼中脉络膜孔和脉络膜上膜SO迁移引起的肌张力低下。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To discuss the presentation, management and outcomes of penetrating anorectal injuries at the Bustamante Hospital for Children. METHODS:A retrospective review over an 11-year period (January 2001-December 2011) was undertaken. The data analysed were extracted from patients' case notes which were pulled based on the hospital's admission database. RESULTS:Over the study period a total of 14 children presented with penetrating anorectal injuries. The medical records for one child were missing. The mean age at presentation was 6 years. Impalement by a metal spike was the mechanism of injury in 12 children, with one case of sexual assault. Three of the children had associated urogenital injuries. Ten rectal injuries were extraperitoneal. Five of the 13 cases (38 %) were managed with a colostomy-average time to closure was 6 months. There was one case of perineal wound infection and dehiscence. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION:Selective fecal diversion in the form of a sigmoid loop colostomy is a safe and acceptable management option for children with penetrating anorectal injuries. The perineal wound itself can be closed primarily except in cases of delayed presentation.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨布斯塔曼特儿童医院穿透性肛门直肠损伤的表现，治疗和结果。
方法：进行了为期11年（2001年1月至2011年12月）的回顾性审查。分析的数据是从患者的病历中提取的，这些病历是根据医院的住院数据库提取的。
结果：在研究期间，共有14名儿童发生了肛门直肠穿破伤。一个孩子的病历不见了。报告时的平均年龄为6岁。金属刺钉刺穿是12名儿童受伤的机制，其中1例是性侵犯。其中三个孩子患有泌尿生殖系统损伤。十次直肠外伤是腹膜外的。 13例病例中有5例（38％）接受了结肠造口术，平均闭合时间为6个月。有1例会阴部伤口感染和裂开。没有死亡。
结论：乙状结肠结肠造口术的选择性粪便转移是穿透性肛门直肠损伤儿童的一种安全且可接受的治疗选择。会阴伤口本身可以闭合，除非出现延迟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On May 26, 2012, the Collier County Health Department was notified by law enforcement and hospital personnel that approximately 40 persons had sought care at local emergency departments because of severe eye irritation and pain. Patients reported that they had attended a foam party at a local nightclub the night before. Syndromic surveillance activities carried out by the Florida Department of Health identified 35 patients who had visited an emergency department in Collier County on May 26 with a chief complaint related to eye injuries, well above the expected number of less than 10.

背景与目标： ：2012年5月26日，执法和医院工作人员通知科利尔县卫生局，大约40人由于严重的眼睛刺激和疼痛而到当地急诊科就诊。患者报告说，他们前一天晚上参加了当地一家夜总会的泡沫派对。佛罗里达卫生部开展的症状监测活动确定了35名患者，他们于5月26日到科利尔县的急诊室就眼伤进行了主诉，大大超过了预期的少于10人的水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to review information about risk factors for lower extremity running injuries in both short-distance (mean running distance ≤20 km/week and ≤10 km/session) and long-distance runners (mean running distance >20 km/week and >10 km/session). METHODS:Electronic databases were searched for articles published up to February 2019. Prospective cohort studies using multivariable analysis for the assessment of individual risk factors or risk models for the occurrence of lower extremity running injuries were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies for eligibility and assessed risk of bias with the Quality in Prognostic Studies Tool. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS:A total of 29 studies were included: 17 studies focused on short-distance runners, 11 studies focused on long-distance runners, and 1 study focused on both types of runners. A previous running-related injury was the strongest risk factor for an injury for long-distance runners, with moderate-quality evidence. Previous injuries not attributed to running was the strongest risk factor for an injury for short-distance runners, with high-quality evidence. Higher body mass index, higher age, sex (male), having no previous running experience, and lower running volume were strong risk factors, with moderate quality evidence, for short-distance runners. Low-quality evidence was found for all risk models as predictors of running-related injuries among short- and long-distance runners. CONCLUSION:Several risk factors for lower extremity injuries have been identified among short- and long-distance runners, but the quality of evidence for these risk factors for running-related injuries is limited. Running injuries seem to have a multifactorial origin both in short- and long-distance runners.