Artisanal miners sell their gold to shops that are usually located in the urban core, where the mercury-gold amalgam is burned to evaporate the mercury that was added during ore processing. People living and working near these gold shops are exposed to intermittent and extreme concentrations of mercury vapour. In the urban centres of Segovia, Colombia, and Andacollo, Chile, the average concentrations measured by mobile mercury vapour analyzer transects taken repeatedly over several weeks were 1.26 and 0.338μgm(-3), respectively. By World Health Organization standards, these towns are exposed to significant health hazard, and globally, the millions of miners, as well as non-miners who live near gold shops, are at serious risk of neurological and renal deficits. Measurements taken in Suriname, Ecuador and Peru reveal this to be a widespread phenomenon with unique regional variations and myriad attempts at remediation. Maps of average mercury concentrations show the spatial distribution of the hazard in relation to residential buildings and schools. Measurements from towers show the temporal variability of mercury concentrations, and suggest that large quantities of mercury are available for long-range atmospheric transport. Mercury mapping in Segovia in 2011 suggest a 10% reduction in airborne mercury concentrations over 2010, despite a 30% increase in gold production. This is attributable to the adoption of retorts by miners and regulations banning new processing centres to the rural periphery. This is the first full description of artisanal mining gold shop practices and of the character, quantity, and remediation of mercury emissions within urban mining centres.

译文

:手工采矿者将黄金出售给通常位于城市中心的商店,在那里燃烧汞金汞合金,以蒸发矿石加工过程中添加的汞。在这些金店附近生活和工作的人们暴露于间歇性和极高浓度的汞蒸气中。在哥伦比亚的塞哥维亚和智利的安达科洛的城市中心,通过移动水银蒸汽分析仪横断面测量的平均浓度在数周内重复测量,分别为1.26和0.338μgm(-3)。按照世界卫生组织的标准,这些城镇面临严重的健康危害,全球范围内,数百万矿工以及居住在金店附近的非矿工都面临严重的神经系统疾病和肾功能不全的风险。在苏里南,厄瓜多尔和秘鲁进行的测量表明,这是一种普遍现象,具有独特的地区差异和无数次的补救尝试。平均汞浓度图显示了与住宅建筑物和学校有关的危害的空间分布。从塔上进行的测量表明汞浓度随时间变化,并表明大量汞可用于远程大气传输。尽管黄金产量增加了30%,2011年塞哥维亚的汞测绘表明空气中的汞浓度比2010年降低了10%。这是由于矿工采用了反蒸煮法,以及禁止向农村边缘地区建立新加工中心的法规。这是对手工采矿金店做法以及城市采矿中心内汞排放的特征,数量和补救措施的首次完整描述。

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