PURPOSE:Adolescence marks a transition period in the development of gender experience and expression. Although there is growing awareness about various gender identities in health research, only limited data on the prevalence of adolescent gender variance in the general population exist. METHODS:German female and male adolescents (n = 940) aged 10-16 years participating in the nationally representative "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" Hamburg survey were asked to report their current gender experience (identification as both feminine and masculine) and gender expression (gender role as a girl or boy). Two overall categories and five subcategories on gender experience and expression were established based on previous research. RESULTS:In total, 4.1% of the adolescents' responses were rated as variant in gender experience and 3.0% as nonconforming in expression. Both variant experiences and nonconforming expression together were present in only .9% of adolescents. Gender variance was more strongly present in girls and in younger age groups. In detail, 1.6% reported an incongruent, 1.1% an ambivalent, and 1.5% no gender identification. Another 8.0% of the responses could be rated as only somewhat congruent. CONCLUSIONS:Fluidity between clearly congruent or incongruent pathways is present in adolescence, including variant as well as possibly still developing (only somewhat clear) gender experiences, whereas clearly incongruent identification and nonconforming expression were less frequent. Understanding adolescent gender development as multidimensional is important to identify the needs of those who do not fit into the current understanding of either female or male.

译文

目的:青春期是性别经验和表达发展的过渡时期。尽管在健康研究中人们对各种性别认同的认识不断提高,但仅存在关于普通人群中青少年性别差异患病率的有限数据。
方法:要求参加全国代表性的“学龄儿童健康行为”汉堡调查的10-16岁的德国男女青少年(n = 940),报告他们目前的性别经历(识别为女性和男性),并性别表达(作为女孩或男孩的性别角色)。在以前的研究的基础上,建立了关于性别经验和表达的两个总体类别和五个子类别。
结果:总计,青少年回答中有4.1%被评定为性别经历变异,而3.0%被评为表达不合格。仅有0.9%的青少年同时存在变异经历和不合格表达。性别差异在女孩和较年轻的年龄组中更为明显。详细地说,有1.6%的人表示不相符,有1.1%的人表示矛盾,有1.5%的人没有性别认同。可以将另外8.0%的回答评为完全一致。
结论:青春期存在明显一致或不一致的途径之间的混乱,包括变异以及可能仍在发展中(只是有些清晰)的性别经历,而明显不一致的识别和不一致的表达则较少。将青春期的性别发展理解为多维的,对于确定那些不适合当前对女性或男性理解的人的需求很重要。

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