Male excess mortality is widespread among mammals and frequently interpreted as a cost of sexually selected traits that enhance male reproductive success. Sex differences in the propensity to engage in risky behaviours are often invoked to explain the sex gap in survival. Here, we aim to isolate and quantify the survival consequences of two potentially risky male behavioural strategies in a small sexually monomorphic primate, the grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus: (i) most females hibernate during a large part of the austral winter, whereas most males remain active and (ii) during the brief annual mating season males roam widely in search of receptive females. Using a 10-year capture-mark-recapture dataset from a population of M. murinus in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar, we statistically modelled sex-specific seasonal survival probabilities. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for direct survival benefits of hibernation-winter survival did not differ between males and females. By contrast, during the breeding season males survived less well than females (sex gap: 16%). Consistent with the 'risky male behaviour' hypothesis, the period for lowered male survival was restricted to the short mating season. Thus, sex differences in survival in a promiscuous mammal can be substantial even in the absence of sexual dimorphism.

译文

:男性过高的死亡率在哺乳动物中广泛存在,通常被解释为增强男性生殖成功的性选择性状的代价。经常会采用性别差异来冒险行为,以解释生存中的性别差距。在这里,我们的目的是隔离和量化在一个小的有性单态灵长类动物(灰色老鼠狐猴Microcebus murinus)中两种潜在危险的男性行为策略的生存后果:(i)大多数女性在南方南方的大部分时间里冬眠保持活跃;(ii)在短暂的年度交配季节,雄性广泛漫游以寻找雌性。我们使用了马达加斯加西部Kirindy Forest的M. murinus种群的10年捕获标记捕获数据集,对统计学上的性别特异性季节性生存概率进行了建模。出人意料的是,我们没有发现任何证据表明冬眠的直接生存益处,男性和女性之间没有差异。相比之下,在繁殖季节,雄性的存活率低于雌性(性别差距:16%)。与“危险的男性行为”假说相一致,降低男性生存期的时间仅限于短交配季节。因此,即使在没有性二态性的情况下,在混杂哺乳动物中,生存中的性别差异也可能很大。

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