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是回顾短距离（平均跑步距离≤20km /周和≤10 km / session）和长距离跑步者（平均跑步距离> 20 km /周和> 10 km /会话）。
方法：在电子数据库中搜索截至2019年2月发表的文章。该研究包括使用多变量分析进行的前瞻性队列研究，以评估个体危险因素或发生下肢跑步损伤的风险模型。两名审稿人独立选择了研究是否合格，并使用“预后研究质量”工具评估了偏倚风险。 GRADE方法用于评估证据的质量。
结果：总共包括29项研究：17项针对短距离跑步者的研究，11项针对长距离跑步者的研究，1项针对两种类型的跑步者的研究。有中等质量的证据，以前与跑步有关的伤害是长跑运动员受伤的最大危险因素。高质量的证据表明，以前不归因于跑步的伤害是短距离跑步者受伤的最大危险因素。较高的体重指数，较高的年龄，性别（男性），没有以前的跑步经验和较低的跑步量是短跑运动员的强烈危险因素，有中等质量的证据。在所有风险模型中，低质量的证据被认为是短距离和长距离跑步者跑步相关伤害的预测指标。
结论：在短距离和长距离跑步者中已经确定了下肢受伤的几个危险因素，但是这些与跑步相关的伤害的危险因素的证据质量有限。跑步伤害似乎是短距离和长距离跑步者的多方面原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) have frequently been associated with the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms. However, the factors which contribute to the increased risk for depression after these head injuries remain unclear. Accordingly, we examined the relationship between frequency of self-reported mTBIs and current symptoms of depression and the mediating role of rumination and cognitive flexibility. We also examined whether these relations were moderated by sex differences and the presence of the Val66Met polymorphism in a gene coding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). DESIGN:Retrospective, cross-sectional. SETTING:Carleton University. PARTICIPANTS:Two hundred nineteen Carleton University undergraduate students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Cognitive flexibility as assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST); subtypes of rumination (Ruminative Response Scale; Treynor, Gonzalez, and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003); depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Ward, and Mendelson, 1961). RESULTS:Greater frequency of self-reported mTBIs was associated with more frequent depressive rumination among women, but not men, which was accompanied by elevated current depressive symptoms. In addition, among Met allele carriers of the BDNF polymorphism, but not those who were Val homozygotes, greater frequency of mTBIs was related to higher levels of brooding, which was accompanied by heightened depressive symptoms. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype also moderated the relationship between self-reported mTBIs and cognitive flexibility in that more frequent mTBIs were associated with more perseverative errors on the WCST among Met carriers, but not Val homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS:The present findings raise the possibility that the evolution of depression after mTBIs may be dependant on a BDNF polymorphism and sex differences.

背景与目标： 目的：轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）经常与抑郁症状的出现和持续存在有关。但是，尚不清楚导致这些颅脑损伤后抑郁风险增加的因素。因此，我们检查了自我报告的mTBI的频率与当前抑郁症症状以及反刍和认知柔韧性的中介作用之间的关系。我们还检查了这些关系是否通过性别差异和在编码脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的基因中存在Val66Met多态性而得到缓解。
设计：回顾性横截面。
地点：卡尔顿大学。
参加者：219名卡尔顿大学的本科生。
主要观察指标：通过威斯康星卡片分类任务（WCST）评估的认知灵活性；反刍的亚型（反刍反应量表； Treynor，Gonzalez和Nolen-Hoeksema，2003年）；抑郁症状（贝克抑郁量表；贝克，沃德和门德尔森，1961年）。
结果：自我报告的mTBIs发生频率越高，女性（而不是男性）抑郁症反刍的频率就越高，这伴随着当前抑郁症症状的加剧。此外，在BDNF多态性的Met等位基因携带者中，但不是Val纯合子的携带者中，mTBI的频率增加与育卵水平升高有关，伴有抑郁症状的加剧。脑源性神经营养因子基因型还缓解了自我报告的mTBI与认知灵活性之间的关系，因为更频繁的mTBI与Met携带者的WCST持久性错误相关，而与Val纯合子无关。
结论：本研究结果提出了mTBI后抑郁症的发展可能取决于BDNF多态性和性别差异的可能性。